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Kite J, Chan L, MacKay K, Corbett L, Reyes-Marcelino G, Nguyen B, Bellew W, Freeman B. A Model of Social Media Effects in Public Health Communication Campaigns: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e46345. [PMID: 37450325 PMCID: PMC10382952 DOI: 10.2196/46345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media platforms are frequently used in health communication campaigns. Common understandings of campaign effects posit a sequential and linear series of steps from exposure to behavior change, commonly known as the hierarchy of effects model (HOE). These concepts need to be reevaluated in the age of social media, which are interactional and communal. OBJECTIVE This review aims to update the traditional HOE for health communication campaigns in the context of social media, including identifying indicators of effectiveness and how these are conceptualized to lead to health-related outcomes. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines reporting on the use of social media as part of health communication campaigns, extracting campaign information such as objectives, platforms used, and measures of campaign performance. We used these data, combined with our understanding of the HOE, to develop an updated conceptual model of social media campaign effects. RESULTS We identified 99 eligible studies reporting on 93 campaigns, published between 2012 and 2022. The campaigns were conducted in over 20 countries, but nearly half (n=42) were conducted in the United States. Campaigns targeted a variety of health issues and predominantly used Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. Most campaigns (n=81) set objectives targeting awareness or individual behavior change. Process measures (n=68; eg, reach and impressions) and engagement measures (n=73; eg, likes and retweets) were reported most frequently, while two-fifths (n=42) did not report any outcomes beyond engagement, such as changes in knowledge, behavior, or social norms. Most campaigns (n=55) collected measures that did not allow them to determine if the campaign objective had been met; that is, they were process evaluations only. Based on our review, our updated model suggests that campaign exposure can lead to individual behavior change and improved health outcomes, either through a direct or indirect pathway. Indirect pathways include exposure through social and policy changes. "Engagement" is positioned as critical to success, replacing awareness in the traditional HOE, and all types of engagement are treated as equal and good. No consideration is being given to potential negative engagement, such as the distribution of misinformation. Additionally, the process is no longer linear and sequential, with circular pathways evident, such as engagement not only influencing behavior change but also generating additional exposure to campaign messages. CONCLUSIONS Our review has highlighted a change in conventional understandings of how campaigns can influence health outcomes in the age of social media. The updated model we propose provides social media campaigners with a starting point to develop and tailor campaign messages and allows evaluators to identify critical assumptions to test, including the role and value of "engagement." TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021287257; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=287257.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kite
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Lilian Chan
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kathryn MacKay
- Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Lucy Corbett
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Gillian Reyes-Marcelino
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney and Cancer Council New South Wales, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Binh Nguyen
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - William Bellew
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Becky Freeman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Tesoriero JM, Yuan Y, Newport R, O'Grady T, Cotroneo R, Stevens L, Grisham T, Seo S, Gonzalez C. Assessing the Impact of a PrEP Aware Week Campaign on PrEP Prescription Fills in NYS. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2022; 28:463-468. [PMID: 35867501 PMCID: PMC9983742 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The New York State (NYS) Department of Health AIDS Institute engaged stakeholders across NYS to participate in the state's first "PrEP Aware Week" (PAW). PAW sought to increase the knowledge, interest, and number of PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) prescriptions filled across NYS. PAW activities were designed to be easy to implement, with minimal cost. Stakeholders were provided activities to implement, along with a social media tool kit featuring videos, graphic ads, and sample social media posts in English and Spanish to use as is or modify. PAW included more than 750 distinct events and activities undertaken by more than 250 participating providers. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of PAW on PrEP prescription filling patterns in NYS. DESIGN An interrupted time-series analysis was conducted to estimate the impact of PAW on overall and new PrEP prescription filling patterns. Separate models were developed by sex (male, female), race and ethnicity (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, other, unknown), and region (New York City, rest of NYS). SETTING PAW took place across NYS during the week beginning October 20, 2019. PARTICIPANTS PAW was undertaken by more than 250 health care providers, nonmedical health & human services providers, local and state health department staff, and colleges and universities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The number of overall and new PrEP prescriptions. RESULTS PAW was associated with modest increases (6%-9%) in the number of PrEP prescription fills in NYS. The PAW impact lasted for about 2 months, generated an estimated 2727 additional PrEP prescription fills statewide, and was realized across sex, region, and racial and ethnic subgroups. Increased prescription fills were driven by those previously prescribed PrEP. Increases in new prescriptions were noted among Latinx individuals (21% increase, 55 additional prescriptions) but not overall or across other groups. CONCLUSION NYS's PAW was effective at increasing PrEP prescription refills in NYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Tesoriero
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Yingchao Yuan
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Rachel Newport
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Thomas O'Grady
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Richard Cotroneo
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Lyn Stevens
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Thomas Grisham
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Seungjun Seo
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
| | - Charles Gonzalez
- Center for Program Development, Implementation, Research and Evaluation (Drs Tesoriero and O'Grady), Office of Sexual Health and Epidemiology (Dr Yuan), Office of the Medical Director (Ms Newport, Mr Cotroneo, and Dr Gonzalez), and Medicaid Policy and Health Care Financing (Messrs Grisham and Seo), New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Albany, New York; and Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, Syracuse, New York (Ms Stevens)
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Sharma A, Paredes-Vincent A, Kahle EM. Awareness, Utilization, and Preferences for Traditional and Contemporary HIV Prevention Strategies Among Facebook and Instagram-Using MSM in the United States. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2021; 20:23259582211024770. [PMID: 34132144 PMCID: PMC8212379 DOI: 10.1177/23259582211024770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV prevention research among men who have sex with men (MSM) has traditionally
focused on individual risk reduction strategies. Our study evaluated awareness,
utilization, and preferences for 10 complementary HIV prevention strategies
among 1,286 MSM recruited via Facebook and Instagram from June-August 2018. Ages
ranged from 18-85 years, and the majority were non-Hispanic white (n = 1,019,
79.24%), college-educated (n = 819, 63.69%), gay-identifying (n = 1,074,
83.51%), and partnered (n = 808, 62.83%). Post-exposure prophylaxis was the
least familiar option, and engaging in sexual activities other than anal sex was
the most utilized option. Progressively older and bisexual-identifying MSM were
less likely, but those with higher educational levels and easy access to local
HIV resources were more likely to be aware of and to be utilizing a greater
number of strategies. Additionally, Hispanic MSM were less likely to be aware
of, and those in a “closed” relationship were less likely to be utilizing a
greater number of strategies. In a subset of 775 multiple strategy users,
pre-exposure prophylaxis, regularly testing for HIV, and limiting the number of
sex partners emerged as the most preferred options. Combination intervention
packages for MSM should be tailored to personal circumstances, including sexual
orientation, relationship characteristics and access to local HIV resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Sharma
- Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ariana Paredes-Vincent
- Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin M Kahle
- Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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