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Yan YD, Ji WX, Zhao N, Zhang JJ, Du J, Lu T, Gu WQ. Association between ACE1 and missed abortion: ACE1 promotes H2O2-induced trophoblast cell injury in vitro†. Biol Reprod 2024; 111:406-413. [PMID: 38582608 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) in H2O2-induced trophoblast cell injury and the potential molecular mechanisms. Oxidative stress was modeled by exposing HTR-8/SVneo cells to 200 μM H2O2. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR methods were used to detect protein and mRNA expression level of ACE1 in chorionic villus tissue and trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cell. Inhibition of ACE1 expression was achieved by transfection with small interfering RNA. Then flow cytometry, Cell Counting Kit-8, and Transwell assay was used to assess apoptosis, viability, and migration ability of the cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by fluorescent probes, and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities were determined by corresponding detection kits. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 expression was upregulated in chorionic villus tissue of patients with missed abortion (MA) compared with individuals with normal early pregnancy abortion. H2O2 induced elevated ACE1 expression in HTR-8/SVneo cells, promoted apoptosis, and inhibited cell viability and migration. Knockdown of ACE1 expression inhibited H2O2-induced effects to enhance cell viability and migration and suppress apoptosis. Additionally, H2O2 stimulation caused increased levels of ROS and MDA and decreased SOD and GSH activity in the cells, whereas knockdown of ACE1 expression led to opposite changes of these oxidative stress indicators. Moreover, knockdown of ACE1 attenuated the inhibitory effect of H2O2 on the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 was associated with MA, and it promoted H2O2-induced injury of trophoblast cells through inhibiting the Nrf2 pathway. Therefore, ACE1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dan Yan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Xia Ji
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Juan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Du
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Qun Gu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
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Wei M, Yu Q, Li E, Zhao Y, Sun C, Li H, Liu Z, Ji G. Ace Deficiency Induces Intestinal Inflammation in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5598. [PMID: 38891786 PMCID: PMC11172040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a nonspecific chronic inflammatory disease resulting from an immune disorder in the intestine that is prone to relapse and incurable. The understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear. In this study, we found that ace (angiotensin-converting enzyme), expressed abundantly in the intestine, plays an important role in IBD. The deletion of ace in zebrafish caused intestinal inflammation with increased expression of the inflammatory marker genes interleukin 1 beta (il1b), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (mmp9), myeloid-specific peroxidase (mpx), leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2-like (lect2l), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8b (cxcl8b). Moreover, the secretion of mucus in the ace-/- mutants was significantly higher than that in the wild-type zebrafish, validating the phenotype of intestinal inflammation. This was further confirmed by the IBD model constructed using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), in which the mutant zebrafish had a higher susceptibility to enteritis. Our study reveals the role of ace in intestinal homeostasis, providing a new target for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Wei
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qinqing Yu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Enguang Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Yibing Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Chen Sun
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangdong Ji
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (Q.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education), Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Reus P, Schneider AK, Ulshöfer T, Henke M, Bojkova D, Cinatl J, Ciesek S, Geisslinger G, Laux V, Grättinger M, Gribbon P, Schiffmann S. Characterization of ACE Inhibitors and AT 1R Antagonists with Regard to Their Effect on ACE2 Expression and Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Using a Caco-2 Cell Model. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080810. [PMID: 34440554 PMCID: PMC8399150 DOI: 10.3390/life11080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-pressure-lowering drugs are proposed to foster SARS-CoV-2 infection by pharmacological upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the binding partner of the virus spike (S) protein, located on the surface of the host cells. Conversely, it is postulated that angiotensin–renin system antagonists may prevent lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, by reducing angiotensin II levels, which can induce permeability of lung endothelial barrier via its interaction with the AT1 receptor (AT1R). Methods: We have investigated the influence of the ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, captopril) and the AT1 antagonists (telmisartan, olmesartan) on the level of ACE2 mRNA and protein expression as well as their influence on the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 and on the cell barrier integrity in a Caco-2 cell model. Results: The drugs revealed no effect on ACE2 mRNA and protein expression. ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonist olmesartan did not influence the infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 and were unable to prevent the SARS-CoV-2-induced cell barrier disturbance. A concentration of 25 µg/mL telmisartan significantly reduced the virus replication rate. Conclusion: ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonist showed neither beneficial nor detrimental effects on SARS-CoV-2-infection and cell barrier integrity in vitro at pharmacologically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Thomas Ulshöfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Marina Henke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune Mediated Diseases, CIMD, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Laux
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Mira Grättinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Philip Gribbon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.R.); (A.-K.S.); (T.U.); (M.H.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (V.L.); (M.G.); (P.G.)
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune Mediated Diseases, CIMD, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-870025060; Fax: +49-69-870010000
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Anti-TNF-α Therapy Exerts Intestinal Anti-inflammatory and Anti-apoptotic Effects After Massive Bowel Resection in a Rat. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:49-55. [PMID: 32740515 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effect of massive small bowel resection on proinflammatory cytokine intestinal expression and the effect of anti-TNF-α antibodies (ATA) on intestinal inflammation, epithelial cell turnover, and intestinal adaptation after bowel resection in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: Sham-rats underwent bowel transection; Sham-ATA rats underwent bowel transection and were treated with ATA; SBS-animals underwent 75% bowel resection; and SBS-ATA rats underwent bowel resection and were treated with ATA similarly to Group B. Parameters of intestinal adaptation, enterocyte proliferation, and apoptosis were determined at sacrifice. TNF-α and apoptosis-related gene and protein levels were determined by Illumina's Digital Gene Expression (DGE) analysis, Real Time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS From 25 genes related to TNF-α signalling that were investigated, 8 genes in the jejunum and 10 genes in the ileum were found to be up-regulated in resected versus sham animals. SBS rats demonstrated a significant increase in tissue and plasma TNF-α, IL-6 levels, intestinal mucosal TNF-α related gene expression, and microscopic parameters of inflammation. Treatment of resected animals with ATA resulted in a significant decrease in TNF-α levels, intestinal mucosal TNF-α-related gene expression, decreased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages, and lower apoptotic index compared with SBS animals. CONCLUSIONS In a rat model of SBS, ATA decreased plasma and tissue TNF-α levels, diminished mucosal inflammation, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic effects of ATA appear to be associated with an inhibited extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Okawada M, Wilson MW, Larsen SD, Lipka E, Hillfinger J, Teitelbaum DH. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system prevents acute and immunologically relevant colitis in murine models. Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:1103-1114. [PMID: 27670279 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-016-3965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to alleviate inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine if blockade of the RAS would be effective in an immunologically relevant colitis model, and to compare outcome with an acute colitis model. METHODS A losartan analog, CCG-203025 (C23H26ClN3O5S) containing a highly polar sulfonic acid moiety that we expected would allow localized mucosal antagonism with minimal systemic absorption was selected as an angiotensin II type 1a receptor antagonist (AT1aR-A). Two colitis models were studied: (1) Acute colitis was induced in 8- to 10-week-old C57BL/6J mice by 2.5 % dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, in drinking water) for 7 days. (2) IL10-/-colitis Piroxicam (200 ppm) was administered orally in feed to 5-week-old IL-10-/-mice (C57BL/6J background) for 14 days followed by enalaprilat (ACE-I), CCG-203025 or PBS administered transanally for 14 days. RESULTS In the DSS model, weight loss and histologic score for CCG-203025 were better than with placebo. In the IL10-/-model, ACE-I suppressed histologic damage better than CCG-203025. Both ACE-I and CCG-203025 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of both ACE-I and AT1aR-A for preventing the development of both acute and immunologically relevant colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Okawada
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, Mott Children's Hospital, F3970, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0245, USA. .,Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1065, USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1065, USA
| | - Elke Lipka
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - John Hillfinger
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Daniel H Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, Mott Children's Hospital, F3970, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0245, USA
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Pathogenic aspects and therapeutic avenues of intestinal fibrosis in Crohn's disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:1107-13. [PMID: 26494636 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Crohn's disease, one of the two major forms of inflammatory bowel diseases in human beings, persistent and chronic inflammation promotes fibrotic processes thereby facilitating formation of strictures, the most common indication for surgical intervention in this disorder. The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease-associated fibrosis is not fully understood, but variants of genes involved in the recognition of microbial components/products [e.g. CARD15 (caspase-activating recruitment domain 15) and ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1)] are associated with this phenotype, and experimental evidence suggests that intestinal fibrosis results from an altered balance between deposition of ECM (extracellular matrix) and degradation of ECM by proteases. Studies have also contributed to identify the main phenotypic and functional alterations of cells involved in the fibrogenic process, as well as molecules that stimulate such cells to produce elevated amounts of collagen and other ECM-related proteins. In the present review, we assess the current knowledge about cellular and molecular mediators of intestinal fibrosis and describe results of recent studies aimed at testing the preventive/therapeutic effect of compounds in experimental models of intestinal fibrosis.
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Salmenkari H, Issakainen T, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Local corticosterone production and angiotensin-I converting enzyme shedding in a mouse model of intestinal inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10072-10079. [PMID: 26401072 PMCID: PMC4572788 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i35.10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate local corticosterone production and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) protein expression and their interaction in healthy and inflamed intestine.
METHODS: Acute intestinal inflammation was induced to six weeks old male Balb/c mice by administration of either 3% or 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 7 d (n = 12 in each group). Healthy controls (n = 12) were given tap water. Corticosterone production and ACE protein shedding were measured from ex vivo incubates of the small and large intestine using EIA and ELISA, respectively. Morphological changes of the intestinal wall were assessed in hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue preparations of jejunum and distal colon. Effects of angiotensin II, captopril and metyrapone on corticosterone production was assessed by incubating pieces of small intestine of healthy mice in the presence of 0.1, 1 or 10 μmol/L angiotensin II, 1, 10 or 100 μmol/L captopril or 1, 10 or 100 μmol/L metyrapone solutions and measuring corticosterone released to the incubation buffer after 90 min (n = 5 in each group).
RESULTS: Both concentrations of DSS induced inflammation and morphological changes in large intestines but not in small intestines. Changes were observed as distortions of the crypt structure, mucosal erosion, immune cell infiltration to the mucosa and submucosal edema. Ex vivo corticosterone production (2.9 ± 1.0 ng/mL vs 2.0 ± 0.8 ng/mL, P = 0.034) and ACE shedding (269.2 ± 97.1 ng/mL vs 175.7 ± 52.2 ng/mL, P = 0.016) were increased in small intestines in 3% DSS group compared to the controls. In large intestine, corticosterone production was increased compared to the controls in both 3% DSS (229 ± 81 pg/mL vs 158 ± 30 pg/mL, P = 0.017) and 5% DSS groups (366 ± 163 pg/mL vs 158 ± 30 pg/mL, P = 0.002). Large intestine ACE shedding was increased in 5% DSS group (41.5 ± 9.0 ng/mL vs 20.9 ± 5.2 ng/mL, P = 0.034). Angiotensin II treatment augmented corticosterone production in small intestine at concentration of 10 μmol/L (0.97 ± 0.21 ng/mg protein vs 0.40 ± 0.09 ng/mg protein, P = 0.036).
CONCLUSION: Intestinal ACE shedding is increased by DSS-induced intestinal inflammation and parallels local corticosterone production. ACE product angiotensin II stimulates corticosterone formation in healthy intestine.
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Sueyoshi R, Woods Ignatoski KM, Daignault S, Okawada M, Teitelbaum DH. Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor reduces colitis severity in an IL-10 knockout model. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3165-77. [PMID: 23949641 PMCID: PMC3859685 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) over-expression in a dextran-sodium sulfate colitis model; ACE inhibitor (ACE-I) treatment reduced colitis severity in this model. However, ACE-I has not been tested in more immunologically relevant colitis models. AIM We hypothesized that ACE-I would decrease disease severity in an IL-10 knockout (-/-) colitis model. METHODS Colitis was induced by giving 10-week old IL-10-/- mice piroxicam (P.O.) for 14 days. The ACE-I enalaprilat was given transanally at a dose of 6.25 mg/kg for 21 days. Prednisolone (PSL) with or without enalaprilat were used as therapeutic, comparative groups. All groups were compared to a placebo treated group. Outcome measures were clinical course, histology, abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and epithelial barrier function. RESULTS Enalaprilat exhibited better survival (91 %) versus other treatment groups (PSL: 85.7 %, PSL + ACE-I: 71.4 %, placebo: 66.6 %). The ACE-I and PSL + ACE-I groups showed significantly better histological scores versus placebo mice. ACE-I and the PSL groups significantly reduced several pro-inflammatory cytokines versus placebo mice. FITC-dextran permeability was reduced in the ACE-I and PSL + ACE-I groups. Blood pressure was not affected in ACE-I treated mice compared to placebo mice. CONCLUSIONS ACE-I was effective in reducing severity of colitis in an IL-10-/- model. The addition of prednisolone minimally augmented this effect. The findings suggest that appropriately dosed ACE-I with or without steroids may be a new therapeutic agent for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sueyoshi
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Woods Ignatoski
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
| | - Stephanie Daignault
- Biostatistics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manabu Okawada
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
| | - Daniel H. Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Dr., SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA
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Qiu Y, Yang H. Effects of intraepithelial lymphocyte-derived cytokines on intestinal mucosal barrier function. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:551-62. [PMID: 23692551 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract directly interacts with the mucosal lumen, which is continuously exposed to foreign antigens. Specialized intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), located between the basolateral surfaces of the epithelial cells, are important as the first line of defense against microbes as well as for their role in the maintenance of epithelial barrier homeostasis. Although IELs are mainly composed of T cells, they are phenotypically and functionally distinct from T cells in peripheral blood or the spleen. Not only are IELs stimulated by the antigens of the intestinal lumen but are they also stimulated by regulatory immune cells. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is closely tied to the IEL function. Cytokines produced by IELs modulate the cellular functions that trigger the downstream signaling pathways and mediate the barrier homeostasis. In this review, we will address the broad spectrum of cytokines that are derived from IELs and the functional regulation of these cytokines on the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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Hidaka M, Nakamura M, Ohmichi Y, Itoh J, Fukuzawa K, Masuko T, Yagi H. Involvement of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in turnover of intestinal epithelial cells: Morphological and functional alterations due to daily administration of FK506. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sun L, Wang W, Xiao W, Liang H, Yang Y, Yang H. Angiotensin II induces apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells through the AT2 receptor, GATA-6 and the Bax pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:663-8. [PMID: 22776205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to play an important role in cell apoptosis. However, the mechanisms of Ang-II-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells are not fully understood. GATA-6 is a zinc finger transcription factor expressed in the colorectal epithelium, which directs cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In the present study we investigated the underlying mechanism of which GATA-6 affects Ang-II induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. The in vitro intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis model was established by co-culturing Caco-2 cells with Ang II. Pretreatment with Angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist, PD123319, significantly reduced the expression of Bax and prevented the Caco-2 cells apoptosis induced by Ang II. In addition, Ang II up-regulated the expression of GATA-6. Interestingly, GATA-6 short hairpin RNA prevented Ang II-induced intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis and reduced the expression of Bax, but not Bcl-2. Taken together, the present study suggests that Angiotensin II promotes apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells through GATA-6 and the Bax pathway in an AT2 receptor-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xingqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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Wang W, Xiao W, Sun L, Zhang C, Chen G, Yang H. Inhibition of ACE activity contributes to the intestinal structural compensation in a massive intestinal resection rat model. Pediatr Surg Int 2012; 28:533-41. [PMID: 22441330 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome (SBS) consists of increased epithelial cells (ECs) proliferation as well as apoptosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to regulate ECs apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of ACE inhibition on intestinal adaptation after small bowel resection (SBR) in a rat model. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were used and were divided into four groups: (1) Sham group received an ileum transection (n = 6); (2) Sham + ACE-I group received an ileum transaction and lavage with ACE inhibitor (ACE-I, enalaprilat, 2 mg/kg/day) (n = 6); (3) SBS group received a 70 % mid-intestinal resection (n = 6); (4) SBS + ACE-I group received a 70 % mid-intestinal resection and lavage with enalaprilat (2 mg/kg/day) (n = 6). Sampling was done 10 days after surgery. ECs apoptosis was studied by TUNEL staining. ACE, angiotensin II (ANGII) receptor type 1 (AT1R) and receptor type 2 (AT2R) expressions were detected with RT-PCR and immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. RESULTS SBR leads to significant intestinal hypertrophy. The addition of ACE-I to SBS rat resulted in a significant decline in ECs apoptosis. ACE mRNA expression was significantly elevated after SBS creation (0.24 ± 0.07 vs. 0.42 ± 0.11), and ACE-I administration further increased mucosal ACE mRNA expression (0.54 ± 0.12). Interestingly, AT1R mRNA expression showed a significant decline in the SBS group compared to Sham levels, and ACE-I administration increased AT1R mRNA expression to Sham levels. No significant difference in AT2R mRNA expression was found between Sham and SBS group. CONCLUSION These results offer further insight into the role of ACE on intestinal mucosal remolding after massive bowel resection. ACE-I may be beneficial to SBS patients via a reduction of the apoptotic rate, thus facilitating the degree of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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13
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Okawada M, Koga H, Larsen SD, Showalter HD, Turbiak AJ, Jin X, Lucas PC, Lipka E, Hillfinger J, Kim JS, Teitelbaum DH. Use of enterally delivered angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonists to reduce the severity of colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2553-65. [PMID: 21399927 PMCID: PMC3163034 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renin-angiotensin system blockade reduces inflammation in several organ systems. Having found a fourfold increase in angiotensin II type Ia receptor expression in a dextran sodium sulfate colitis model, we targeted blockade with angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonists to prevent colitis development. Because hypotension is a major complication of angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonists use, we hypothesized that use of angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonists compounds which lack cell membrane permeability, and thus enteric absorption, would allow for direct enteral delivery at far higher concentrations than would be tolerated systemically, yet retain efficacy. METHODS Based on the structure of the angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonist losartan, deschloro-losartan was synthesized, which has extremely poor cell membrane permeability. Angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonist efficacy was evaluated by determining the ability to block NF-κB activation in vitro. Dextran sodium sulfate colitis was induced in mice and angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonist efficacy delivered transanally was assessed. RESULTS In vitro, deschloro-losartan demonstrated near equal angiotensin II type Ia receptor blockade compared to losartan as well as another angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonist, candesartan. In the dextran sodium sulfate model, each compound significantly improved clinical and histologic scores and epithelial cell apoptosis. Abundance of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL6 mRNA were significantly decreased with each compound. In vitro and in vivo intestinal drug absorption, as well as measures of blood pressure and mucosal and colonic blood flow, showed significantly lower uptake of deschloro-losartan compared to losartan and candesartan. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated efficacy of high-dose angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonists in this colitis model. We postulate that a specially designed angiotensin II type Ia receptor antagonist with poor oral absorption may have great potential as a new therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Okawada
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, Mott Children’s Hospital, F3970, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, Mott Children’s Hospital, F3970, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
| | - Scott D. Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Hollis D. Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Anjanette J. Turbiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Xiaohong Jin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter C. Lucas
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elke Lipka
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - John Hillfinger
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Daniel H. Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, Mott Children’s Hospital, F3970, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
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Okawada M, Maria HM, Teitelbaum DH. Distraction induced enterogenesis: a unique mouse model using polyethylene glycol. J Surg Res 2011; 170:41-7. [PMID: 21605872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that the small intestine can be lengthened by applying mechanical forces to the bowel lumen-distraction-induced enterogenesis. However, the mechanisms which account for this growth are unknown, and might be best examined using a mouse model. The purpose of this study is to establish the feasibility of developing distractive-induced small bowel growth in mouse. METHODS Twelve-week old C57BL/6J mice had a jejunal segment taken out of continuity, and distended with polyethylene glycol (PEG: 3350 KDa); this group was compared with a control group without stretching. Segment length and diameter were measured intra-operatively and after 5 d. Villus height, crypt depth, and muscle thickness in the isolated segment were assessed. Rate of epithelial cell proliferation (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine: BrdU incorporation) in crypts were also examined. The mucosal mRNA expression of targeted factors was performed to investigate potential mechanisms which might lead to distraction-induced enterogenesis. RESULTS At harvest, the PEG-stretched group showed a significant increase in length and diameter versus controls. Villus height, crypt depth, and muscular layer thickness increased in the PEG group. The PEG group also showed significantly increased rates of epithelial cell proliferation versus controls. Real-time PCR showed a trend toward higher β-catenin and c-myc mRNA expression in the PEG-stretched group; however, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Radial distraction-induced enterogenesis with PEG is a viable method for increasing small intestinal length and diameter. This model may provide a new method for studying the mechanisms leading to distraction-induced enterogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Okawada
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, and C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0245, USA
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15
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Feng Y, Sun X, Yang H, Teitelbaum DH. Dissociation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition: a mechanism for the loss of epithelial cell proliferation and villus atrophy. J Physiol 2008; 587:641-54. [PMID: 19064618 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.162719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) leads a loss of epithelial barrier function, decline in epithelial cell (EC) proliferation, and decreased expression of E-cadherin. As a large portion of intracellular beta-catenin is tightly associated with E-cadherin, we hypothesized that the loss of E-cadherin would result in a redistribution of intracellular beta-catenin, and could be a contributing mechanism for this TPN-associated loss of EC proliferation. An assessment of small bowel epithelium was performed in mice given either enteral nutrition (Control) or intravenous nutrition (TPN). TPN significantly down-regulated E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression, and resulted in a loss of a colocalization of these factors. TPN also up-regulated phosphorylated (p)-beta-catenin (Ser31/33,Thr41) and down-regulated (p)-beta-catenin(Ser552) expression. To further address mechanisms driving this, we observed a significant decrease in the abundance of p-AKT and p-GSK3beta expression, and an associated decline in tcf-4 transcription factors (cyclin D1, c-myc and Axin2), as well as a loss of EC proliferation by 7 days. To address whether the mechanism driving these changes was the absence of nutritional factors, glutamine was added to the TPN solution. This resulted in a partial restoration of beta-catenin expression and EC proliferation, suggesting that an alteration in nutrient delivery may affect many of these changes. Based on these findings, the loss of EC proliferation with TPN may well be due to a loss of total beta-catenin, as well as a concomitant change in the differential expression of beta-catenin phosphorylation sites, and a reduction in beta-catenin mediated tcf-4 transcription. This potential pathway may well explain many of the findings of mucosal atrophy associated with TPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Feng
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Mott Children's Hospital F3970, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5245, USA
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16
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Koga H, Yang H, Haxhija EQ, Teitelbaum DH. The role of Angiotensin II type 1a receptor on intestinal epithelial cells following small bowel resection in a mouse model. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24:1279-86. [PMID: 18989682 PMCID: PMC2814528 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-008-2277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM We have previously shown that inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) significantly reduced intestinal epithelial cell (EC) apoptosis and improved morphometric intestinal adaptation in a mouse model of massive small-bowel resection (SBR). This study attempted to further examine the downstream signaling factors in this system by blocking the action of angiotensin II (ATII), hypothesizing that this would lead to similar improvement of intestinal adaptation after SBR. METHOD Two groups of mice (C57BL/6J) underwent either a 60% mid-intestinal resection (SBR group) or a transection/re-anastomosis (Sham group). Because real-time PCR studies showed that only ATII receptor type 1a (ATII-1a) expression was significantly increased after SBR, compared to SHAM mice, we decided to use the specific ATII-1a receptor antagonist Losartan to block this signaling pathway. An additional two groups of mice received daily i.p. injections of Losartan (SBR + Losartan and Sham + Losartan group). At 7 days, the adaptive response was assessed in the remnant gut including villus height, crypt depth, EC apoptosis (TUNEL staining) and proliferation (BrdU incorporation). The apoptotic and proliferation signaling pathways were addressed by analysis of EC mRNA expression. RESULT SBR (with and without Losartan) led to a significant increase in villus height and crypt depth. Losartan treatment did not significantly change EC proliferation, but did significantly reduce EC apoptosis rates as compared to the non-treated SBR group. Losartan treatment was associated with a significant reduction of the bax-to-bcl-2 ratio and TNF-alpha expression after SBR compared to non-treated groups. Interestingly, Losartan-treated groups showed a tremendous increase in proliferation of signaling factors EGFR, KGFR and IL7R, which may indicate an expanded potential for further intestinal adaptation also beyond 7 days after SBR. CONCLUSION This study showed that the ATII-1a receptor may be of crucial importance for the modulation of intestinal EC apoptosis, and for regulating the post-resectional EC adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koga
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, C.S Mott Children's Hospital F3970, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
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17
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Koga H, Yang H, Adler J, Zimmermann EM, Teitelbaum DH. Transanal delivery of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor prevents colonic fibrosis in a mouse colitis model: development of a unique mode of treatment. Surgery 2008; 144:259-68. [PMID: 18656634 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor (ACE-I) improved colonic inflammation and apoptosis in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model. This study attempted to determine whether ACE-I could prevent the development of colonic fibrosis. METHODS Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice with 2.5% DSS water for 7 days, followed by 7 days without DSS (fibrosis development). Study groups: Control (naive or non-treated), DSS+Placebo (polyethylene glycol (PEG), and DSS+ACE-I (using enalaprilat and PEG which are not absorbed through intact mucosa). Placebo and ACE-I were delivered daily via transanal route. Colonic mucosal fibrosis and inflammation were evaluated based on histological findings and cytokine expression. RESULTS Transanal administration of ACE-I/PEG dose-dependently decreased the severity of fibrosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. We next investigated if ACE-I acted on the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway as a mechanism of this anti-fibrosis action. Results showed a significant down-regulation of TGF-beta1 expression; as well, downstream signaling of the Smad family, known to mediate fibrosis, showed a decline in Smad 3 and 4 expression with ACE-I/PEG. CONCLUSION ACE-I/PEG is effective in preventing colonic fibrosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in a DSS colitis model, most likely by down-regulating the TGF-beta signaling pathway. ACE-I/PEG may be a potential new option for treating inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koga
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0245, USA
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18
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Haxhija EQ, Yang H, Spencer AU, Koga H, Sun X, Teitelbaum DH. Modulation of mouse intestinal epithelial cell turnover in the absence of angiotensin converting enzyme. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G88-G98. [PMID: 18483182 PMCID: PMC2494725 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00589.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to be involved in regulation of apoptosis in nonintestinal tissues. This study examined the role of ACE in the modulation of intestinal adaptation utilizing ACE knockout mice (ACE-/-). A 60% small bowel resection (SBR) was used, since this model results in a significant increase in intestinal epithelial cell (EC) apoptosis as well as proliferation. Baseline villus height, crypt depth, and intestinal EC proliferation were higher, and EC apoptosis rates were lower in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice. After SBR, EC apoptosis rates remained significantly lower in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice. Furthermore, villus height and crypt depth after SBR continued to be higher in ACE-/- mice. The finding of a lower bax-to-bcl-2 protein ratio in ACE-/- mice may account for reduced EC apoptotic rates after SBR in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice. The baseline higher rate of EC proliferation in ACE-/- compared with ACE+/+ mice may be due to an increase in the expression of several EC growth factor receptors. In conclusion, ACE appears to have an important role in the modulation of intestinal EC apoptosis and proliferation and suggests that the presence of ACE in the intestinal epithelium has a critical role in guiding epithelial cell adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Q. Haxhija
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hua Yang
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ariel U. Spencer
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Xiaoyi Sun
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel H. Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Haxhija EQ, Yang H, Spencer AU, Sun X, Teitelbaum DH. Intestinal epithelial cell proliferation is dependent on the site of massive small bowel resection. Pediatr Surg Int 2007; 23:379-90. [PMID: 17205293 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-006-1855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR) is driven by increased epithelial cell (EC) proliferation. There is a clear clinical difference in the post-operative course of patients after the loss of proximal (P) compared to distal (D) small bowel. This study examined the effects of the site of SBR on post-resectional intestinal adaptation, and investigated the potential mechanisms involved. C57BL/6J mice (n = 7/group) underwent: (1) 60% P-SBR, (2) 60% D-SBR, (3) 60% mid (M)-SBR and (4) SHAM-operation (transection/reanastomosis). Mice were sacrificed at 7 days after surgery and ECs and adjacent mucosal lymphocytes (IELs) isolated. Adaptation was assessed in both jejunum and ileum by quantification of villus height, crypt depth, villus cell size, crypt cell size (microns), goblet cell number, and EC proliferation (%BrdU incorporation). Proliferation signalling pathways including keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)/KGFR(1), IL-7/IL-7R, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were measured by RT-PCR. Expression of IL-7 was further analysed by immunofluorescence. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. All three SBR models led to significant increases in villus height, crypt depth, goblet cell numbers and EC proliferation rate when compared to respective SHAM groups. The strongest morphometric changes were found for jejunal segments after M-SBR and for ileal segments after P-SBR. Furthermore, morphometric analysis showed that at 1-week post-resection a tremendous increase in EC numbers occurred in jejunal villi (cell hyperplasia), whereas a significant increase in EC size predominated in ileal villi (cell hypertrophy). mRNA expression of KGF, KGFR(1), IL-7R, and EGFR showed a significant increase only after D-SBR, whereas IL-7 increased significantly after SBR in all investigated models, and this was confirmed by immunofluorescence studies. Early intestinal adaptation shows distinct differences depending on the site of SBR, and is predominately driven by cell hyperplasia in jejunal villi and cell hypertrophy in ileal villi. However, the exact mechanisms, which guide these signalling pathways are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Q Haxhija
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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20
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Spencer AU, Yang H, Haxhija EQ, Wildhaber BE, Greenson JK, Teitelbaum DH. Reduced severity of a mouse colitis model with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1060-70. [PMID: 17342403 PMCID: PMC1866259 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is characterized by elevated rates of epithelial cell apoptosis, and an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Recently, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to promote apoptosis. In addition, pharmacologic ACE inhibition (ACE-I) both prevents apoptosis and reduces TNF-alpha expression in vitro. We hypothesized that ACE-I, using enalaprilat, would decrease colonic epithelial cell apoptosis and reduce colitis severity in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice. We assessed the severity of colitis, and colonic epithelial cell apoptosis, after administration of DSS. Mice were given either daily ACE-I treatment or daily placebo. ACE-I treatment markedly improved clinical outcomes. In addition, ACE-I treatment significantly reduced the maximum histopathologic colitis grade. ACE-I also dramatically reduced the epithelial apoptotic rate. To investigate the mechanism by which ACE-I reduced apoptosis; we measured TNF-alpha, Bcl-2, and Bax expression. TNF-alpha mRNA was significantly lower with ACE-I treatment compared to placebo at every time point, as was the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. We conclude that ACE-I reduces the severity of DSS-induced colitis and reduces epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel U. Spencer
- From the Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, and the
| | - Hua Yang
- From the Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, and the
| | - Emir Q. Haxhija
- From the Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, and the
| | | | - Joel K. Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Haxhija EQ, Yang H, Spencer AU, Sun X, Teitelbaum DH. Influence of the site of small bowel resection on intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Pediatr Surg Int 2006; 22:37-42. [PMID: 16307277 PMCID: PMC1509096 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-005-1576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Massive small bowel resection (SBR) results in a significant increase in intestinal epithelial cell (EC) proliferation as well as apoptosis. Because the site of SBR (proximal (P) vs. distal (D)) affects the degree of intestinal adaptation, we hypothesized that different rates of EC apoptosis would also be found between P-SBR and D-SBR models. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice underwent: (1) 60% P-SBR, (2) 60% D-SBR, or (3) SHAM-operation (transaction-reanastomosis) at the mid-gut point. Mice were sacrificed after 7 days. EC apoptosis was measured by TUNEL staining. EC-related apoptotic gene expression including intrinsic and extrinsic pathways was measured with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Bcl-2 and bax protein expression were analyzed by Western immunoblotting. Both models of SBR led to significant increases in villus height and crypt depth; however, the morphologic adaptation was significantly higher after P-SBR compared to D-SBR (P<0.01). Both models of SBR led to significant increases in enterocyte apoptotic rates compared to respective sham levels; however, apoptotic rates were 2.5-fold higher in ileal compared to jejunal segments (P<0.01). P-SBR led to significant increases in bax (pro-apoptotic) and Fas expression, whereas D-SBR resulted in a significant increase in TNF-alpha expression (P<0.01). EC apoptosis seems to be an important component of intestinal adaptation. The significant difference in EC apoptotic rates between proximal and distal intestinal segments appeared to be due to utilization of different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Q. Haxhija
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hua Yang
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ariel U. Spencer
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiaoyi Sun
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel H. Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, and C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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