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Dal Molin TR, Pappis L, Kolinski Machado A, Domingos da Silveira G, Rorato Sagrillo M, Gonzalez Urquhart C, de Carvalho LM, Noremberg S, Viana C. Adulterated dietary supplements commercialized in Brazil: development of a screening method and a preliminary study of cytotoxicity. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39083485 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2385712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The high consumption of dietary supplements was a fundamental driver for the creation of the regulatory framework by the Brazilian governmental authorities. However, the regulatory agencies lack official low-cost methodologies to evaluate the quality of food supplements. A preliminary screening method by HPLC-DAD was proposed and validated for screening and quantification of adulterants in dietary supplements. The limits of detection and quantification were <0.11 and 0.37 µg.g-1, respectively. The method was applied for the investigation of ten unauthorized substances (spironolactone, hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, clenbuterol, testosterone, testosterone propionate, yohimbine, vardenafil, tadalafil, and sildenafil) with a time of analysis of <5 min. Sixteen percent of the 44 samples analyzed had at least one adulterant at or above therapeutic concentrations. Subsequently, in vitro evaluations were performed of the potential cytotoxicity to evaluate the cell viability, DNA damage, determination of nitric oxide levels, and quantification of reactive oxygen species. Despite the necessity of further studies, the results indicate a relationship between the presence of adulterants in food supplements and a potential cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís R Dal Molin
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lauren Pappis
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nanosciences, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Gonzalez Urquhart
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leandro M de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Simone Noremberg
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carine Viana
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
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Kotfis K, Lechowicz K, Drożdżal S, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Wojdacz TK, Grywalska E, Biernawska J, Wiśniewska M, Parczewski M. COVID-19-The Potential Beneficial Therapeutic Effects of Spironolactone during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010071. [PMID: 33477294 PMCID: PMC7830835 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The clinical course of the disease is unpredictable but may lead to severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It has been shown that pulmonary fibrosis may be one of the major long-term complications of COVID-19. In animal models, the use of spironolactone was proven to be an important drug in the prevention of pulmonary fibrosis. Through its dual action as a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist and an androgenic inhibitor, spironolactone can provide significant benefits concerning COVID-19 infection. The primary effect of spironolactone in reducing pulmonary edema may also be beneficial in COVID-19 ARDS. Spironolactone is a well-known, widely used and safe anti-hypertensive and antiandrogenic medication. It has potassium-sparing diuretic action by antagonizing mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs). Spironolactone and potassium canrenoate, exerting combined pleiotropic action, may provide a therapeutic benefit to patients with COVID-19 pneumonia through antiandrogen, MR blocking, antifibrotic and anti-hyperinflammatory action. It has been proposed that spironolactone may prevent acute lung injury in COVID-19 infection due to its pleiotropic effects with favorable renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and ACE2 expression, reduction in transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) activity and antiandrogenic action, and therefore it may prove to act as additional protection for patients at highest risk of severe pneumonia. Future prospective clinical trials are warranted to evaluate its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-11-44
| | - Kacper Lechowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Sylwester Drożdżal
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Monitored Therapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | | | - Tomasz K. Wojdacz
- Independent Clinical Epigenetics Laboratory, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jowita Biernawska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Magda Wiśniewska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
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Atalay S, Soylu B, Aykaç A, Velioğlu Öğünç A, Çetinel Ş, Özkan N, Erzik C, Şehirli AÖ. Protective effects of spironolactone against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Turk J Surg 2020; 35:285-292. [PMID: 32551425 DOI: 10.5578/turkjsurg.4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In the present study, it was aimed to study the antioxidant effects of spironolactone (SPL) to determine its possible protective effects in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. Material and Methods Hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct of Wistar albino rats were clamped for 45 minutes under anesthesia to form an ischemia period. Then reperfusion was allowed and the rats were decapitated 60 minutes later. SPL (20 mg/kg, p.o.) or SF was orally administered for 30 minutes before ischemia. Rats in the control arm underwent sham surgery and were administered isotonic saline. Liver function was studied by measuring aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1β) levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), luminol, and lucigenin levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Na+-K+-ATPase enzyme activities were analyzed to study tissue injury under light microscope. Results While IR increased AST, ALT, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels and MDA, luminol, and lusigenin levels and MPO activities, it caused a decrease in GSH levels and Na+K+-ATPase activity. Spironolactone administration significantly improved these values. Conclusion Protective effects of SPL against ischemia/reperfusion injury via various mechanisms suggest that this agent may become a novel treatment agent in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Atalay
- Department of General Surgery, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Belkıs Soylu
- Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Pharmacy, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Aykaç
- Department of Biophysics, Near East University School of Medicine, Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
| | - Ayliz Velioğlu Öğünç
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University Vocational School of Health Related Professions, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şule Çetinel
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Naziye Özkan
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Erzik
- Department of Medical Biology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Near East University School of Dentistry, Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
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Kato Y, Kamiya H, Koide N, Odkhuu E, Komatsu T, Dagvadorj J, Watarai A, Kondo M, Kato K, Nakamura J, Yokochi T. Spironolactone inhibits production of proinflammatory mediators in response to lipopolysaccharide via inactivation of nuclear factor-κB. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 36:237-41. [PMID: 24852317 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.921690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of spironolactone (SPIR) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory mediators was examined using RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. SPIR significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α and prostaglandin E2. The inhibition was not mediated by cell death. SPIR reduced the expression of an inducible NO synthase mRNA in response to LPS. SPIR significantly inhibited phosphorylation of p65 nuclear factor (NF)-κB in response to LPS. Furthermore, SPIR inhibited phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKK) as an upstream molecule of NF-κB in response to LPS. LPS did not induce the production of aldosterone in RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, SPIR is suggested to inhibit LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators via inactivation of IKK/NF-κB in LPS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kato
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center , Nagakute , Japan
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Raz-Pasteur A, Gamliel-Lazarovich A, Gantman A, Coleman R, Keidar S. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade inhibits accelerated atherosclerosis induced by a low sodium diet in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 15:228-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320312467558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Raz-Pasteur
- Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Anna Gantman
- Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raymond Coleman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shlomo Keidar
- Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Khan N, Bakshi KS, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Ameliorative potential of spironolactone in diabetes induced hyperalgesia in mice. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2009; 129:593-9. [PMID: 19420890 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potential of spironolactone against diabetic hyperalgesia in mice. Tail flick latency, an index of hyperalgesia, was assessed by analgesiometer. Serum nitrite levels, an index of nitric oxide, were analyzed by Griess reaction. Mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (200 mg kg(-1) i.p) and kept for 30 days for development of diabetic pain. Thereafter, spleen homogenate supernatant (SHS) was prepared from the mouse spleen and administered in normal mice for 14 days. In both diabetic and SHS-treated mice a significant degree of hyperalgesia was developed, suggesting the key role of spleen-derived factor in induction of diabetic pain. Moreover, the levels of nitric oxide were also elevated in 30th day diabetic mice and SHS-treated mice. Administration of spironolactone (7 and 15 mg kg(-1) p.o.) significantly attenuated diabetes-induced decrease of nociceptive threshold and increase of serum nitrite oxide levels. Furthermore, SHS of spironolactone-treated diabetic mice failed to induce hyperalgesia and to increase serum nitrite levels. These results suggest that spironolactone has ameliorative potential in attenuating the hyperalgesia associated with diabetes, which may be possibly mediated through inhibition of release of certain critical factors from spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Punjab, India
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Otasevic L, Gong N, Ritter T, Mergler S, Pleyer U. Effects of Spironolactone on Corneal Allograft Survival in the Rat. Ophthalmic Res 2007; 39:325-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000109988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sønder SUS, Woetmann A, Odum N, Bendtzen K. Spironolactone induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB independent of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Apoptosis 2007; 11:2159-65. [PMID: 17051331 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spironolactone (SPIR) binds to cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and functions as an aldosterone (ALDO) antagonist. Recently, however, the drug was shown to have an early MR independent, suppressive effect on immunoactive and inflammatory cytokines as well as an apoptotic effect on blood mononuclear cells (MNC). To elucidate the mechanism behind SPIR's apoptotic effect, we investigated the relation between apoptosis and cytokine suppression for SPIR along with the apoptosis-inducing and antiinflammatory drug sulfasalazine (SFZ). Using human MNC, we found that SPIR and SFZ, at concentrations 10 and 1000 muM, respectively, significantly increased both apoptosis and cell death. Production of inflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced by 3 to 30 muM SPIR and by 300 to 1000 muM SFZ. We also found that 0.4 muM SPIR and 300 muM SFZ significantly reduced the activity of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor involved in both apoptosis and immunoinflammation. ALDO, the MR antagonist, eplerenone, and the SPIR metabolite, 7alpha-thiomethyl-spironolactone, slightly reduced NF-kappaB activity, but they did not interfere with SPIR's effect, showing that MR binding is not involved in SPIR-induced suppression of NF-kappaB activity. Finally, phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha was also significantly reduced by SPIR. These results provide new insight into the apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of SPIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Ulrik Salling Sønder
- Institute for Inflammation Research, IIR7521, Rigshospitalet National University Hospital, Blegdamsvej, 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark
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