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Mohsin M, Ahmad H, Nasir MN, Abideen ZU, Nadeem M, Sattar R, Saad AQ, Hussain M, Shah SA, Cheng H, Sturdivant D, Hameed SA. Quantifying the Soil Arthropod Diversity in Urban Forest in Dera Ghazi Khan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8125585. [PMID: 36193327 PMCID: PMC9526604 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8125585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods can be either large or too small to be seen from the microscope. Their legs are jointed and perform a specific function in the soil. Several arthropods have been identified to date. Therefore, it is essential to identify them in a different type of soil. An experiment to quantify the soil arthropods in the urban forests of D.G. Khan was conducted at the Zoology lab of Ghazi University on four tree plants, i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica), guava (Psidium guajava), and phalsa (Grewia asiatica). Soil samples were taken from different areas and on different months. The diversity of arthropods was analyzed through the Shannon index. The results were all significant. The total number of arthropods found in the experiment was 5151, with the following distributions: millipedes were 132 in neem, 133 in guava, 113 in mango, and 121 in phalsa; centipedes were 136 in neem, 142 in guava, 118 in mango, and 132 in phalsa; springtails were 138 in neem, 130 in guava, 120 in mango, and 134 in phalsa. There were a total of 12 different species of arthropods found. Neem (Azadirachta indica) have mites, centipede, and ants; guava (Psidium guajava) have centipedes and ants. Mango (Mangifera indica) have millipedes, centipedes, mites, springtail, and ants, and phalsa (Grewia asiatica) have mites, ants, and centipedes. The study reveals that millipedes, centipedes, springtails, and ants were found abundantly in the urban forest area of D.G. Khan, resulting in increased organic matter decomposition and appropriate distribution of nutrients through the soil having beneficial effects on the terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mohsin
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University Dera, Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Ahmad
- Rural Dispensary Chak No. 151JB, Tehsil Chiniot, District Chiniot, Pakistan
| | | | - Zain Ul Abideen
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University Dera, Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University Dera, Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Sattar
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University Dera, Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadeer Saad
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mujahid Hussain
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Syed Akbar Shah
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University Dera, Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hanlie Cheng
- School of Energy Resource, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 434000, China
| | | | - Syeda Amber Hameed
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Bubrig LT, Fierst JL. REVIEW OF THE DAUER HYPOTHESIS: WHAT NON-PARASITIC SPECIES CAN TELL US ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITISM. J Parasitol 2021; 107:717-725. [PMID: 34525204 DOI: 10.1645/21-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic lineages have acquired suites of new traits compared to their nearest free-living relatives. When and why did these traits arise? We can envision lineages evolving through multiple stable intermediate steps such as a series of increasingly exploitative species interactions. This view allows us to use non-parasitic species that approximate those intermediate steps to uncover the timing and original function of parasitic traits, knowledge critical to understanding the evolution of parasitism. The dauer hypothesis proposes that free-living nematode lineages evolved into parasites through two intermediate steps, phoresy and necromeny. Here we delve into the proposed steps of the dauer hypothesis by collecting and organizing data from genetic, behavioral, and ecological studies in a range of nematode species. We argue that hypotheses on the evolution of parasites will be strengthened by complementing comparative genomic studies with ecological studies on non-parasites that approximate intermediate steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis T Bubrig
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Janna L Fierst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0344
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Dunlop JA, Wirth S, Penney D, McNeil A, Bradley RS, Withers PJ, Preziosi RF. A minute fossil phoretic mite recovered by phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography. Biol Lett 2011; 8:457-60. [PMID: 22072283 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography (CT) reveals the phoretic deutonymph of a fossil astigmatid mite (Acariformes: Astigmata) attached to a spider's carapace (Araneae: Dysderidae) in Eocene (44-49 Myr ago) Baltic amber. Details of appendages and a sucker plate were resolved, and the resulting three-dimensional model demonstrates the potential of tomography to recover morphological characters of systematic significance from even the tiniest amber inclusions without the need for a synchrotron. Astigmatids have an extremely sparse palaeontological record. We confirm one of the few convincing fossils, potentially the oldest record of Histiostomatidae. At 176 µm long, we believe this to be the smallest arthropod in amber to be CT-scanned as a complete body fossil, extending the boundaries for what can be recovered using this technique. We also demonstrate a minimum age for the evolution of phoretic behaviour among their deutonymphs, an ecological trait used by extant species to disperse into favourable environments. The occurrence of the fossil on a spider is noteworthy, as modern histiostomatids tend to favour other arthropods as carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Dunlop
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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