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Dyskerin Downregulation Can Induce ER Stress and Promote Autophagy via AKT-mTOR Signaling Deregulation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051092. [PMID: 35625829 PMCID: PMC9138296 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyskerin is an evolutionarily conserved nucleolar protein implicated in a wide range of fundamental biological roles, including telomere maintenance and ribosome biogenesis. Germline mutations of DKC1, the human gene encoding dyskerin, cause the hereditary disorders known as X-linked dyskeratosis congenita (X-DC). Moreover, dyskerin is upregulated in several cancers. Due to the pleiotropic functions of dyskerin, the X-DC clinical features overlap with those of both telomeropathies and ribosomopathies. In this paper, we evaluate the telomerase-independent effects of dyskerin depletion on cellular physiology by using inducible DCK1 knockdown. This system allows the downregulation of DKC1 expression within a short timeframe. We report that, in these cellular systems, dyskerin depletion induces the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, which in turn induces the activation of the PERK branch of the unfolded protein response. We also demonstrate that the PERK-eIF2a-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway, activated by dyskerin downregulation, triggers a functional autophagic flux through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. By revealing a novel unpredicted connection between the loss of dyskerin, autophagy and UPR, our results establish a firm link between the lowering of dyskerin levels and the activation of the ER stress response, that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several diseases.
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Zelada D, Barrantes FJ, Henríquez JP. Lithium causes differential effects on postsynaptic stability in normal and denervated neuromuscular synapses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17285. [PMID: 34446751 PMCID: PMC8390761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium chloride has been widely used as a therapeutic mood stabilizer. Although cumulative evidence suggests that lithium plays modulatory effects on postsynaptic receptors, the underlying mechanism by which lithium regulates synaptic transmission has not been fully elucidated. In this work, by using the advantageous neuromuscular synapse, we evaluated the effect of lithium on the stability of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in vivo. We found that in normally innervated neuromuscular synapses, lithium chloride significantly decreased the turnover of nAChRs by reducing their internalization. A similar response was observed in CHO-K1/A5 cells expressing the adult muscle-type nAChRs. Strikingly, in denervated neuromuscular synapses, lithium led to enhanced nAChR turnover and density by increasing the incorporation of new nAChRs. Lithium also potentiated the formation of unstable nAChR clusters in non-synaptic regions of denervated muscle fibres. We found that denervation-dependent re-expression of the foetal nAChR γ-subunit was not altered by lithium. However, while denervation inhibits the distribution of β-catenin within endplates, lithium-treated fibres retain β-catenin staining in specific foci of the synaptic region. Collectively, our data reveal that lithium treatment differentially affects the stability of postsynaptic receptors in normal and denervated neuromuscular synapses in vivo, thus providing novel insights into the regulatory effects of lithium on synaptic organization and extending its potential therapeutic use in conditions affecting the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Zelada
- Neuromuscular Studies Laboratory (NeSt Lab), Department of Cell Biology, CMA Bio-Bio, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA)-Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Henríquez
- Neuromuscular Studies Laboratory (NeSt Lab), Department of Cell Biology, CMA Bio-Bio, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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3
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El-Ashmawy NE, Al-Ashmawy GM, Fakher HE, Khedr NF. The role of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and glutamine metabolism in the pathogenesis of CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis: Repositioning of niclosamide and concerns about lithium. Cytokine 2020; 136:155250. [PMID: 32882667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is a serious health problem which may lead to advanced liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and glutamine aminohydrolase enzyme (l-glutaminase) in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and the potential benefits of niclosamide in treating liver fibrosis. METHODS Ninety male Albino rats were divided into 6 equal groups (n = 15) as follows: a normal control group (NC), CCl4-only treated group (Fib.) which received 1 mg/kg CCl4 two times weekly, niclosamide-treated group (Niclo.) which received 5 mg/kg of niclosamide one time daily, lithium chloride-treated group (LiCl) which received 100 mg/kg of LiCl one time daily, niclosamide-and-CCl4-treated group (Niclo. + Fib.) which received same doses of niclosamide and CCl4 given to other groups, and finally lithium chloride-and-CCl4-treated rat group (LiCl + Fib.) which received same doses of LiCl and CCl4 given to other groups. All treatments were administered orally for 8 weeks. Liver tissue was assessed for l-hydroxyproline, beta-catenin (β-catenin), l-glutaminase activity, as well as the gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and Dishevelled-2 (Dvl2). Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of alpha smooth muscle actin α-SMA were performed. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total bilirubin were measured. RESULTS The group of niclosamide-and-CCl4-treated rats showed a significant decrease in total bilirubin, ALT and AST, β-catenin, l-hydroxyproline, l-glutaminase activity, and gene expression of TGF-β1 and Dvl2. Moreover, the liver tissue in this group of rats showed mild α-SMA reactivity compared with the rats treated with CCl4 only (fibrosis group). On the other hand, lithium chloride-and-CCl4-treated rats showed a significant increase in liver indices, TGF-β1 expression, β-catenin, l-hydroxyproline, and l-glutaminase activity with severe α-SMA reactivity and apoptosis in the liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS Niclosamide protected rats against liver fibrosis by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and glutaminolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Postal code: 31527, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Al-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Postal code: 31527, Egypt
| | - Hoda E Fakher
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Postal code: 32511, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa F Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Postal code: 31527, Egypt
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Predicted Cellular and Molecular Actions of Lithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: An In Silico Study. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:521-533. [PMID: 32306228 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium remains the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), but patients respond to it variably. While a myriad of studies have attributed many genes and signaling pathways to lithium responsiveness, a comprehensive study with an integrated conclusion is still lacking. OBJECTIVE We aim to present an integrated mechanism for the therapeutic actions of lithium in BD. METHODS First, a list of lithium responsiveness-associated genes (LRAGs) was collected by searching in the literature. Thereafter, gene set enrichment analysis together with gene-gene interaction network analysis was performed, in order to find the cellular and molecular events related to the LRAGs. RESULTS Gene set enrichment analyses showed that the chromosomal regions 3p26, 4p21, 5q34 and 7p13 could be novel associated loci for lithium responsiveness in BD. Also, expression pattern analysis of the LRAGs showed their enrichment in adulthood stages and different cell lineages of brain, blood and immune system. Most of the LRAGs exhibited enriched expression in central parts of human brain, suggesting major contribution of these parts in lithium responsiveness. Beside the prediction of several biological processes and signaling pathways related to lithium responsiveness, an interaction network between these processes was constructed that was found to be regulated by a set of microRNAs. Proteins of the network were mainly classified as transcription factors and kinases, which also highlighted the crucial role of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in lithium responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS The predicted cellular and molecular events in this study could be considered as mechanisms and also determinants of lithium responsiveness in BD.
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Li J, Yao Q, Xu Y, Zhang H, Li LL, Wang L. Lithium Chloride-Releasing 3D Printed Scaffold for Enhanced Cartilage Regeneration. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4041-4050. [PMID: 31147532 PMCID: PMC6559007 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We synthetized a 3D printed poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) scaffold with polydopamine (PDA) coating and lithium chloride (LiCl) deposition for cartilage tissue engineering and analyzed its effect on promoting rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC) chondrogenesis in vitro. Material/Methods PCL scaffolds were prepared by 3D printing with a well-designed CAD digital model, then modified by PDA coating to produce PCL-PDA scaffolds. Finally, LiCl was deposited on the PDA coating to produce PCL-PDA-Li scaffolds. The physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and biocompatibility of PCL-PDA-Li scaffolds were accessed by comparing them with PCL scaffolds and PCL-PDA scaffolds. Results 3D PCL scaffolds exhibited excellent mechanical integrity as designed. PDA coating and LiCl deposition improved surface hydrophilicity without sacrificing mechanical strength. Li+ release was durable and ion concentration did not reach the cytotoxicity level. This in vitro study showed that, compared to PCL scaffolds, PCL-PDA and PCL-PDA-Li scaffolds significantly increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) formation and chondrogenic marker gene expression, while PCL-PDA-Li scaffolds showed far higher rBMSC viability and chondrogenesis. Conclusions 3D printed PCL-PDA-Li scaffolds promoted chondrogenesis in vitro and may provide a good method for lithium administration and be a potential candidate for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Huikang Zhang
- Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Liang-Liang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Key Lab of Additive Manufacturing Technology, nstitute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Roux M, Dosseto A. From direct to indirect lithium targets: a comprehensive review of omics data. Metallomics 2017; 9:1326-1351. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are critical to a wide range of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Dosseto
- Wollongong Isotope Geochronology Laboratory
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
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7
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de Araujo WM, Robbs BK, Bastos LG, de Souza WF, Vidal FCB, Viola JPB, Morgado-Diaz JA. PTEN Overexpression Cooperates With Lithium to Reduce the Malignancy and to Increase Cell Death by Apoptosis via PI3K/Akt Suppression in Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016. [PMID: 26224641 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is a well-established non-competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a kinase that is involved in several cellular processes related to cancer progression. GSK-3β is regulated upstream by PI3K/Akt, which is negatively modulated by PTEN. The role that lithium plays in cancer is controversial because lithium can activate or inhibit survival signaling pathways depending on the cell type. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms by which lithium can modulate events related to colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and evaluated the role that survival signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and PTEN play in this context. We show that the administration of lithium decreased the proliferative potential of CRC cells in a GSK-3β-independent manner but induced the accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. Furthermore, high doses of lithium increased apoptosis, which was accompanied by decreased proteins levels of Akt and PTEN. Then, cells that were induced to overexpress PTEN were treated with lithium; we observed that low doses of lithium strongly increased apoptosis. Additionally, PTEN overexpression reduced proliferation, but this effect was minor compared with that in cells treated with lithium alone. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PTEN overexpression and lithium treatment separately reduced cell migration, colony formation, and invasion, and these effects were enhanced when lithium treatment and PTEN overexpression were combined. In conclusion, our findings indicate that PTEN overexpression and lithium treatment cooperate to reduce the malignancy of CRC cells and highlight lithium and PTEN as potential candidates for studies to identify new therapeutic approaches for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Martins de Araujo
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Divisão de Biologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, 5andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Bruno Kaufmann Robbs
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Campus Universitário de Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Lilian G Bastos
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Divisão de Biologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, 5andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Waldemir F de Souza
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Divisão de Biologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, 5andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Flávia C B Vidal
- Banco de Tumores e DNA do Maranhão, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Rua Coelho Neto, 311, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - João P B Viola
- Grupo de Regulação Gênica, Programa de Biologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, 5andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Jose A Morgado-Diaz
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Divisão de Biologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37, 5andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Breen MS, White CH, Shekhtman T, Lin K, Looney D, Woelk CH, Kelsoe JR. Lithium-responsive genes and gene networks in bipolar disorder patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 16:446-53. [PMID: 27401222 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the mainstay mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), although its mode of action is not yet fully understood nor is it effective in every patient. We sought to elucidate the mechanism of action of Li and to identify surrogate outcome markers that can be used to better understand its therapeutic effects in BD patients classified as good (responders) and poor responders (nonresponders) to Li treatment. To accomplish these goals, RNA-sequencing gene expression profiles of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were compared between BD Li responders and nonresponders with healthy controls before and after treatment. Several Li-responsive gene coexpression networks were discovered indicating widespread effects of Li on diverse cellular signaling systems including apoptosis and defense response pathways, protein processing and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Individual gene markers were also identified, differing in response to Li between BD responders and nonresponders, involved in processes of cell cycle and nucleotide excision repair that may explain part of the heterogeneity in clinical response to treatment. Results further indicated a Li gene expression signature similar to that observed with clonidine treatment, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist. These findings provide a detailed mechanism of Li in LCLs and highlight putative surrogate outcome markers that may permit for advanced treatment decisions to be made and for facilitating recovery in BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Breen
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - C H White
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Shekhtman
- Veterans Administration, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K Lin
- Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cognition and Emotion, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D Looney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C H Woelk
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J R Kelsoe
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Thompson CL, Yasmin H, Varone A, Wiles A, Poole CA, Knight MM. Lithium chloride prevents interleukin-1β induced cartilage degradation and loss of mechanical properties. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1552-9. [PMID: 26174175 PMCID: PMC4973828 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease that affects the articular cartilage. Recent studies have demonstrated that lithium chloride exhibits significant efficacy as a chondroprotective agent, blocking cartilage degradation in response to inflammatory cytokines. However, conflicting literature suggests lithium may affect the physicochemical properties of articular cartilage and thus long-term exposure may negatively affect the mechanical functionality of this tissue. This study aims to investigate the effect of lithium chloride on the biomechanical properties of healthy and interleukin-1β treated cartilage in vitro and examines the consequences of long-term exposure to lithium on cartilage health in vivo. Bovine cartilage explants were treated with lithium chloride for 12 days. Chondrocyte viability, matrix catabolism and the biomechanical properties of bovine cartilage explants were not significantly altered following treatment. Consistent with these findings, long term-exposure (9 months) to dietary lithium did not induce osteoarthritis in rats, as determined by histological staining. Moreover, lithium chloride did not induce the expression of catabolic enzymes in human articular chondrocytes. In an inflammatory model of cartilage destruction, lithium chloride blocked interleukin-1β signaling in the form of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 release and prevented matrix catabolism such that the loss of mechanical integrity observed with interleukin-1β alone was inhibited. This study provides further support for lithium chloride as a novel compound for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Habiba Yasmin
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Varone
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Wiles
- Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | - Martin M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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10
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Tkatcheva V, Poirier D, Chong-Kit R, Furdui VI, Burr C, Leger R, Parmar J, Switzer T, Maedler S, Reiner EJ, Sherry JP, Simmons DBD. Lithium an emerging contaminant: bioavailability, effects on protein expression, and homeostasis disruption in short-term exposure of rainbow trout. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 161:85-93. [PMID: 25678467 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide production of lithium (Li) has increased dramatically during the past decade, driven by the demand for high charge density batteries. Information about Li in the aquatic environment is limited. The present study was designed to explore the effects of Li in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile trout were exposed to a nominal concentration of 1.0mg Li/L in three separate exposures. Major ion concentrations were measured in brain and plasma by ion chromatography. Plasma proteins and fatty acids were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Lithium accumulated in the brain and plasma. Arachidonic acid was elevated in plasma after 48h. Elevated concentrations of Li in brain were associated with depressed concentrations of sodium, magnesium, potassium and ammonium relative to the control. In plasma, sodium and calcium were also depressed. Several changes occurred to plasma proteins corresponding to Li exposure: inhibition of prostaglandin synthase (Ptgs2), increased expression of copper transporting ATP synthases, and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase. To our knowledge, ours is the first study to demonstrate elevated Li concentrations in fish brain, with associated effects on ion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tkatcheva
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada.
| | - David Poirier
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Richard Chong-Kit
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Vasile I Furdui
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Christopher Burr
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Ray Leger
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Jaspal Parmar
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Teresa Switzer
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Stefanie Maedler
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Laboratory Service Branch (LaSB), Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC), Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - James P Sherry
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Denina B D Simmons
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
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Nery LR, Eltz NS, Hackman C, Fonseca R, Altenhofen S, Guerra HN, Freitas VM, Bonan CD, Vianna MRMR. Brain intraventricular injection of amyloid-β in zebrafish embryo impairs cognition and increases tau phosphorylation, effects reversed by lithium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105862. [PMID: 25187954 PMCID: PMC4154875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no effective treatment and commonly diagnosed only on late stages. Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and exacerbated tau phosphorylation are molecular hallmarks of AD implicated in cognitive deficits and synaptic and neuronal loss. The Aβ and tau connection is beginning to be elucidated and attributed to interaction with different components of common signaling pathways. Recent evidences suggest that non-fibrillary Aβ forms bind to membrane receptors and modulate GSK-3β activity, which in turn phosphorylates the microtubule-associated tau protein leading to axonal disruption and toxic accumulation. Available AD animal models, ranging from rodent to invertebrates, significantly contributed to our current knowledge, but complementary platforms for mechanistic and candidate drug screenings remain critical for the identification of early stage biomarkers and potential disease-modifying therapies. Here we show that Aβ1-42 injection in the hindbrain ventricle of 24 hpf zebrafish embryos results in specific cognitive deficits and increased tau phosphorylation in GSK-3β target residues at 5dpf larvae. These effects are reversed by lithium incubation and not accompanied by apoptotic markers. We believe this may represent a straightforward platform useful to identification of cellular and molecular mechanisms of early stage AD-like symptoms and the effects of neuroactive molecules in pharmacological screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roesler Nery
- ZebLab & Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natalia Silva Eltz
- ZebLab & Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Hackman
- ZebLab & Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raphaela Fonseca
- ZebLab & Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- ZebLab & Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Heydi Noriega Guerra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- ZebLab & Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Monica Ryff Moreira Roca Vianna
- ZebLab & Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Toker L, Belmaker RH, Agam G. Gene-expression studies in understanding the mechanism of action of lithium. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 12:93-7. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Wu S, Zheng SD, Huang HL, Yan LC, Yin XF, Xu HN, Zhang KJ, Gui JH, Chu L, Liu XY. Lithium down-regulates histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and induces degradation of mutant huntingtin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35500-10. [PMID: 24165128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer that has been clinically used to treat bipolar disorder for several decades. Recent studies have suggested that lithium possesses robust neuroprotective and anti-tumor properties. Thus far, a large number of lithium targets have been discovered. Here, we report for the first time that HDAC1 is a target of lithium. Lithium significantly down-regulated HDAC1 at the translational level by targeting HDAC1 mRNA. We also showed that depletion of HDAC1 is essential for the neuroprotective effects of lithium and for the lithium-mediated degradation of mutant huntingtin through the autophagic pathway. Our studies explain the multiple functions of lithium and reveal a novel mechanism for the function of lithium in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
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Mirakhori F, Zeynali B, Tafreshi AP, Shirmohammadian A. Lithium induces follicular atresia in rat ovary through a GSK-3β/β-catenin dependent mechanism. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:286-96. [PMID: 23426897 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is a drug used to treat bipolar disorder, but has side effects in the female reproductive system. Although lithium is known to decrease folliculogenesis and induce follicular atresia in rodent ovaries, its cellular and molecular effects in the ovary have not yet been addressed. To investigate these effects, 23-day-old immature female rats were injected with 10 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), followed by injections of 250 mg/kg LiCl every 12 hr for four doses. Ovaries were removed 40 and 48 hr after PMSG administration and prepared for histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and DNA laddering analysis. Our results showed that in the ovaries of LiCl-treated rats, few antral but more atretic follicles were present compared to those of the control rats. The induction of atresia by LiCl was further confirmed by the presence of DNA fragmentation, accompanied by a reduced level of 17β-estradiol in the serum. At the cellular level, lithium significantly decreased the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells and conversely increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the granulosa layer of the antral follicles. At the molecular level, lithium increased the level of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and unexpectedly decreased the expression of active (stabilized) β-catenin. Altogether, our results indicate that lithium disrupts the balance between proliferation and apoptosis in granulosa cells, leading to follicular atresia possibly through the reduction in both the stabilized β-catenin and 17β-estradiol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Mirakhori
- Developmental Biology Lab, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Inhibition of caudal fin regeneration in Corydoras aeneus by lithium chloride. Micron 2013; 46:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Satija NK, Sharma D, Afrin F, Tripathi RP, Gangenahalli G. High throughput transcriptome profiling of lithium stimulated human mesenchymal stem cells reveals priming towards osteoblastic lineage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55769. [PMID: 23383279 PMCID: PMC3559497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) present in the bone marrow are the precursors of osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes, and hold tremendous potential for osteoregenerative therapy. However, achieving directed differentiation into osteoblasts has been a major concern. The use of lithium for enhancing osteogenic differentiation has been documented in animal models but its effect in humans is not clear. We, therefore, performed high throughput transcriptome analysis of lithium-treated hMSCs to identify altered gene expression and its relevance to osteogenic differentiation. Our results show suppression of proliferation and enhancement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity upon lithium treatment of hMSCs under non-osteogenic conditions. Microarray profiling of lithium-stimulated hMSC revealed decreased expression of adipogenic genes (CEBPA, CMKLR1, HSD11B1) and genes involved in lipid biosynthesis. Interestingly, osteoclastogenic factors and immune responsive genes (IL7, IL8, CXCL1, CXCL12, CCL20) were also downregulated. Negative transcriptional regulators of the osteogenic program (TWIST1 and PBX1) were suppressed while genes involved in mineralization like CLEC3B and ATF4 were induced. Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment of upregulated genes related to mesenchymal cell differentiation and signal transduction. Lithium priming led to enhanced collagen 1 synthesis and osteogenic induction of lithium pretreated MSCs resulted in enhanced expression of Runx2, ALP and bone sialoprotein. However, siRNA-mediated knockdown of RRAD, CLEC3B and ATF4 attenuated lithium-induced osteogenic priming, identifying a role for RRAD, a member of small GTP binding protein family, in osteoblast differentiation. In conclusion, our data highlight the transcriptome reprogramming potential of lithium resulting in higher propensity of lithium "primed" MSCs for osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Satija
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Deepa Sharma
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Department of Biotechnology, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra P. Tripathi
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Gurudutta Gangenahalli
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Suganthi M, Sangeetha G, Benson CS, Babu SD, Sathyavathy A, Ramadoss S, Ravi Sankar B. In vitro mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell survival by lithium chloride and IGF-1 in human hormone-dependent breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:182-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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McCarthy MJ, Leckband SG, Kelsoe JR. Pharmacogenetics of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 11:1439-65. [PMID: 21047205 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious mental illness with well-established, but poorly characterized genetic risk. Lithium is among the best proven mood stabilizer therapies for BD, but treatment responses vary considerably. Based upon these and other findings, it has been suggested that lithium-responsive BD may be a genetically distinct phenotype within the mood disorder spectrum. This assertion has practical implications both for the treatment of BD and for understanding the neurobiological basis of the illness: genetic variation within lithium-sensitive signaling pathways may confer preferential treatment response, and the involved genes may underlie BD in some individuals. Presently, the mechanism of lithium is reviewed with an emphasis on gene-expression changes in response to lithium. Within this context, findings from genetic-association studies designed to identify lithium response genes in BD patients are evaluated. Finally, a framework is proposed by which future pharmacogenetic studies can incorporate advances in genetics, molecular biology and bioinformatics in a pathway-based approach to predicting lithium treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Fu Y, Zheng S, Huang R, An N, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Liang A. A potential strategy for high-grade gliomas: combination treatment with lithium chloride and BmK CT. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:9-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Italia J, Mukhopadhyaya R, Rajadhyaksha MS. Differential display RT-PCR reveals genes associated with lithium-induced neuritogenesis in SK-N-MC cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:1021-6. [PMID: 21547488 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is shown to be neurotrophic and protective against variety of environmental stresses both in vitro as well as in vivo. In view of the wider clinical applications, it is necessary to examine alterations in levels of expression of genes affected by lithium. Lithium induces neuritogenesis in human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. Our aim was to elucidate genes involved in lithium-induced neuritogenesis using SK-N-MC cells. The differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DD-RT-PCR) technique was used to study gene expression profiles in SK-N-MC cells undergoing lithium-induced neuritogenesis. Differential expression of genes in control and lithium (2.5 mM, 24 h)-treated cells was compared by display of cDNAs generated by reverse transcription of mRNA followed by PCR using arbitrary primers. Expression of four genes was altered in lithium-treated cells. Real-time PCR was done to confirm the levels of expression of each of these genes using specific primers. Lithium significantly up-regulated NCAM, a molecule known to stimulate neuritogenesis, occludin, a molecule participating in tight junctions and PKD2, a molecule known to modulate calcium transport. ANP 32c, a gene whose function is not fully known yet, was found to be down-regulated by lithium. This is the first report demonstrating altered levels of expression of these genes in lithium-induced neuritogenesis and contributes four hitherto unreported candidates possibly involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Italia
- Life Science Department, Sophia College, B.Desai Road, Mumbai 400026, India
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21
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Gupta A, Schulze TG, Nagarajan V, Akula N, Corona W, Jiang XY, Hunter N, McMahon FJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Interaction networks of lithium and valproate molecular targets reveal a striking enrichment of apoptosis functional clusters and neurotrophin signaling. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 12:328-41. [PMID: 21383773 PMCID: PMC3134562 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The overall neurobiological mechanisms by which lithium and valproate stabilize mood in bipolar disorder patients have yet to be fully defined. The therapeutic efficacy and dissimilar chemical structures of these medications suggest that they perturb both shared and disparate cellular processes. To investigate key pathways and functional clusters involved in the global action of lithium and valproate, we generated interaction networks formed by well-supported drug targets. Striking functional similarities emerged. Intersecting nodes in lithium and valproate networks highlighted a strong enrichment of apoptosis clusters and neurotrophin signaling. Other enriched pathways included MAPK, ErbB, insulin, VEGF, Wnt and long-term potentiation indicating a widespread effect of both drugs on diverse signaling systems. MAPK1/3 and AKT1/2 were the most preponderant nodes across pathways suggesting a central role in mediating pathway interactions. The convergence of biological responses unveils a functional signature for lithium and valproate that could be key modulators of their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gupta
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Cytotoxicity of ORF3 proteins from a nonpathogenic and a pathogenic porcine circovirus. J Virol 2010; 84:11440-7. [PMID: 20810737 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01030-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is associated with significant and serious swine diseases worldwide, while PCV1 appears to be a nonpathogenic virus. Previous studies demonstrated that the ORF3 protein of PCV2 (PCV2ORF3) was involved in PCV2 pathogenesis via its proapoptotic capability (J. Liu, I. Chen, Q. Du, H. Chua, and J. Kwang, J. Virol. 80:5065-5073, 2006). If PCV2ORF3-induced apoptosis is a determinant of virulence, PCV1ORF3 is hypothesized to lack this ability. The properties of PCV1 and PCV2 ORF3, expressed as fusion proteins to an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), were characterized with regard to their ability to cause cellular morphological changes, detachment, death, and apoptosis. PCV1ORF3 significantly induced more apoptotic cell death and was toxic to more different cell types than PCV2ORF3 was. PCV1ORF3-associated cell death was caspase dependent. PCV1ORF3 also induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP) cleavage; however, whether PARP was involved in cell death requires further studies. Truncation of PCV1 and elongation of PCV2 ORF3 proteins revealed that the first 104 amino acids contain a domain capable of inducing cell death, whereas the C terminus of PCV1ORF3 contains a domain possibly responsible for enhancing cell death. These results suggest that the pathogenicity of PCV2 for pigs is either not determined or not solely determined by the ORF3 protein.
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Pedrosa E, Shah A, Tenore C, Capogna M, Villa C, Guo X, Zheng D, Lachman HM. β-catenin promoter ChIP-chip reveals potential schizophrenia and bipolar disorder gene network. J Neurogenet 2010; 24:182-93. [PMID: 20615089 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2010.495182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic concentrations of lithium salts inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and phosphoinositide (PI) signaling suggesting that abnormal activation of these pathways could be a factor in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Involvement of these pathways is also supported by recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs). One way investigators have investigated the molecular basis of BD and the therapeutic action of lithium is by microarray expression studies, since both GSK3β- and PI-mediated signal transduction pathways are coupled to transcriptional activation and inhibition. However, expression profiling has some limitations and investigators cannot use the approach to analyze fetal brain tissue, arguably the most relevant biological structure related to the development of genetically based psychiatric disorders. To address these shortcomings, the authors have taken a novel approach using chromatin immunoprecipitation-enriched material annealed to microarrays (ChIP-chip) targeting genes in fetal brain tissue bound by β-catenin, a transcription factor that is directly regulated by GSK3β. The promoters for 640 genes were found to be bound by β-catenin, many of which are known schizophrenia (SZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and BD candidates, including CACNA1B, NRNG, SNAP29, FGFR1, PCDH9, and nine others identified in recently published GWASs and genome-wide searches for copy number variants (CNVs). The findings suggest that seemingly disparate candidate genes for SZ and BD can be incorporated into a common molecular network revolving around GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. In addition, the finding that a putative lithium-responsive pathway may influence a subgroup of SZ and ASD candidate genes could have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Basic Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Porcine proximal tubular cells (LLC-PK1) are able to tolerate high levels of lithium chloride in vitro: assessment of the influence of 1-20 mM LiCl on cell death and alterations in cell biology and biochemistry. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:225-33. [PMID: 19947924 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lithium, a prophylactic drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder, is prescribed with caution due to its side effects, including renal damage. In this study porcine LLC-PK1 renal tubular cells were used to establish the direct toxicity of lithium on proximal cells and gain insights into the molecular mechanisms involved. In the presence of LiCl, cell proliferation exhibited insignificant decreases in a concentration-dependent manner, but once confluent, constant cell numbers were observed. Cell cycle studies indicated a small dose-dependent accumulation of cells in the G2/M stage after 24 h, as well as an increase in cells in the G0/G1 phase after treatment with 1-10 mM LiCl, but not at 20 mM LiCl. No evidence of apoptosis was observed based on cell morphology or DNA fragmentation studies, or evidence of protein expression changes for Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 proteins using immunocytochemistry. In addition caspases 3, 8 and 9 activity remained unaltered between control and lithium-treated cultures. To conclude, exposure to high concentrations of lithium did not result in overt toxic effects to LLC-PK1 renal cells, although LiCl did alter some aspects of cell behaviour, which could potentially influence function over time.
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Néel BD, Lopez J, Chabadel A, Gillet G. Lithium suppresses motility and invasivity of v-src-transformed cells by glutathione-dependent activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatases. Oncogene 2009; 28:3246-60. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Kasuya J, Kaas G, Kitamoto T. Effects of lithium chloride on the gene expression profiles in Drosophila heads. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:413-20. [PMID: 19410610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into the basic neurobiological processes regulated by lithium--an effective drug for bipolar disorder--we used Affymetrix Genome Arrays to examine lithium-induced changes in genome-wide gene expression profiles of head mRNA from the genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster. First, to identify the individual genes whose transcript levels are most significantly altered by lithium, we analyzed the microarray data with stringent criteria (fold change>2; p<0.001) and evaluated the results by RT-PCR. This analysis identified 12 genes that encode proteins with various biological functions, including an enzyme responsible for amino acid metabolism and a putative amino acid transporter. Second, to uncover the biological pathways involved in lithium's action in the nervous system, we used less stringent criteria (fold change>1.2; FDR<0.05) and assigned the identified 66 lithium-responsive genes to biological pathways using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). The gene ontology categories most significantly affected by lithium were amino acid metabolic processes. Taken together, these data suggest that amino acid metabolism is important for lithium's actions in the nervous system, and lay a foundation for future functional studies of lithium-responsive neurobiological processes using the versatile molecular and genetic tools that are available in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kasuya
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Microarray gene expression profiling of mouse brain mRNA in a model of lithium treatment. Psychiatr Genet 2008; 18:64-72. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3282fb0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Deciphering the lithium transcriptome: Microarray profiling of lithium-modulated gene expression in human neuronal cells. Neuroscience 2008; 151:1184-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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McQuillin A, Rizig M, Gurling HMD. A microarray gene expression study of the molecular pharmacology of lithium carbonate on mouse brain mRNA to understand the neurobiology of mood stabilization and treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17:605-17. [PMID: 17622937 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328011b5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lithium is the most widely prescribed and effective mood-stabilizing drug used for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. To understand how lithium produces changes in the brain, we studied brain mRNA from 10 mice after treatment with lithium and compared them with 10 untreated controls. METHODS We used the MAS 5.0, Smudge miner, GC-RMA and FDR-AME packages of software (Bioconductor, Seattle, Washington, USA) to determine gene expression changes using Affymetrix MOE430E 2.0 microarrays after 2 weeks of lithium treatment. RESULTS We used both a false discovery rate (FDR-AME) assessment of significance and the Bonferroni method to correct for the possibility of false-positive changes in gene expression among the 39,000 genes present in each array. Our primary method of analysis was to use t-tests on normalized gene expression intensities. By using a Bonferroni correction of P<1.28x10(-6), we found that 121 genes showed significant changes in expression. The three genes with the most changed mRNA expression were alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 1 (Agxt2l1), c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (Mertk) and sulfotransferase family 1A phenol-preferring member 1 (Sult1a1). Also among the group of 121 genes with significant changes in gene expression that survived Bonferroni correction () were the genes encoding the Per2 period gene (Per2 P=1.33x10(-8), 2.47-fold change), the metabotropic glutamate receptor (Grm3, P=9.48x10(-7), 0.7-fold change) and secretogranin II (Scg2, P=9.48x10(-7), 1.28-fold change) as well as several myelin-related genes and protein phosphatases. By taking a significance value of P<0.05 without Bonferroni or FDR-AME correction, we identified a total of 4474 genes showing changed mRNA expression in response to lithium. FDR-AME analysis showed that 1027 out of these 4474 genes were significantly changed in expression. Among the mRNAs that were significantly changed with t-tests and FDR-AME were several that had already been implicated in response to lithium such as increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA ( t-test P=0.0008-0.0005, FDR-AME P=0.0396-0.0393, 1.44-fold change) beta-phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (Pitpnb, t-test P<0.0000, FDR-AME P=0.003, 1.26-fold change) and inositol (myo)-1(or 4)-monophosphatase 1(Impa1, t test P<0.0000, FDR-AME P=0.004, 1.22-fold change). Of interest in relation to the side effect of hypothyroidism, which is caused by long-term lithium treatment was the fact that we observed changes in mRNA expression in five genes related to thyroxine metabolism. These included deiodinase (Dio2 t-test P=0.000003-0.004, FDR-AME P=0.0048-0.061, 1.53-fold change) and thyroid hormone receptor interactor 12 (Trip12, t-test P=0.003, FDR-AME P=0.075, 1.19-fold change). Of relevance to multiple sclerosis was the observed upregulation of the long isoform of myelin basic protein (t-test P=0.00013, FDR-AME P=0.0169). Changes in mRNA expression were found in 45 genes related to phosphatidylinositol metabolism using uncorrected t-tests but only 13 genes after FDR-AME. Thus, our work confirms the considerable previous research implicating this system. Gene ontology analysis showed that lithium significantly affected a cluster of processes associated with nucleotide and nucleoside metabolism. The analysis showed that there were 170 genes expressing RNA described as having ATP-binding or ATPase activity that had changed mRNA expression. The changes found have been discussed in relation to previous experimental work on the pharmacology of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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Zarnescu O, Zamfirescu G. Effects of lithium carbonate on rat seminiferous tubules: an ultrastructural study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 29:576-82. [PMID: 17121655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lithium salts are commonly used for treatment of bipolar disorder but prolonged treatment with therapeutic doses induces substantial toxic effects. In the present study we examined the effects of lithium carbonate on the ultrastructure of rat seminiferous tubules. Rats were exposed to lithium carbonate at doses of 35 mg/kg/day for 21 days. After lithium treatment, the tunica propria widened and folded together with convolutions of the basement membrane, myoid cells and lymphatic endothelium. In the seminiferous epithelium loss of germ cell attachment and appearance of expanded intercellular spaces between spermatogenic cells were observed. Early stages of spermatogenic cells showed nuclear protrusions or swellings because of an extensive enlargement of the outer nuclear membrane. Round spermatids exhibited abnormally shaped acrosomes and dilation of the subacrosomal space. Many abnormal, degenerated late spermatids with random orientation were seen towards the basal and adluminal compartments of the seminiferous epithelium. In addition, spermatids exhibited alteration in F-actin bundle ectoplasmic specialization and contained many mitochondria-associated granular bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zarnescu
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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Jüllig M, Zhang WV, Ferreira A, Stott NS. MG132 induced apoptosis is associated with p53-independent induction of pro-apoptotic Noxa and transcriptional activity of beta-catenin. Apoptosis 2006; 11:627-41. [PMID: 16673057 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-4990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Noxa is a pro-apoptotic BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that is up-regulated at a transcriptional level by the nuclear protein p53 in response to cellular stresses such as DNA damage or growth factor deprivation. Noxa is able to interact with anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family and causes release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, leading to the activation of caspases and induction of apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, rapidly induces Noxa mRNA and protein in two human cell lines, T/C28a and Saos2. The induction of Noxa is associated with a significant reduction in the number of metabolically active cells over the first 24 h of exposure to MG132 and progressive activation of caspase-3, a hallmark of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Partial rescue of the phenotype is observed when cells are transfected with Noxa siRNA prior to treatment with MG132, indicating functional significance of the induction of Noxa. p53 has previously been shown to be non-functional in the T/C28a cell line and is absent by Western blotting in Saos2 cells, suggesting that the induction of Noxa is through a p53 independent mechanism. Western blotting and confocal microscopy showed that total beta-catenin protein is increased in both cell lines at the time of Noxa induction, with the bulk of the beta-catenin present in the nucleus. Transfection with the Tcf reporter vector pTOPFLASH confirms that treatment with MG132 leads to early increased transcriptional activity of beta-catenin in both T/C28a and Saos2 cells. However, although over-expression of transcriptionally active beta-catenin in T/C28a cells also induced apoptosis through a p53-independent mechanism, the levels of Noxa protein were unchanged, suggesting that beta-catenin mediated signaling and Noxa may play independent roles in MG132 induced apoptosis. In summary, our results demonstrate that MG132 induces the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa via a p53-independent mechanism that leads to caspase-dependent apoptosis. This is the first report showing that treatment with MG132 induces Noxa. This study also provides further evidence for a link between beta-catenin mediated signaling and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jüllig
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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