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Zheng C, Yu Z, Du C, Gong Y, Yin W, Li X, Li Z, Römling U, Chou SH, He J. 2-Methylcitrate cycle: a well-regulated controller of Bacillus sporulation. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:1125-1140. [PMID: 31858668 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used eco-friendly biopesticide, containing two primary determinants of biocontrol, endospore and insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs). The 2-methylcitrate cycle is a widespread carbon metabolic pathway playing a crucial role in channelling propionyl-CoA, but with poorly understood metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Here, we dissect the transcriptional regulation of the 2-methylcitrate cycle operon prpCDB and report its unprecedented role in controlling the sporulation process of B. thuringiensis. We found that the transcriptional activity of the prp operon encoding the three critical enzymes PrpC, PrpD, and PrpB in the 2-methylcitrate cycle was negatively regulated by the two global transcription factors CcpA and AbrB, while positively regulated by the LysR family regulator CcpC, which jointly account for the fact that the 2-methylcitrate cycle is specifically and highly active in the stationary phase of growth. We also found that the prpD mutant accumulated 2-methylcitrate, the intermediate metabolite of the 2-methylcitrate cycle, which delayed and inhibited sporulation at the early stage. Thus, our results not only revealed sophisticated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for the metabolic 2-methylcitrate cycle but also identified 2-methylcitrate as a novel regulator of sporulation in B. thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiying Du
- Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Masiewicz P, Brzostek A, Wolański M, Dziadek J, Zakrzewska-Czerwińska J. Correction: A Novel Role of the PrpR as a Transcription Factor Involved in the Regulation of Methylcitrate Pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208565. [PMID: 30507947 PMCID: PMC6277100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Liu XX, Shen MJ, Liu WB, Ye BC. GlnR-Mediated Regulation of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Assimilation in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1311. [PMID: 29988377 PMCID: PMC6023979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Assimilation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) plays an important role in the survival and lipid biosynthesis of Mycobacteria. However, regulation of this process has not been thoroughly described. In the present work, we demonstrate that GlnR as a well-known nitrogen-sensing regulator transcriptionally modulates the AMP-forming propionyl-CoA synthetase (MsPrpE), and acetyl-CoA synthetases (MsAcs) is associated with SCFAs assimilation in Mycobacterium smegmatis, a model Mycobacterium. GlnR can directly activate the expression of MsprpE and Msacs by binding to their promoter regions based upon sensed nitrogen starvation in the host. Moreover, GlnR can activate the expression of lysine acetyltransferase encoding Mspat, which significantly decreases the activity of MsPrpE and MsAcs through increased acylation. Next, growth curves and resazurin assay show that GlnR can further regulate the growth of M. smegmatis on different SCFAs to control the viability. These results demonstrate that GlnR-mediated regulation of SCFA assimilation in response to the change of nitrogen signal serves to control the survival of M. smegmatis. These findings provide insights into the survival and nutrient utilization mechanisms of Mycobacteria in their host, which may enable new strategies in drug discovery for the control of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jia Shen
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Bing Liu
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Dolan SK, Wijaya A, Geddis SM, Spring DR, Silva-Rocha R, Welch M. Loving the poison: the methylcitrate cycle and bacterial pathogenesis. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:251-259. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre Wijaya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Rafael Silva-Rocha
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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Mycobacterial Metabolic Syndrome: LprG and Rv1410 Regulate Triacylglyceride Levels, Growth Rate and Virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005351. [PMID: 26751071 PMCID: PMC4709180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) mutants lacking rv1411c, which encodes the lipoprotein LprG, and rv1410c, which encodes a putative efflux pump, are dramatically attenuated for growth in mice. Here we show that loss of LprG-Rv1410 in Mtb leads to intracellular triacylglyceride (TAG) accumulation, and overexpression of the locus increases the levels of TAG in the culture medium, demonstrating a role of this locus in TAG transport. LprG binds TAG within a large hydrophobic cleft and is sufficient to transfer TAG from donor to acceptor membranes. Further, LprG-Rv1410 is critical for broadly regulating bacterial growth and metabolism in vitro during carbon restriction and in vivo during infection of mice. The growth defect in mice is due to disrupted bacterial metabolism and occurs independently of key immune regulators. The in vivo essentiality of this locus suggests that this export system and other regulators of metabolism should be considered as targets for novel therapeutics. Of the estimated 2 billion people worldwide currently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), surprisingly few go on to develop active tuberculosis (TB) disease. The vast majority, 95 percent, of infected individuals develop latent TB, remaining infected but without disease. Despite its importance in global health, the question of what determines whether an infected individual will develop active or latent TB remains largely unanswered. Changes in how Mtb grows in response to stressors presented by the host environment likely play an important role in this process. In particular, the manifold ways in which Mtb synthesizes, degrades, and transports lipids dictates its growth in an infected host. Here, we show that lipid transport is an important function of two TB genes known to be required for Mtb’s ability to cause disease in the mouse model of infection. Using a variety of genetic and biochemical techniques, we found that the products of these genes prevent the cytosolic accumulation of a lipid associated with non-growing Mtb under the metabolic conditions it encounters during infection. Our results indicate an important role for the metabolism of Mtb in its ability to orchestrate a productive infection and cause disease.
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Liu F, Gu J, Wang X, Zhang XE, Deng J. Acs is essential for propionate utilization in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 449:272-7. [PMID: 24835953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria like Escherichia coli can use propionate as sole carbon and energy source. All pathways for degradation of propionate start with propionyl-CoA. However, pathways of propionyl-CoA synthesis from propionate and their regulation mechanisms have not been carefully examined in E. coli. In this study, roles of the acetyl-CoA synthetase encoding gene acs and the NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase encoding gene cobB on propionate utilization in E. coli were investigated. Results from biochemical analysis showed that, reversible acetylation also modulates the propionyl-CoA synthetase activity of Acs. Subsequent genetic analysis revealed that, deletion of acs in E. coli results in blockage of propionate utilization, suggesting that acs is essential for propionate utilization in E. coli. Besides, deletion of cobB in E. coli also results in growth defect, but only under lower concentrations of propionate (5mM and 10mM propionate), suggesting the existence of other propionyl-CoA synthesis pathways. In combination with previous observations, our data implies that, for propionate utilization in E. coli, a primary amount of propionyl-CoA seems to be required, which is synthesized by Acs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xude Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jiaoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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