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Does the Integration of Migrants in the Host Society Raise COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance? Evidence From a Nationwide Survey in Japan. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:255-265. [PMID: 36129643 PMCID: PMC9490729 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that integration contributes to maintaining health among migrants, yet little is known about the association between integration and vaccination acceptance. This study aimed to explore COVID-19 vaccine intention and acceptance, and the association between integration and vaccine hesitancy among migrants in Japan. We conducted an internet survey among migrants in Japan from October 5 to October 14, 2021. Among 1,455 participants, 11.6% reported hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccination. We found that the overall integration and social integration were associated with the vaccination intention. Some commonly identified barriers (e.g., financial difficulties, language) were not related to COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among migrants in Japan. Highly integrated migrants were less likely to report vaccine hesitancy against COVID-19. To promote COVID-19 acceptance among migrants, customized intervention policies should focus on the migrants with a lower level of integration, especially those with little social connection with the locals.
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Zhou D, Cheng L, Wu H. The Impact of Public Health Education on Migrant Workers' Medical Service Utilization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15879. [PMID: 36497951 PMCID: PMC9737452 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on the dynamic monitoring survey data of China's migrant population (CMDS) in 2017, this study analyzes the impact of public health education on migrant workers' medical service utilization. The study found that public health education can significantly promote the utilization of migrant workers' medical services and has a greater effect on the older generation groups, those who received secondary and higher education, and those working in first-tier cities. By distinguishing different types of public health education, it is found that smoking control education has the most obvious effect. Further differentiating disease types, the study found that the promotion effect of receiving occupational disease education is the highest, while the effect of receiving STD/AIDS education is relatively low. The mechanism test indicates that public health education has significantly improved migrant workers' utilization of medical services by influencing their health literacy, social network, and psychological integration.
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Paloga A, Arthan D, Maneekan P, Kitcharoen P, Wattanapisit A, Paratthakonkun C, Phuanukoonnon S, Tun SLNW, Soonthornworasiri N. HIV and syphilis knowledge, perceptions, and practices among Myanmar migrant workers in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2206. [PMID: 36443736 PMCID: PMC9706871 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thailand has been one of the largest migration hubs in Southeast Asia for the past four decades and keeps attracting migrants from neighboring countries. Due to difficulties associated with their status, migration can place individuals at a heightened risk for sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to examine factors influencing HIV and syphilis preventive behaviors among Myanmar migrants in Samut Sakhon, Thailand. METHODS A cross-sectional mixed-method study was conducted among Myanmar migrants aged 18 years and above in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. To fulfill this study's aims, four hundred seventy-three respondents completed a survey to provide quantitative data, and eight participants completed in-depth qualitative interviews. The factors associated with protective sexual behaviors were identified with multiple logistic regression analysis of the quantitative study data and thematic analysis of the qualitative data. RESULTS The respondents showed good knowledge of HIV and syphilis (50.1%), but over half (55.6%) exhibited the negative perception of sexually transmitted disease prevention; about 81.4% of male respondents never used a condom when they had sexual intercourse in the past year. Based on multivariate analysis, income expenses-balance (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.379, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002-5.731, p = 0.049), number of sex partners (AOR = 3.044, 95% CI: 1.339-6.924, p = 0.008), and having sex with a prostitute (AOR = 6.085, 95% CI: 1.28-28.918, p = 0.023) were all statistically associated with unprotected sex. In the qualitative analysis, knowledge, understanding, beliefs; the influence of culture, community, and environment; and condom perceptions were also important factors. CONCLUSION Low use of condoms in sexual practice was identified, and the appropriate intervention or approach to improve the utilization of condoms in the community was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfrison Paloga
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Dumrongkiet Arthan
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Pannamas Maneekan
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Patreeya Kitcharoen
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Society and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Apichai Wattanapisit
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Chirawat Paratthakonkun
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Suparat Phuanukoonnon
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Shoon Lei Nyan Wai Tun
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Ngamphol Soonthornworasiri
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Treejan K, Jinatongthai P, Moolasarn S, Low BY, Anderson C, Supapaan T. Self-health care behaviors and knowledge of youth living with HIV. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1249-1259.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The Association between Social Integration and Utilization of Essential Public Health Services among Internal Migrants in China: A Multilevel Logistic Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186524. [PMID: 32911649 PMCID: PMC7559733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between social integration and utilization of essential public health services among internal migrants. Data were from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey. Social integration was measured through four dimensions: economic integration, structural integration, sociocultural adaptation, and self-identity. Multilevel logistic regressions were used taking into account heterogeneity in the level of regional development. The utilization of health records and health education was less than 40% and varied widely across regions. Social integration was related to a higher likelihood of utilization of health records and health education. Moreover, sociocultural adaptation had a stronger effect on the utilization of health records in developed regions than in developing regions, and structural integration was strongly and positively related to the utilization of health education in developed regions. Hence, it appears that the relationship of some dimensions of social integration and utilization of essential public health services is moderated by the level of economic development. Promoting structural integration and sociocultural adaptation could strongly improve utilization of essential public health services in developed regions.
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Hall BJ, Yang X, Huang L, Yi G, Chan EWW, Tucker JD, Latkin CA. Barriers and Facilitators of Rapid HIV and Syphilis Testing Uptake Among Filipino Transnational Migrants in China. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:418-427. [PMID: 30840160 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transnational migrant workers are known to be at high risk for HIV/STIs. This study estimated the point prevalence of HIV/syphilis and examined correlates of HIV/syphilis testing uptake among female migrant domestic workers in Macao, China. Data was obtained from 1363 female Filipino domestic workers who were offered free rapid HIV and syphilis testing. A mixed methods analysis was undertaken to examine correlates of testing and themes about reasons for not testing. Among 1164 women tested, there were no cases of HIV/syphilis observed and 199 (14.6%) refused HIV/syphilis testing. Greater social integration (aOR 1.12; 95% CI 1.02-1.24), having more than one sexual partner (aOR 1.65; 95% CI 1.02-2.65), and longer working hours on the testing day (aOR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94-1.00), were associated with testing uptake. Among those who tested, the majority (> 70%) had never tested before, suggesting the need to improve testing outreach. Qualitative themes about reasons for not testing included low perceived need and insufficient time. Individual and structural testing barriers should be reduced to optimize HIV/STI testing in migrant populations.
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Ji Y, Zhao X, Wang Z, Liu S, Shen Y, Chang C. Mobility patterns and associated factors among pregnant internal migrant women in China: a cross-sectional study from a National Monitoring Survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:165. [PMID: 29764425 PMCID: PMC5952471 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Residential instability during pregnancy has been linked to poor health outcomes. As a first step toward providing better health care to pregnant migrant women, the size and characteristics of this population and factors associated with mobility during pregnancy should be studied. Methods Using the “Monitoring Data of Chinese Migrants” for 2012, from the Chinese National Population and Family Planning Commission, this study explored mobility patterns during pregnancy and associated factors among migrants within China. From a library of 158,556 participants, two subsamples were selected. Percentages, with chi-squared tests, and means and standard deviations, with ANOVAs, were adopted to describe mobility patterns during pregnancy (always staying in sending area, mainly staying in sending area, mainly staying in receiving area, and always staying in receiving area) and delivery location choice. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the associated factors. Results We found that the percentage of migrants always or mainly staying in receiving areas during pregnancy rose from nearly 40% in 1985 to more than 80% in 2012, while the percentage of migrants who were mobile between receiving and sending areas during pregnancy fluctuated between 30 and 40% before 1995, and between 40 and 45% after 1995, decreasing to around 40% after 2008. The percentage of respondents who chose to deliver in receiving areas fluctuated but increased from 10% in 1985 to more than 50% in 2011. Among respondents who had delivered during the last year of the survey period, families with older pregnant women (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.05–1.13), their own housing (OR = 5.66, 95% CI 2.45–13.05), longer time in the receiving area (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.09–1.20), and strong will to integrate (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.15–1.51) always stayed in the receiving area during pregnancy, rather than the sending area, and families with broadly similar characteristics were inclined to choose the receiving area for their delivery. Conclusions The mobility patterns of pregnant migrant women in China have been changing in recent years, with the percentage of them staying in receiving areas during pregnancy and delivering there increasing. Individual and family characteristics were also associated with mobility patterns and delivery location choice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-018-1813-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ji
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- Service Center for Immigrant of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- China Population and Development Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shenglan Liu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Chang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Tangmunkongvorakul A, Musumari PM, Srithanaviboonchai K, Manoyos V, Techasrivichien T, Suguimoto SP, Ono-Kihara M, Kihara M, Chariyalertsak S. "When I first saw a condom, I was frightened": A qualitative study of sexual behavior, love and life of young cross-border migrants in urban Chiang Mai, Thailand. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183255. [PMID: 28809948 PMCID: PMC5557483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many young migrant workers move across the border to Chiang Mai, a major city in Northern Thailand, in search of work opportunities. This study describes their sexual behavior, lifestyles, relationships and experiences with youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. METHODS This is the qualitative arm of a mixed methods study using focus group discussions (FGDs) among young MWs aged 15-24 years in urban Chiang Mai. We conducted 6 FGDs with 84 participants (43 males, 41 females) organized in groups of 10-15 people, including 3 groups of males, 2 groups of females, and 1 group of both males and females. RESULTS We found that the lack of parental control, pressure to assimilate into Thai society, access to social media and modern communication technologies, and limited knowledge and access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services interplayed to shape lifestyle and sexual behaviors, including low condom use among young migrants. CONCLUSION The present study helped discern the vulnerability of young migrants to adverse SRH outcomes. This particular group of youth needs urgent intervention to improve their knowledge on SRH and access to a youth-friendly clinic to help them personalize risk of HIV and other adverse SRH outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patou Masika Musumari
- Department of Global Health and Socio-epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kriengkrai Srithanaviboonchai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veruree Manoyos
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teeranee Techasrivichien
- Department of Global Health and Socio-epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S. Pilar Suguimoto
- Department of Global Health and Socio-epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
- Center of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masako Ono-Kihara
- Department of Global Health and Socio-epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kihara
- Department of Global Health and Socio-epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suwat Chariyalertsak
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Ji Y, Liu S, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Zeng Q, Chang C. Smoking and Its Determinants in Chinese Internal Migrants: Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Data Analyses. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1719-26. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Ford K, Holumyong C. HIV Testing and Cross Border Migrant Vulnerability: Social Integration and Legal/Economic Status Among Cross Border Migrant Workers in Thailand. AIDS Behav 2016; 20:919-27. [PMID: 26607926 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to identify factors related to the use of HIV testing among cross border migrants in Thailand. Two measures of vulnerability (social integration and legal/economic status) as well as HIV knowledge, risk behaviour, and demographic factors were tested for association with HIV testing. Data were drawn from a survey of 2600 sexually active migrants age 15-59 in multiple provinces of Thailand. The measures of social integration (AOR = 1.14(95 % CI 1.09, 1.20) female; AOR = 1.12 (95 %CI 1.05, 1.19) male) and legal-income status (AOR = 1.12 (95 % CI 1.07, 1.18) female; AOR = 1.31 (95 %CI 1.20, 1.42) male) were positively related to the odds of reporting an HIV test for both male and female migrants. Exposure to AIDS programming including attending an AIDS meeting and possessing AIDS knowledge was also related to an increase in HIV testing. In addition, reproductive health factors including sexual risk behavior and childbirth increased the rate of HIV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Ford
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1925 Lorraine Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.
| | - Charamporn Holumyong
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Association between Social Integration and Health among Internal Migrants in ZhongShan, China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148397. [PMID: 26863008 PMCID: PMC4749174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal migrants are the individuals who migrate between regions in one country. The number of internal migrants were estimated at 245 million in China in 2013. Results were inconsistent in the literature about the relationship between their health statuses and social integration. The main difference exists on how to measure the social integration and whether health statuses of internal migrants improve with years of residence. To complement the existing literature, this study measured social integration more comprehensively and estimated the internal migrants’ health statuses with varying years of residence, and explored the associations between the migrants’ social integration and health. We used the data from 2014 Internal Migrant Dynamic Monitoring Survey of Health and Family Planning in ZhongShan, China. Health status was measured from four aspects: self-reported health, subjective well-being, perception of stress, mental health. We measured social integration through four dimensions: economy, social communication, acculturation, and self-identity. The analyses used multiple linear regressions to examine the associations between self-reported health, subjective well-being, and perception of stress, mental health and social integration. The analytical sample included 1,999 households of the internal migrants and 1,997 local registered households, who were permanent residents in ZhongShan. Among the internal migrants, Adults in the labor force, who were aged 25 to 44 years old, accounted for 91.2% of the internal migrant population, while 74.6% of the registered population were in that age group. Median residential time among migrants was 2.8 (1.3–6.2) years, and 20.2% of them were migrating in the same Guangdong province. Except for mental health, other health statuses among migrants had significant differences compared with local registered population, e.g. self-reported health was better, but subjective well-being was worse. However, these health measurements were improved with more years of residence. Moreover, our results show that two aspects of social integration, economic integration and self-identity, were significantly associated with health status. Subjective feeling of relative social status levels were more associated with health, which prompted the attention to social fairness and the creation of a fair and respectful culture. More interventions could be experimented, such as encouraging internal migrants to participate in community activities more actively, educating local registered residents to treat internal migrants more equally, and developing self-identity among internal migrants. Better social, economic, and cultural environment can benefit internal migrants’ health statuses.
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Jimenez MM, Andrade FCD, Raffaelli M, Iwelunmor J. Heterosexual transmission of HIV in the Dominican Republic: gendered indicators are associated with disparities in condom use. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1161. [PMID: 26597699 PMCID: PMC4657370 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gendered dynamics in heterosexual relationships compromise women's self-efficacy and increase their vulnerability to acquiring HIV. This study examines the impact of socioeconomic determinants, media exposure, and sexual expectations on sexual behaviors of men and women in the Dominican Republic (DR). METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from 51,018 adults in the Dominican Republic age 15 to 45 years collected by the Demographics and Health Survey (DHS) in 2007. Measures included demographic and socioeconomic indicators, social exposures, sexual expectations and sexual behaviors. Logistic regression models explored gender differences in condom use. RESULTS Study findings indicated that women were less likely to use a condom at last intercourse than men (odds ratio [OR] = 0.29; 95 % CI = 0.27, 0.31). Among men, secondary (OR = 1.43; 95 % CI = 1.16, 1.76) and higher education (OR = 1.58; 95 % CI = 1.25, 2.00), being in the richest quintile (OR = 1.25; 95 % CI = 1.07, 1.47), and living in a female-headed household (OR = 1.13; 95 % CI 1.03, 1.23) increased the likelihood of condom use. Compared to never married men, currently and formerly married men were less likely to use condoms (OR = 0.03; 95 % CI = 0.03, 0.04 and OR = 0.67; 95 % CI = 0.60, 0.75, respectively). The odds of condom use increased for young women 15-19 years old in comparison with women age 30-34 years, but decreased as they grew older. For women, being in the richer quintile (OR = 1.28; 95 % CI = 1.06, 1.54), living in a female-headed household (OR = 1.26; 1.12, 1.41), and having good access to media (OR = 1.24; 95 % CI = 1.12, 1.42) increased the likelihood of condom use. Being currently married or formerly married and living in rural areas decreased such likelihood among women. CONCLUSIONS Study findings provide evidence that, in the DHS, socioeconomic and cultural differences between men and women affects condom use. Efforts to reduce HIV transmission within heterosexual relationships in the DR call for tailored, gender-specific interventions that take into account gender differences of power and sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Jimenez
- Department of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic.
| | - Flavia C D Andrade
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
| | - Marcela Raffaelli
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
| | - Juliet Iwelunmor
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
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