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Kimmel SD, Samet JH, Cheng DM, Vetrova M, Idrisov B, Rossi SL, Rateau L, Astone K, Michals A, Sisson E, Blokhina E, Milet-Carty N, Bovell-Ammon BJ, Gnatienko N, Truong V, Krupitsky E, Lunze K. Stigma and other correlates of sharing injection equipment among people with HIV in St. Petersburg, Russia. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2296009. [PMID: 38158724 PMCID: PMC10764055 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2296009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Stigma that people with HIV who inject drugs experience negatively impacts HIV and substance use care, but stigma's association with sharing injection equipment is not known. This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from two studies of people with HIV reporting drug injection (N = 319) in St. Petersburg, Russia (September 2018-December 2020). We used logistic regression to examine associations between HIV stigma and substance use stigma scores (categorised into quartiles) and past 30-day equipment sharing, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. Secondary analyses examined associations of arrest history and social support with sharing equipment. Almost half (48.6%) of participants reported sharing injection equipment. Among groups who did and did not share, mean HIV stigma (2.3 vs 2.2) and substance use stigma (32 vs 31) scores were similar. Adjusted analyses detected no significant associations between HIV stigma quartiles (global p-value = 0.85) or substance use stigma quartiles (global p-value = 0.51) and sharing equipment. Neither arrest history nor social support were significantly associated with sharing equipment. In this cohort, sharing injection equipment was common and did not vary based on stigma, arrest history, or social support. To reduce equipment sharing, investments in sterile injection equipment access in Russia should be prioritised over interventions to address stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon D Kimmel
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Samet
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Debbie M Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Marina Vetrova
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bulat Idrisov
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah L Rossi
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Lindsey Rateau
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Kristina Astone
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Amy Michals
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Emily Sisson
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Elena Blokhina
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natasha Milet-Carty
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bovell-Ammon
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Lifespan, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Natalia Gnatienko
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Ve Truong
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Evgeny Krupitsky
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Karsten Lunze
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Idrisov B, Lunze K, Cheng DM, Blokhina E, Gnatienko N, Patts G, Bridden C, Rossi SL, Weiser SD, Krupitsky E, Samet JH. Food Insecurity and Transmission Risks Among People with HIV Who Use Substances. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:2376-2389. [PMID: 36670209 PMCID: PMC9859749 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Food insecurity (FI) impacts people with HIV (PWH) and those who use substances (i.e. drugs and alcohol). We evaluated the longitudinal association between FI and HIV transmission risks (unprotected sexual contacts and shared needles/syringes). Among 351 PWH who use substances in Russia, 51.6% reported FI and 37.0% past month injection drug use. The mean number of unprotected sexual contacts in the past 90 days was 13.4 (SD 30.1); 9.7% reported sharing needles/syringes in the past month. We did not find a significant association between mild/moderate FI (adjusted IRR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.47, 1.61) or severe FI (aIRR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.46, 1.54; global p = 0.85) and unprotected sexual contacts. We observed a significant association between severe FI and sharing needles/syringes in the past month (adjusted OR = 3.27, 95% CI 1.45, 7.39; p = 0.004), but not between mild/moderate FI and sharing needles/syringes in the past month (aOR = 1.40,95% CI 0.58, 3.38; p = 0.45). These findings suggest that severe FI could be a potential target for interventions to lower HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Idrisov
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195-7660, USA.
| | - Karsten Lunze
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debbie M Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Blokhina
- Lab of Clinical Pharmacology of Addictions, Pavlov University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Gnatienko
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Patts
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carly Bridden
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evgeny Krupitsky
- Lab of Clinical Pharmacology of Addictions, Pavlov University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jeffrey H Samet
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Siljic M, Cirkovic V, Jovanovic L, Antonova A, Lebedev A, Ozhmegova E, Kuznetsova A, Vinogradova T, Ermakov A, Monakhov N, Bobkova M, Stanojevic M. Reconstructing the Temporal Origin and the Transmission Dynamics of the HIV Subtype B Epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122748. [PMID: 36560752 PMCID: PMC9783597 DOI: 10.3390/v14122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia is among the fastest growing in the world. HIV epidemic burden is non-uniform in different Russian regions and diverse key populations. An explosive epidemic has been documented among people who inject drugs (PWID) starting from the mid-1990s, whereas presently, the majority of new infections are linked to sexual transmission. Nationwide, HIV sub-subtype A6 (previously called AFSU) predominates, with the increasing presence of other subtypes, namely subtype B and CRF063_02A. This study explores HIV subtype B sequences from St. Petersburg, collected from 2006 to 2020, in order to phylogenetically investigate and characterize transmission clusters, focusing on their evolutionary dynamics and potential for further growth, along with a socio-demographic analysis of the available metadata. In total, 54% (107/198) of analyzed subtype B sequences were found grouped in 17 clusters, with four transmission clusters with the number of sequences above 10. Using Bayesian MCMC inference, tMRCA of HIV-1 subtype B was estimated to be around 1986 (95% HPD 1984-1991), whereas the estimated temporal origin for the four large clusters was found to be more recent, between 2001 and 2005. The results of our study imply a complex pattern of the epidemic spread of HIV subtype B in St. Petersburg, Russia, still in the exponential growth phase, and in connection to the men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission, providing a useful insight needed for the design of public health priorities and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Siljic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Valentina Cirkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Jovanovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anastasiia Antonova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Lebedev
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Ozhmegova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aleksei Ermakov
- St. Petersburg City AIDS Center, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikita Monakhov
- St. Petersburg City AIDS Center, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maja Stanojevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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Behavioral patterns of people who use synthetic psychostimulants: Results of a qualitative study in St. Petersburg, Russia. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 107:103790. [PMID: 35849936 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Russia, like many other places, is currently experiencing a proliferation of new psychoactive substances, many of which are psychostimulants. In St. Petersburg, these appear to be mostly congeners of cathinone. We sought to obtain qualitative data to better understand the impact on the health and behaviors of people who use drugs (PWUD) by recruiting individuals who reported recent use of psychostimulants. METHODS In-depth qualitative data on current drug use and its effects were collected through thirty interviews (n=30) and two focus groups (n=10: five male, five female). The interviews and focus groups also provided data on the social contexts of drug use including sexual behaviors and associated medical issues. Secondary data about online drug purchases were obtained from a source that accesses and analyzes darknet purchases. Qualitative data were initially coded using a priori codes developed on the basis of the interview guide, and then data were coded again inductively based on emergent findings from the data. Thematic analysis was carried out using OpenCode 4.0 qualitative data analysis software. RESULTS Thematic analysis of the interviews and focus groups identified distinct differences in behavior patterns between older, more experienced PWUD and a "new generation" of PWUD. Routes of initiation of drug use and sexual behaviors associated with drug use differed, but both groups reported high levels of unsafe injection and sexual behaviors. In interpreting the texts and purchasing data, we have attempted to anticipate how the drug use patterns can influence HIV transmission. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of a new class of psychostimulant drugs presents new threats to the health of drug users and new opportunities to intervene to reduce those risks. The information obtained may assist HIV/AIDS prevention specialists and drug user support groups in their efforts to decrease unsafe drug use and sexual behaviors.
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DiClemente RJ, Brown JL, Capasso A, Revzina N, Sales JM, Boeva E, Gutova LV, Khalezova NB, Belyakov N, Rassokhin V. Computer-based alcohol reduction intervention for alcohol-using HIV/HCV co-infected Russian women in clinical care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:147. [PMID: 33596972 PMCID: PMC7887790 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Russia has a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. In 2018, over one million persons were living with HIV (PLWH); over a third were women. A high proportion of HIV-infected women are co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and many consume alcohol, which adversely affects HIV and HCV treatment and prognosis. Despite the triple epidemics of alcohol use, HIV and HCV, and the need for interventions to reduce alcohol use among HIV/HCV co-infected women, evidence-based alcohol reduction interventions for this vulnerable population are limited. To address this gap, we developed a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a computer-based intervention to reduce alcohol consumption among HIV/HCV co-infected women in clinical care. METHODS In this two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial, we propose to evaluate the efficacy of a culturally adapted alcohol reduction intervention delivered via a computer for HIV/HCV co-infected Russian women. The study population consists of women 21-45 years old with confirmed HIV/HCV co-infection who currently use alcohol. Intervention efficacy is assessed by a novel alcohol biomarker, ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and biomarkers of HIV and HCV disease progression. Women are randomized to trial conditions in a 1:1 allocation ratio, using a computer-generated algorithm to develop the assignment sequence and concealment of allocation techniques to minimize assignment bias. Women are randomized to either (1) the computer-based alcohol reduction intervention or (2) the standard-of-care control condition. We will use an intent-to-treat analysis and logistic and linear generalized estimating equations to evaluate intervention efficacy, relative to the standard of care, in enhancing the proportion of women with a laboratory-confirmed negative EtG at each research study visit over the 9-month follow-up period. Additional analyses will evaluate intervention effects on HIV (viral load and CD4+ levels) and HCV markers of disease progression (FibroScan). DISCUSSION The proposed trial design and analysis provides an appropriate conceptual and methodological framework to assess the efficacy of the computer-based intervention. We propose to recruit 200 participants. The intervention, if efficacious, may be an efficient and cost-effective alcohol reduction strategy that is scalable and can be readily disseminated and integrated into clinical care in Russia to reduce women's alcohol consumption and enhance HIV/HCV prognosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03362476 . Registered on 5 December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ariadna Capasso
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Revzina
- Clinical Trials Compliance, Office for Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica M Sales
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Boeva
- First Saint Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Gutova
- First Saint Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadia B Khalezova
- First Saint Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay Belyakov
- First Saint Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim Rassokhin
- First Saint Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Din M, Anwar F, Ali M, Yousaf M, Ahmad B, Abdullah. Chemiluminescent-microparticle-immunoassay-based detection and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Islamabad, Pakistan. Arch Virol 2021; 166:581-586. [PMID: 33416997 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An advanced detection assay is important for clinical diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in asymptomatic individuals. The first step in timely treatment and management of the infection is the early detection of HIV. In this study, we determined the prevalence of HIV in Islamabad for the first time using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), which is an advanced serological diagnostic technique. A total of 3659 samples were obtained from the general public in Islamabad, Pakistan, and 85 of them were found to be positive for HIV infection (2.32% prevalence). Of the positive subjects, 78.82% (67/85) were male, 10.6% (9/85) were female, and 10.6% (9/85) were of unidentified gender. The results revealed a significant relationship between age groups and HIV status. The age group of 21- to 30-year-olds was found to have the highest rate of HIV infection, and the rate of HIV infection in males was higher than in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbahud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Anwar
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Department of Statistics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Davitadze A, Meylakhs P, Lakhov A, King EJ. Harm reduction via online platforms for people who use drugs in Russia: a qualitative analysis of web outreach work. Harm Reduct J 2020; 17:98. [PMID: 33298081 PMCID: PMC7725218 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-020-00452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Harm reduction services to people who use drugs (PWUD) in Russia are insufficient in terms of quantity, government endorsement, and accessibility. The situation has recently deteriorated even further because of social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several organizations have started to provide some harm reduction services via online platforms by web outreach. However, little is known on how online outreach services are organized and implemented. Drawing on the example of St. Petersburg-based NGO “Humanitarian Action,” we explored web outreach work in Telegram instant messenger. Methods Our data were comprised of 4 semi-structured interviews with the NGO staff and 301 cases of web outreach work with PWUD. We used thematic analysis to study the process of web outreach, harm reduction service provision, and needs of PWUD. Results Three stages of the process of web outreach work were identified: clients initiating communication, NGO workers addressing clients’ needs, and NGO workers receiving clients’ feedback. Communication proceeded in group chat or direct messages. Challenges in addressing clients’ needs happened when clients turned for help after hours, sent recorded voice messages, sent unclear messages, and/or were unwilling to transition to telephone communication. All web outreach workers reported receiving only positive feedback on their work. The needs of PWUD were categorized into two major themes, depending on whether they can be addressed fully or partially online. In cases of online only provision of services, web outreach workers helped PWUD treat minor injection drug use complications, obtain verified harm reduction information and receive general psychological support. In instances of partial online services provision, PWUD were assisted in getting treatment of severe injection drug use complications, overdoses, and in accessing offline medical, psychological, social, legal and harm reduction services. Conclusions Our research demonstrated that web outreach work is a convenient tool for delivering some harm reduction services to PWUD either partially or completely online and for recruiting new clients (including hard-to-reach PWUD that avoid attending brick-and-mortar facilities). Harm reduction organizations should consider incorporating online harm reduction services into their activities. However, further research is needed to explore relative advantages and disadvantages of online harm reduction services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Davitadze
- Centre for Health Economics, Management and Policy, National Research University - Higher School of Economics, 194100, Kantemirovstaya st. 3a, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Peter Meylakhs
- Centre for Health Economics, Management and Policy, National Research University - Higher School of Economics, 194100, Kantemirovstaya st. 3a, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Aleksey Lakhov
- St. Petersburg Charitable Fund «Humanitarian Action», Kamennoostrovsky prospekt, 63, A, 8-N, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizabeth J King
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH 1, Room 3842, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
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Davitadze A, Meylakhs P, Lakhov A, King EJ. Harm reduction via online platforms for people who use drugs in Russia: A qualitative analysis of web outreach work. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020. [PMID: 32995761 PMCID: PMC7523123 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-69948/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Harm reduction services to people who use drugs (PWUD) in Russia are insufficient in terms of quantity, government endorsement, and accessibility. The situation has recently deteriorated even further because of social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently several harm reduction organizations have started to provide some harm reduction services via online platforms by web outreach. However, little is known on how online outreach services are organized and implemented. Drawing on the example of St. Petersburg-based NGO "Humanitarian Action" we explored web outreach work in Telegram instant messenger. Methods 4 semi-structured interviews with the NGO staff and 301 cases of web outreach work with PWUD comprised the dataset. The process of web outreach, service provision to PWUD, and PWUD's needs were thematically analyzed. Results Three stages of the process of web outreach work were determined: clients initiating communication, NGO workers addressing clients' needs, and NGO workers receiving clients' feedback. Communication proceeded either in group chat or in direct messages. Challenges in addressing clients' needs happened when clients turned for help in nighttime, sent recorded voice messages, sent unclear messages, and/or were unwilling to transition to telephone communication. All web outreach workers reported receiving only positive feedback on their work. PWUD's needs were categorized into two major themes, depending on whether they can be addressed fully or partially online. In cases of online only provision of services, web outreach workers helped PWUD treat minor injection drug use complications, obtain verified harm reduction information and receive general psychological support. In instances of partial online services provision, PWUD were assisted in getting treatment of severe injection drug use complications, overdoses, and in accessing offline medical, psychological, social, legal and harm reduction services. Conclusions Our research demonstrated that web outreach work is a convenient tool for delivering some harm reduction services to PWUD either partially or completely online and recruiting new clients (including hard-to-reach PWUD that avoid attending brick-and-mortar facilities). It indicates that harm reduction organizations should consider incorporating online harm reduction services into their activities. However, more research is needed to explore relative advantages and disadvantages of online harm reduction services delivery.
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Epidemics of HIV Infection among Heavy Drug Users of Depressants Only, Stimulants Only, and Both Depressants and Stimulants in Mainland China: A Series, Cross-Sectional Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155483. [PMID: 32751337 PMCID: PMC7431999 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Heavy drug users was a global consensus high-risk population of HIV infection. However, the specific impact of drug on HIV infection has not yet been established. Depressants and stimulants were most widely used drugs in mainland China, and mix use of the two drugs was also serious. We assessed the HIV infection rate and trends in heavy drug users by analyzing data from the National Dynamic Management and Control Database for Drug Users (NDMCDDU). Methods: All heavy drug users with HIV test results in NDMCDDU from 2008 to 2016 were grouped into depressants only group (DOG), stimulants only group (SOG), and both depressants and stimulants group (DSG). We used joinpoint regression to examine trends of HIV infection rates. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors related to HIV infection. Results: A total of 466,033 heavy drug users with 9522 cases of HIV infection were included in this analysis. HIV infection rate was estimated at 2.97% (95% CI 2.91–3.04%) of 265,774 users in DOG, 0.45% (95% CI 0.42–0.49%) of 140,895 users in SOG, and 1.65% (95% CI 1.55–1.76%) of 59,364 users in DSG. In DOG, a U-shaped curve of HIV infection rate decreased from 3.85% in 2008 to 2.19% in 2010 (annual percent change (APC) −12.9, 95% CI −19.3–−6.0, p < 0.05), then increased to 4.64% in 2016 (APC 8.3, 95% CI 6.1–10.4, p < 0.05) was observed. However, SOG and DSG showed consistent increases from 0.15% in 2008 to 0.54% in 2016 (APC 8.2, 95% CI 4.8–11.8, p < 0.05) and from 0.78% in 2008 to 2.72% in 2016 (APC 13.5, 95% CI 10.7–16.4, p < 0.05), respectively. HIV infection rate of DOG in the southwest region presented a U-shaped trend. All groups showed significant increases in HIV infection in east and central regions. Conclusions: The U-shaped curve for HIV infection rate among DOG users and consistent increases among SOG and DSG users implies drug abuse is still a critical focus of HIV infection in China. It is urgently needed to reassess the effectiveness of current strategies on HIV prevention and control among drug users.
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Uusküla A, Talu A, Vorobjov S, Salekešin M, Rannap J, Lemsalu L, Jarlais DD. The fentanyl epidemic in Estonia: factors in its evolution and opportunities for a comprehensive public health response, a scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 81:102757. [PMID: 32416523 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of illicitly manufactured fentanyl has the potential to greatly increase the fatal overdoses in many places in the world. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of fentanyl use epidemic in Estonia. METHODS this scoping review is based on extensive review and synthesis of broad range of literature: research reports, newspaper, magazine, coverage of illicit fentanyl use; policy documents, position papers, reports released by government agencies, and surveillance data. RESULTS For an over a decade up to 2017, Estonia has had the highest overdose death mortality in Europe. The use of (injected) fentanyl is a major contributor to the Estonian overdose death epidemic. Shutting down a major producer and distributor of illicit fentanyl has been extremely effective in curbing the number of overdose deaths. Unfortunately, this supply-side intervention came ten years into the epidemic, and might be difficult to replicate in settings with decentralized production. In areas faced by fentanyl we would recommend large-scale implementation of opiate substitution treatment and naloxone distribution, syringe service programs to provide for safer injecting and link to other services (high frequencies of fentanyl injection create high risk for HIV and HCV transmission), and programs, such as "Break the Cycle," to reduce initiation into injecting drug use. Further, the means of responding to emerging substances should match the world in which different substances can be rapidly introduced, and where people who use drugs can change preferences based on market availability. CONCLUSION Addressing illicitly manufactured fentanyl may serve as a public health learning experience for developing early detection and rapid response programs in rapidly changing drug use environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Uusküla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19 Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | - Ave Talu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19 Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Sigrid Vorobjov
- Drug and infectious diseases epidemiology department, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42 Tallinn 11619, Estonia
| | - Maris Salekešin
- Drug and infectious diseases epidemiology department, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42 Tallinn 11619, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Rannap
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19 Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Liis Lemsalu
- Drug and infectious diseases epidemiology department, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42 Tallinn 11619, Estonia
| | - Don Des Jarlais
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway New York, NY 10012, USA
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