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Sánchez-Carrión SA, Dimov I, Márquez Jiménez FJ, de Rojas Álvarez M. Morphometrical Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Rhinonyssidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) Parasitizing Avian Hosts: New Molecular Data. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1783. [PMID: 37512955 PMCID: PMC10384005 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Rhinonyssidae are tiny hematophagous endoparasitic mites that inhabit the nasal cavities of birds and can cause trauma to their hosts. Traditionally, identifying species in this group has relied on observing their morphometrical characteristics. Nevertheless, determining species within this particular group has become more challenging due to the rising number of newly discovered species. Moreover, the morphometrical traits vary depending on the specific genus or group of species being studied. In this study, the complete internal transcribed spacer ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 regions of the ribosomal DNA from eighteen species of rhinonyssid mites belonging to four genera were sequenced to assess the utility of this genomic region in resolving taxonomic questions in this group and to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among the species. Mites were collected by dissecting the nasal cavities of birds under a stereomicroscope. Specimens used for morphometrical analyses were cleared in 85% lactic acid for 1-48 h and mounted in Hoyer's medium. Other specimens were preserved at -20 °C for molecular studies. From the data obtained in this study, it can be concluded that a thorough review and an accurate morphometrical identification and determination of the discriminatory traits are needed in this group of mites. Moreover, although the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment solves different taxonomic and phylogenetic problems at the species level, it would be necessary to test new molecular markers, or even a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers or different domains of the nuclear 28S rDNA, to discover a reliable taxonomic situation for rhinonyssids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A Sánchez-Carrión
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ivan Dimov
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery Named after Professor M.G. Prives, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo Str. 6-8, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Francisco J Márquez Jiménez
- Department of Animal Biology, Vegetal Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel de Rojas Álvarez
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Arthropod, Fungal, Protozoan, Bacterial and Viral Pathogens of Honeybees. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050221. [PMID: 35622749 PMCID: PMC9145064 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybee Apis mellifera is highly appreciated worldwide because of its products, but also as it is a pollinator of crops and wild plants. The beehive is vulnerable to infections due to arthropods, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and/or viruses that manage to by-pass the individual and social immune mechanisms of bees. Due to the close proximity of bees in the beehive and their foraging habits, infections easily spread within and between beehives. Moreover, international trade of bees has caused the global spread of infections, several of which result in significant losses for apiculture. Only in a few cases can infections be diagnosed with the naked eye, by direct observation of the pathogen in the case of some arthropods, or by pathogen-associated distinctive traits. Development of molecular methods based on the amplification and analysis of one or more genes or genomic segments has brought significant progress to the study of bee pathogens, allowing for: (i) the precise and sensitive identification of the infectious agent; (ii) the analysis of co-infections; (iii) the description of novel species; (iv) associations between geno- and pheno-types and (v) population structure studies. Sequencing of bee pathogen genomes has allowed for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of specific genotypification strategies.
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Reams T, Rangel J. Understanding the Enemy: A Review of the Genetics, Behavior and Chemical Ecology of Varroa destructor, the Parasitic Mite of Apis mellifera. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:6523143. [PMID: 35137134 PMCID: PMC8825774 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) is arguably the most damaging parasitic mite that attacks honey bees worldwide. Since its initial host switch from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Varroa has become a widely successful invasive species, attacking honey bees on almost every continent where apiculture is practiced. Two haplotypes of V. destructor (Japanese and Korean) parasitize A. mellifera, both of which vector various honey bee-associated viruses. As the population of Varroa grows within a colony in the spring and summer, so do the levels of viral infections. Not surprisingly, high Varroa parasitization impacts bees at the individual level, causing bees to exhibit lower weight, decreased learning capacity, and shorter lifespan. High levels of Varroa infestation can lead to colony-wide varroosis and eventually colony death, especially when no control measures are taken against the mites. Varroa has become a successful parasite of A. mellifera because of its ability to reproduce within both drone cells and worker cells, which allows populations to expand rapidly. Varroa uses several chemical cues to complete its life cycle, many of which remain understudied and should be further explored. Given the growing reports of pesticide resistance by Varroa in several countries, a better understanding of the mite's basic biology is needed to find alternative pest management strategies. This review focuses on the genetics, behavior, and chemical ecology of V. destructor within A. mellifera colonies, and points to areas of research that should be exploited to better control this pervasive honey bee enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Reams
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Juliana Rangel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Duan DY, Chen Z, Fu YT, Liu GH, Cheng TY. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two Ixodes ticks, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:513-522. [PMID: 33931902 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the authors sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of two hard ticks of the genus Ixodes, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp., which were 14 505 and 14 543 bp in length, respectively. Their mt genomes encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes, and have only one non-coding region. The gene order in their mt genomes was the same as that of other Ixodes spp. mt genomes. The average sequence identity, combined nucleotide diversity, non-synonymous/synonymous substitutions ratio analyses consistently demonstrated that cox1, rrnS, cox2, cox3 and cytb were the most conserved and atp8, nad6 and nad2 were the most variable genes across Ixodes mitogenomes. Phylogeny of the present Ixodes spp., and other selected hard tick species, based on concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs, confirmed their position within the genus Ixodes and sub-family Ixodinae. The novel mt markers described herein will be useful for further studies of the population genetics, molecular epidemiology and systematics of hard ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-Y Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Z Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Y-T Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - G-H Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - T-Y Cheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Muntaabski I, Russo RM, Liendo MC, Palacio MA, Cladera JL, Lanzavecchia SB, Scannapieco AC. Genetic variation and heteroplasmy of Varroa destructor inferred from ND4 mtDNA sequences. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:411-421. [PMID: 31915912 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is a serious threat to colonies and beekeeping worldwide. Population genetics studies of the mite have provided information on two mitochondrial haplotypes infecting honey bee colonies, named K and J (after Korea and Japan, respectively, where they were originally identified). On the American continent, the K haplotype is much more prevalent, with the J haplotype only detected in some areas of Brazil. The aims of the present study were to assess the genetic diversity of V. destructor populations in the major beekeeping region of Argentina and to evaluate the presence of heteroplasmy at the nucleotide level. Phoretic mites were collected from managed A. mellifera colonies in ten localities, and four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (COXI, ND4, ND4L, and ND5) were analyzed. Based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COXI) sequencing, exclusively the K haplotype of V. destructor was detected. Furthermore, two sub-haplotypes (KArg-N1 and KArg-N2) were identified from a variation in ND4 sequences and the frequency of these sub-haplotypes was found to significantly correlate with geographical latitude. The occurrence of site heteroplasmy was also evident for this gene. Therefore, ND4 appears to be a sensitive marker for detecting genetic variability in mite populations. Site heteroplasmy emerges as a phenomenon that could be relatively frequent in V. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Muntaabski
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina M Russo
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Liendo
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Palacio
- Unidad Integrada INTA - Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge L Cladera
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia B Lanzavecchia
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra C Scannapieco
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Utzeri VJ, Schiavo G, Ribani A, Bertolini F, Bovo S, Fontanesi L. A next generation sequencing approach for targeted Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) mitochondrial DNA analysis based on honey derived environmental DNA. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 161:47-53. [PMID: 30707918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Honey contains DNA from many different organisms that are part of hive micro-environmental niches and honey bee pathospheres. In this study, we recovered and sequenced mite mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from honey from different locations around the world (Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America). DNA extracted from 17 honey samples was amplified with eight primer pairs targeting three mite mtDNA genes, obtaining 88 amplicons that were sequenced with an Ion Torrent sequencing platform. A bioinformatic pipeline compared produced reads with Varroa spp. mtDNA sequence entries available in GenBank and assigned them to different mitotypes. In all honey samples, the highest percentage of reads was attributed to the K1 lineage, including a few variants derived from it, in addition to J1 reads observed in the two South American samples and C1-1 reads obtained from the Chinese honey. This study opens new possibilities to analyse mite lineages and variants and monitor their geographical and temporal distribution, simplifying surveillance against this damaging honey bee parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Joe Utzeri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Schiavo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anisa Ribani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy; National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Samuele Bovo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Farjamfar M, Saboori A, González-Cabrera J, Hernández Rodríguez CS. Genetic variability and pyrethroid susceptibility of the parasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Iran. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 76:139-148. [PMID: 30238306 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is one of the major concerns for worldwide beekeeping. The use of synthetic pyrethroids for controlling the mite was among the most popular treatments until resistance evolved in the mid 1990's. In Iran, beekeepers are dealing with the parasite and they also used pyrethroids for controlling the mite for a long time. After the evolution of resistance to pyrethroids, they based mite control mostly on treatments with amitraz, organic acids and several management practices. Here we conducted a comprehensive characterization of V. destructor populations parasitizing Apis mellifera in Iran. We determined the genetic variability of mites collected from 28 localities distributed throughout the country. The haplotype of V. destructor was determined by PCR-RFLP, analyzing a fragment of the mitochondrial cox1 gene. It was found that only the Korean haplotype was present in samples from all localities. DNA fragments from cox1, atp6, cox3 and cytb mitochondrial genes were sequenced and the results showed that all samples were identical to the K1-1 or the K1-2 V. destructor haplotypes. Moreover, as it has been reported that resistance to pyrethroids in V. destructor is associated with mutations at position 925 of the voltage-gated sodium channel, a TaqMan®-based allelic discrimination assay was conducted to genotype the mites collected. The results showed that all the mites tested were homozygous for the wild-type allele and, therefore, susceptible to treatment with pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Farjamfar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- ERI BIOTECMED, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alireza Saboori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Joel González-Cabrera
- ERI BIOTECMED, Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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Cheng TY, Chen Z, Li ZB, Liu GH. First Report of Ixodes nipponensis Infection in Goats in China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:575-578. [PMID: 29741996 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites that infect a wide range of animals and humans, causing a variety of both human and animal diseases around the world. Ixodes nipponensis is the most commonly reported tick in Korea and Japan, but it is very rare in China. In this study, six I. nipponensis samples were collected from three black goats in Hunan province, China. Ticks identified morphologically as I. nipponensis were then examined by PCR with two different molecular markers: mitochondrial cox1 and the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA genes. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 sequences confirmed that all of the examined hard Ixodes ticks represented I. nipponensis. This finding indicates a potential risk of zoonotic I. nipponensis infection in humans and animals in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the occurrence of I. nipponensis infection in goats in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yin Cheng
- 1 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, People's Republic of China
- 2 Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety , Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- 1 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Bo Li
- 1 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- 1 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha, People's Republic of China
- 2 Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety , Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
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