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Salmaninezhad F, Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R, Cacciola SO. Pythium banihashemianum sp. nov. and Globisporangium izadpanahii sp. nov.: Two New Oomycete Species from Rice Paddies in Iran. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:405. [PMID: 38921391 PMCID: PMC11204656 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
An investigation into oomycete diversity in rice paddies of Fars Province in Iran led to the identification of two new Pythium sensu lato (s.l.) species as Globisporangium izadpanahii sp. nov. and Pythium banihashemianum sp. nov. The identification was based on morphological and physiological features as well as on the phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS and βtub) and mitochondrial (cox1 and cox2) loci using Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood. The present paper formally describes these two new species and defines their phylogenetic relationships with other congeneric species. According to multiple gene genealogy analysis, G. izadpanahii sp. nov. was grouped with other species of Globisporangium (formerly, clade G of Pythium s.l.) and was closely related to both G. nagaii and the recently described G. coniferarum. The second species, designated P. banihashemianum sp. nov., was grouped with other species of Pythium sensu stricto (formerly, clade B of Pythium s.l.) and, according to the phylogenetic analysis, shared an ancestor with P. plurisporium. The production of globose hyphal swellings was a major characteristic of G. izadpanahii sp. nov., which did not produce vesicles and zoospores. In pathogenicity tests on rice seedlings, P. banihashemianum sp. nov. isolates were highly pathogenic and caused severe root and crown rot, while G. izadpanahii sp. nov. isolates were not pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Salmaninezhad
- Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144167186, Iran;
| | | | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Brasier C, Scanu B, Cooke D, Jung T. Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation. IMA Fungus 2022; 13:12. [PMID: 35761420 PMCID: PMC9235178 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The considerable economic and social impact of the oomycete genus Phytophthora is well known. In response to evidence that all downy mildews (DMs) reside phylogenetically within Phytophthora, rendering Phytophthora paraphyletic, a proposal has been made to split the genus into multiple new genera. We have reviewed the status of the genus and its relationship to the DMs. Despite a substantial increase in the number of described species and improvements in molecular phylogeny the Phytophthora clade structure has remained stable since first demonstrated in 2000. Currently some 200 species are distributed across twelve major clades in a relatively tight monophyletic cluster. In our assessment of 196 species for twenty morphological and behavioural criteria the clades show good biological cohesion. Saprotrophy, necrotrophy and hemi-biotrophy of woody and non-woody roots, stems and foliage occurs across the clades. Phylogenetically less related clades often show strong phenotypic and behavioural similarities and no one clade or group of clades shows the synapomorphies that might justify a unique generic status. We propose the clades arose from the migration and worldwide radiation ~ 140 Mya (million years ago) of an ancestral Gondwanan Phytophthora population, resulting in geographic isolation and clade divergence through drift on the diverging continents combined with adaptation to local hosts, climatic zones and habitats. The extraordinary flexibility of the genus may account for its global 'success'. The 20 genera of the obligately biotrophic, angiosperm-foliage specialised DMs evolved from Phytophthora at least twice via convergent evolution, making the DMs as a group polyphyletic and Phytophthora paraphyletic in cladistic terms. The long phylogenetic branches of the DMs indicate this occurred rather rapidly, via paraphyletic evolutionary 'jumps'. Such paraphyly is common in successful organisms. The proposal to divide Phytophthora appears more a device to address the issue of the convergent evolution of the DMs than the structure of Phytophthora per se. We consider it non-Darwinian, putting the emphasis on the emergent groups (the DMs) rather than the progenitor (Phytophthora) and ignoring the evolutionary processes that gave rise to the divergence. Further, the generic concept currently applied to the DMs is narrower than that between some closely related Phytophthora species. Considering the biological and structural cohesion of Phytophthora, its historic and social impacts and its importance in scientific communication and biosecurity protocol, we recommend that the current broad generic concept is retained by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Brasier
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK.
| | - Bruno Scanu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - David Cooke
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Thomas Jung
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131, Nussdorf, Germany.
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Chen JJ, Feng H, Yu J, Ye W, Zheng X. Pythium huanghuaiense sp. nov. isolated from soybean: morphology, molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e65227. [PMID: 33935560 PMCID: PMC8084853 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e65227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soybean (Glycine max) is a major source of edible oil and protein. A novel species of the genus Pythium, Pythium huanghuaiense, isolated from soybean seedlings in China, is described and illustrated on the basis of morphological characters and molecular evidence. New information Pythium huanghuaiense sp. nov. is closely related to species of the genus Pythium in clade F, as evidenced by the presence of hyphal swellings and its relatively rapid morphological growth. However, it differs by having relatively small sporangia and plerotic or nearly plerotic and thin-walled oospores. A pathogenicity test confirmed the newly-identified species as a pathogen of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang 212400, China College of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry Zhenjiang 212400 China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Jian Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang 212400, China College of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry Zhenjiang 212400 China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
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Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Chen YJ, Papp V, Palla B, Papp D, Bhunjun CS, Hurdeal VG, Senwanna C, Manawasinghe IS, Harischandra DL, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Chuankid B, Goonasekara ID, Hongsanan S, Zeng X, Liyanage KK, Liu N, Karunarathna A, Hapuarachchi KK, Luangharn T, Raspé O, Brahmanage R, Doilom M, Lee HB, Mei L, Jeewon R, Huanraluek N, Chaiwan N, Stadler M, Wang Y. One stop shop IV: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 76–100 (2020). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
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Uzuhashi S, Nakagawa S, Abdelzaher HMA, Tojo M. Phylogeny and morphology of new species of Globisporangium. Fungal Syst Evol 2020; 3:13-18. [PMID: 32467896 PMCID: PMC7235979 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2019.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An isolate originally obtained from pond water in Osaka in 1992 and identified as Pythium marsipium, was subsequently classified as Globisporangium marsipium. According to molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 genes, this isolate was shown to represent a new species, described here as G. lacustre sp. nov. In addition, two further new combinations are introduced in Globisporangium as G. camurandrum and G. takayamanum based on their DNA phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uzuhashi
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - S Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - H M A Abdelzaher
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University 61519, Minia city, Egypt
| | - M Tojo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Chen JJ, Zheng XB. Pythium subutonaiense, A New Aquatic Oomycete from Southern China Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:273-279. [PMID: 31565463 PMCID: PMC6758696 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1642700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new species, Pythium subutonaiense, isolated from aquatic environments (lake) in China is being described based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. The isolates grew at temperatures between 5 °C and 38 °C, and the optimum temperature was 30 °C, with a radial growth rate of 17.6 mm at 25 °C per day. It is homothallic and characterized by globose to sub-globose shaped and mostly terminal or sometimes catenulate hyphal swellings, filamentous non-inflated sporangia, and smooth oogonia with hypogynous and monoclinous antheridia that contained one plerotic oospore. In phylogenetic analysis, inferred based on the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene, the new species formed a distinct lineage in Pythium clade B. Differences between the new species and phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Nam B, Choi YJ. Phytopythium and Pythium Species (Oomycota) Isolated from Freshwater Environments of Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:261-272. [PMID: 31565462 PMCID: PMC6758692 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1625174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes are widely distributed in various environments, including desert and polar regions. Depending upon different habits and hosts, they have evolved with both saprophytic and pathogenic nutritional modes. Freshwater ecosystem is one of the most important habitats for members of oomycetes. Most studies on oomycete diversity, however, have been biased mostly towards terrestrial phytopathogenic species, rather than aquatic species, although their roles as saprophytes and parasites are essential for freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we isolated oomycete strains from soil sediment, algae, and decaying plant debris in freshwater streams of Korea. The strains were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS rDNA, cox1, and cox2 mtDNA sequences. As a result, we discovered eight oomycete species previously unknown in Korea, namely Phytopythium chamaehyphon, Phytopythium litorale, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium diclinum, Pythium heterothallicum, Pythium inflatum, Pythium intermedium, and Pythium oopapillum. Diversity and ecology of freshwater oomycetes in Korea are poorly understood. This study could contribute to understand their distribution and ecological function in freshwater ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Nam
- Department of Biology, College of Natural
Sciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
- Center for Convergent Agrobioengineering,
Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Natural
Sciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
- Center for Convergent Agrobioengineering,
Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
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Uzuhashi S, Hata K, Matsuura S, Tojo M. Globisporangium oryzicola sp. nov., causing poor seedling establishment of directly seeded rice. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 110:543-552. [PMID: 28008549 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new species, Globisporangium oryzicola, was isolated from directly seeded rice seedlings, and from soils of paddy fields and an uncultivated field. Despite their different origins, five of the seven isolates studied caused poor seedling establishment of rice in a laboratory inoculation experiment. The species is characterized by oogonia with smooth-walled or sometimes one projection, with one to two antheridia, and aplerotic oospores. Hyphal swellings were rarely observed. Phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 2 genes confirmed that the species differed from other Globisporangium species. This novel species is described and illustrated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihomi Uzuhashi
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Hata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.,Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co.,Ltd., 345 Oyamada-cho, Kawachinagano, Osaka, 586-0094, Japan
| | - Shohei Matsuura
- Agriculture Research Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, 6869 Hara Hachihonmatsu, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0151, Japan
| | - Motoaki Tojo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Choudhary CE, Burgos-Garay ML, Moorman GW, Hong C. Pythium and Phytopythium Species in Two Pennsylvania Greenhouse Irrigation Water Tanks. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:926-932. [PMID: 30686146 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-15-0836-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two commercial greenhouses producing potted plants in Pennsylvania using recycled irrigation water in an ebb-and-flood system have incurred significant crop losses due to Pythium aphanidermatum. In cooperation with the greenhouses, one or more of their water tanks was monitored continuously (128 tank samplings) for Pythium spp. by baiting. Nine species of Pythium and three species of Phytopythium were recovered, representing clades A, B, E, and K, but none was P. aphanidermatum. The recovered Pythium spp. were (i) P. rostratifingens, (ii) isolates identical to Pythium sp. nov. OOMYA1702-08 (clade B2), (iii) P. coloratum, (iv) P. middletonii, (v) and (vi) two new species in clade E2, (vii) a new species in clade B2, (viii) isolates very similar to Pythium sp. nov. OOMYA1646-08 (clade E2), and (ix) a new species in clade A. The Phytopythium spp. recovered were (i) Phytopythium litorale, (ii) P. helicoides, and (iii) P. chamaehyphon. This article illustrates the different communities of Pythium and Phytopythium spp. found in each greenhouse over 10 months. Some of the baited species display resistance to the oomycete fungicide active ingredient, mefenoxam. P. helicoides and the new species in clade B2 were pathogenic on seedlings in potting mix with fertilizer added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla E Choudhary
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - Maria L Burgos-Garay
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - Gary W Moorman
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - Chuanxue Hong
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach 23455
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