1
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McCallum N, Najlah M. The Anticancer Activity of Monosaccharides: Perspectives and Outlooks. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2775. [PMID: 39199548 PMCID: PMC11353049 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A major hallmark of cancer is the reprogramming of cellular metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. To sustain high rates of glycolysis, cancer cells overexpress GLUT transporters and glycolytic enzymes, allowing for the enhanced uptake and consumption of glucose. The Warburg effect may be exploited in the treatment of cancer; certain epimers and derivatives of glucose can enter cancer cells and inhibit glycolytic enzymes, stunting metabolism and causing cell death. These include common dietary monosaccharides (ᴅ-mannose, ᴅ-galactose, ᴅ-glucosamine, ʟ-fucose), as well as some rare monosaccharides (xylitol, ᴅ-allose, ʟ-sorbose, ʟ-rhamnose). This article reviews the literature on these sugars in in vitro and in vivo models of cancer, discussing their mechanisms of cytotoxicity. In addition to this, the anticancer potential of some synthetically modified monosaccharides, such as 2-deoxy-ᴅ-glucose and its acetylated and halogenated derivatives, is reviewed. Further, this article reviews how certain monosaccharides can be used in combination with anticancer drugs to potentiate conventional chemotherapies and to help overcome chemoresistance. Finally, the limitations of administering two separate agents, a sugar and a chemotherapeutic drug, are discussed. The potential of the glycoconjugation of classical or repurposed chemotherapy drugs as a solution to these limitations is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Najlah
- Pharmaceutical Research Group, School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishops Hall Lane, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK;
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2
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Zheng Q, Long S, Chen Z, Fu J, Ju X, Li L. Characterization of a novel ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B from Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens ZXL1 for D-allose production. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1641-1649. [PMID: 38623425 PMCID: PMC11016020 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic preparation of rare sugars as an alternative to traditional sweeteners is an effective strategy to achieve a low-calorie healthy diet. Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B (RpiB) is a key enzyme in the non-oxidative branch of the catalytic pentose phosphate pathway. Here, we investigated the potential of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens ZXL1 (C. flaccumfaciens ZXL1) derived RpiB (CfRpiB) in D-allose preparation. The optimal reaction conditions for recombinant CfRpiB were found experimentally to be pH 7.0, 55 °C, and no metal ions. The kinetic parameters Km, kcat, and catalytic efficiency kcat/Km were 320 mM, 4769 s-1, and 14.9 mM-1 s-1 respectively. The conversion of D-allulose by purified enzyme (1 g L-1 ) to D-allose was 13% within 1 h. In addition, homology modeling and molecular docking were used to predict the active site residues: Asp13, Asp14, Cys72, Gly73, Thr74, Gly77, Asn106, and Lys144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Long
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Fu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Ju
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Tang X, Ravikumar Y, Zhang G, Yun J, Zhao M, Qi X. D-allose, a typical rare sugar: properties, applications, and biosynthetic advances and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38764407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2350617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
D-allose, a C-3 epimer of D-glucose and an aldose-ketose isomer of D-allulose, exhibits 80% of sucrose's sweetness while being remarkably low in calories and nontoxic, making it an appealing sucrose substitute. Its diverse physiological functions, particularly potent anticancer and antitumor effects, render it a promising candidate for clinical treatment, garnering sustained attention. However, its limited availability in natural sources and the challenges associated with chemical synthesis necessitate exploring biosynthetic strategies to enhance production. This overview encapsulates recent advancements in D-allose's physicochemical properties, physiological functions, applications, and biosynthesis. It also briefly discusses the crucial role of understanding aldoketose isomerase structure and optimizing its performance in D-allose synthesis. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges and future perspectives in D-allose bioproduction. Early efforts focused on identifying and characterizing enzymes responsible for D-allose production, followed by detailed crystal structure analysis to improve performance through molecular modification. Strategies such as enzyme immobilization and implementing multi-enzyme cascade reactions, utilizing more cost-effective feedstocks, were explored. Despite progress, challenges remain, including the lack of efficient high-throughput screening methods for enzyme modification, the need for food-grade expression systems, the establishment of ordered substrate channels in multi-enzyme cascade reactions, and the development of downstream separation and purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuvaraj Ravikumar
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Wei M, Gao X, Zhang W, Li C, Lu F, Guan L, Liu W, Wang J, Wang F, Qin HM. Enhanced Thermostability of an l-Rhamnose Isomerase for d-Allose Synthesis by Computation-Based Rational Redesign of Flexible Regions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15713-15722. [PMID: 37823838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
d-Allose is a low-calorie rare sugar with great application potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The production of d-allose has been accomplished using l-rhamnose isomerase (L-RI), but concomitantly increasing the enzyme's stability and activity remains challenging. Here, we rationally engineered an L-RI from Clostridium stercorarium to enhance its stability by comprehensive computation-aided redesign of its flexible regions, which were successively identified using molecular dynamics simulations. The resulting combinatorial mutant M2-4 exhibited a 5.7-fold increased half-life at 75 °C while also exhibiting improved catalytic efficiency. Especially, by combining structure modeling and multiple sequence alignment, we identified an α0 region that was universal in the L-RI family and likely acted as a "helix-breaker". Truncating this region is crucial for improving the thermostability of related enzymes. Our work provides a significantly stable biocatalyst with potential for the industrial production of d-allose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Guan
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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5
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Duan S, Chen Y, Wang G, Li Z, Dong S, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ma C, Wang R. A study of targeted mutation of l-rhamnose isomerase to improve the conversion efficiency of D-allose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 168:110259. [PMID: 37245327 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
D-Allose is a rare cis-caprose with a wide range of physiological functions, which has a wide range of applications in medicine, food, and other industries. L-Rhamnose isomerase (L-Rhi) is the earliest enzyme found to catalyze the production of D-allose from D-psicose. This catalyst has a high conversion rate, but its specificity for substrates is limited; thus, it cannot fulfill the requirements of industrial production of D-allose. In this study, L-Rhi derived from Bacillus subtilis was employed as the research subject, and D-psicose as the conversion substrate. Two mutant libraries were constructed through alanine scanning, saturation mutation, and rational design based on the analysis of the secondary structure, tertiary structure, and interactions with ligands of the enzyme. The yield of D-allose produced by these mutants was assessed; it was found that the conversion rate of mutant D325M to D-allose was increased by 55.73 %, and the D325S improved by 15.34 %, while mutant W184H increased by 10.37 % at 55 °C, respectively. According to modeling analysis, manganese (Mn2+) had no significant effect on the production of D-psicose from D-psicose by L-Rhi. The results of molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that the mutants W184H, D325M, and D325S had more stable protein structures while binding with the substrate D-psicose, as evidenced by its root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and binding free energy values. It was more conducive to binding D-psicose and facilitating its conversion to D-allose, providing the basis for the production of D-allose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Zebin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Shitong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Yingshuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Chunling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China.
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353, PR China.
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6
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Xu HL, Zhou X, Chen S, Xu S, Li Z, Nakanishi H, Gao XD. Rare sugar L-sorbose exerts antitumor activity by impairing glucose metabolism. Commun Biol 2023; 6:259. [PMID: 36906698 PMCID: PMC10008635 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with low natural abundance. They are structural isomers of dietary sugars, but hardly be metabolized. Here, we report that rare sugar L-sorbose induces apoptosis in various cancer cells. As a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, L-sorbose is internalized via the transporter GLUT5 and phosphorylated by ketohexokinase (KHK) to produce L-sorbose-1-phosphate (S-1-P). Cellular S-1-P inactivates the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase resulting in attenuated glycolysis. Consequently, mitochondrial function is impaired and reactive oxygen species are produced. Moreover, L-sorbose downregulates the transcription of KHK-A, a splicing variant of KHK. Since KHK-A is a positive inducer of antioxidation genes, the antioxidant defense mechanism in cancer cells can be attenuated by L-sorbose-treatment. Thus, L-sorbose performs multiple anticancer activities to induce cell apoptosis. In mouse xenograft models, L-sorbose enhances the effect of tumor chemotherapy in combination with other anticancer drugs. These results demonstrate L-sorbose as an attractive therapeutic reagent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Si Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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7
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Rubiano-Buitrago P, Pradhan S, Paetz C, Rowland HM. New Structures, Spectrometric Quantification, and Inhibitory Properties of Cardenolides from Asclepias curassavica Seeds. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010105. [PMID: 36615300 PMCID: PMC9822358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are a large class of secondary metabolites found in plants. In the genus Asclepias, cardenolides in milkweed plants have an established role in plant-herbivore and predator-prey interactions, based on their ability to inhibit the membrane-bound Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme. Milkweed seeds are eaten by specialist lygaeid bugs, which are the most cardenolide-tolerant insects known. These insects likely impose natural selection for the repeated derivatisation of cardenolides. A first step in investigating this hypothesis is to conduct a phytochemical profiling of the cardenolides in the seeds. Here, we report the concentrations of 10 purified cardenolides from the seeds of Asclepias curassavica. We report the structures of new compounds: 3-O-β-allopyranosyl coroglaucigenin (1), 3-[4'-O-β-glucopyranosyl-β-allopyranosyl] coroglaucigenin (2), 3'-O-β-glucopyranosyl-15-β-hydroxycalotropin (3), and 3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-12-β-hydroxyl coroglaucigenin (4), as well as six previously reported cardenolides (5-10). We test the in vitro inhibition of these compounds on the sensitive porcine Na+/K+-ATPase. The least inhibitory compound was also the most abundant in the seeds-4'-O-β-glucopyranosyl frugoside (5). Gofruside (9) was the most inhibitory. We found no direct correlation between the number of glycosides/sugar moieties in a cardenolide and its inhibitory effect. Our results enhance the literature on cardenolide diversity and concentration among tissues eaten by insects and provide an opportunity to uncover potential evolutionary relationships between tissue-specific defense expression and insect adaptations in plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rubiano-Buitrago
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.R.-B.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Shrikant Pradhan
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hannah M. Rowland
- Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.R.-B.); (H.M.R.)
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8
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Zheng LJ, Guo Q, Zhang YX, Liu CY, Fan LH, Zheng HD. Engineering of Escherichia coli for D-allose fermentative synthesis from D-glucose through izumoring cascade epimerization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1050808. [PMID: 36338116 PMCID: PMC9633178 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1050808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
D-Allose is a potential alternative to sucrose in the food industries and a useful additive for the healthcare products in the future. At present, the methods for large-scale production of D-allose are still under investigation, most of which are based on in vitro enzyme-catalyzed Izumoring epimerization. In contrast, fermentative synthesis of D-allose has never been reported, probably due to the absence of available natural microorganisms. In this work, we co-expressed D-galactose: H+ symporter (GalP), D-glucose isomerase (DGI), D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE), and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) in Escherichia coli, thereby constructing an in vivo Izumoring pathway for yielding D-allose from D-glucose. The carbon fluxes and carbon catabolite repression (CCR) were rationally regulated by knockout of FruA, PtsG, Glk, Mak, PfkA, and PfkB involved in the pathways capable of phosphorylating D-fructose, D-glucose, and fructose-6-phosphate. Moreover, the native D-allose transporter was damaged by inactivation of AlsB, thus driving the reversible Izumoring reactions towards the target product. Fermentation was performed in the M9 medium supplemented with glycerol as a carbon source and D-glucose as a substrate. The results show that the engineered E. coli cell factory was able to produce approximately 127.35 mg/L of D-allose after 84 h. Our achievements in the fermentative production of D-allose in this work may further promote the green manufacturing of rare sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jie Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ya-Xing Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen-Yang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Hai Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hui-Dong Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China
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9
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A review on l-ribose isomerases for the biocatalytic production of l-ribose and l-ribulose. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110409. [PMID: 34112412 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Presently, because of the extraordinary roles and potential applications, rare sugars turn into a focus point for countless researchers in the field of carbohydrates. l-ribose and l-ribulose are rare sugars and isomers of each other. This aldo and ketopentose are expensive but can be utilized as an antecedent for the manufacturing of various rare sugars and l-nucleoside analogue. The bioconversion approach turns into an excellent alternative method to l-ribulose and l-ribose production, as compared to the complex and lengthy chemical methods. The basic purpose of this research was to describe the importance of rare sugars in various fields and their easy production by using enzymatic methods. l-Ribose isomerase (L-RI) is an enzyme discovered by Tsuyoshi Shimonishi and Ken Izumori in 1996 from Acinetobacter sp. strain DL-28. L-RI structure was cupin-type-β-barrel shaped with a catalytic site between two β-sheets surrounded by metal ions. The crystal structures of the L-RI showed that it contains a homotetramer structure. Current review have concentrated on the sources, characteristics, applications, conclusions and future prospects including the potentials of l-ribose isomerase for the commercial production of l-ribose and l-ribulose. The MmL-RIse and CrL-RIse have the potential to produce the l-ribulose up to 32% and 31%, respectively. The CrL-RIse is highly stable as compared to other L-RIs. The results explained that the L-RIs have great potential in the production of rare sugars especially, l-ribose and l-ribulose, while the immobilization technique can enhance its functionality and properties. The present study precises the applications of L-RIs acquired from various sources for l-ribose and l-ribulose production.
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Mijailovic N, Nesler A, Perazzolli M, Aït Barka E, Aziz A. Rare Sugars: Recent Advances and Their Potential Role in Sustainable Crop Protection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061720. [PMID: 33808719 PMCID: PMC8003523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with a limited availability in the nature and almost unknown biological functions. The use of industrial enzymatic and microbial processes greatly reduced their production costs, making research on these molecules more accessible. Since then, the number of studies on their medical/clinical applications grew and rare sugars emerged as potential candidates to replace conventional sugars in human nutrition thanks to their beneficial health effects. More recently, the potential use of rare sugars in agriculture was also highlighted. However, overviews and critical evaluations on this topic are missing. This review aims to provide the current knowledge about the effects of rare sugars on the organisms of the farming ecosystem, with an emphasis on their mode of action and practical use as an innovative tool for sustainable agriculture. Some rare sugars can impact the plant growth and immune responses by affecting metabolic homeostasis and the hormonal signaling pathways. These properties could be used for the development of new herbicides, plant growth regulators and resistance inducers. Other rare sugars also showed antinutritional properties on some phytopathogens and biocidal activity against some plant pests, highlighting their promising potential for the development of new sustainable pesticides. Their low risk for human health also makes them safe and ecofriendly alternatives to agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Mijailovic
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC RIBP 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.M.); (E.A.B.)
- Bi-PA nv, Londerzee l1840, Belgium;
| | | | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Essaid Aït Barka
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC RIBP 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.M.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, USC RIBP 1488, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.M.); (E.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-326-918-525
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Mahmood S, Iqbal MW, Riaz T, Zhang W, Mu W. Characterization of recombinant L-ribose isomerase acquired from Cryobacterium sp. N21 with potential application in L-ribulose production. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Xu Y, Chi P, Lv J, Bilal M, Cheng H. L-Xylo-3-hexulose, a new rare sugar produced by the action of acetic acid bacteria on galactitol, an exception to Bertrand Hudson's rule. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129740. [PMID: 32956752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In acetic acid bacteria such as Gluconobacter oxydans or Gluconobacter cerinus, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in the periplasm serves as the redox cofactor for several membrane-bound dehydrogenases that oxidize polyhydric alcohols to rare sugars, which can be used as a healthy alternative for traditional sugars and sweeteners. These oxidation reactions obey the generally accepted Bertrand Hudson's rule, in which only the polyhydric alcohols that possess cis d-erythro hydroxyl groups can be oxidized to 2-ketoses using PQQ as a cofactor, while the polyhydric alcohols excluding cis d-erythro hydroxyl groups ruled out oxidation by PQQ-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenases. METHODS Membrane fractions of G. oxydans were prepared and used as a cell-free catalyst to oxidize galactitol, with or without PQQ as a cofactor. RESULTS In this study, we reported an interesting oxidation reaction that the polyhydric alcohols galactitol (dulcitol), which do not possess cis d-erythro hydroxyl groups, can be oxidized by PQQ-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenase(s) of acetic acid bacteria at the C-3 and C-5 hydroxyl groups to produce rare sugars l-xylo-3-hexulose and d-tagatose. CONCLUSIONS This reaction may represent an exception to Bertrand Hudson's rule. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Bertrand Hudson's rule is a well-known theory in polyhydric alcohols oxidation by PQQ-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenase in acetic acid bacteria. In this study, galactitol oxidation by a PQQ-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenase represents an exception to the Bertrand Hudson's rule. Further identification of the associated enzymes and deciphering the explicit enzymatic mechanism will prove this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Ishiyama H, Yanagita RC, Takemoto K, Kitaguchi N, Uezato Y, Sugiyama Y, Sato M, Kawanami Y. Evaluation of the Anti-Proliferative Activity of Rare Aldohexoses against MOLT-4F and DU-145 Human Cancer Cell Line and Structure-Activity Relationship of D-Idose. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2020; 67:95-101. [PMID: 34354535 PMCID: PMC8132072 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2020_0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Allose (D-All), a C-3 epimer of D-glucose (D-Glc), is a naturally rare monosaccharide, which shows anti-proliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines. Unlike conventional anticancer drugs, D-All targets glucose metabolism and is non-toxic to normal cells. Therefore, it has attracted attention as a unique “seed” compound for anticancer agents. However, the anti-proliferative activities of the other rare aldohexoses have not been examined yet. In this study, we evaluated the anti-proliferative activity of rare aldohexoses against human leukemia MOLT-4F and human prostate cancer DU-145 cell lines. We found that D-All and D-idose (D-Ido) at 5 mM inhibited cell proliferation of MOLT-4F cells by 46 % and 60 %, respectively. On the other hand, the rare aldohexoses at 5 mM did not show specific anti-proliferative activity against DU-145 cells. To explore the structure–activity relationship of D-Ido, we evaluated the anti-proliferative activity of D-sorbose (D-Sor), 6-deoxy-D-Ido, and L-xylose (L-Xyl) against MOLT-4F cells and found that D-Sor, 6-deoxy-D-Ido, and L-Xyl showed no inhibitory activity at 5 mM, suggesting that the aldose structure and the C-6 hydroxy group of D-Ido are important for its activity. Cellular glucose uptake assay and western blotting analysis of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression suggested that the anti-proliferative activity of D-Ido is induced by inhibition of glucose uptake via TXNIP-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Ishiyama
- 1 Department of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Kazune Takemoto
- 3 Division of Applied Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Natsumi Kitaguchi
- 3 Division of Applied Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Yuuki Uezato
- 3 Division of Applied Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Yasunori Sugiyama
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Masashi Sato
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
| | - Yasuhiro Kawanami
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University
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14
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Mahmood S, Iqbal MW, Riaz T, Hassanin HA, Zhu Y, Ni D, Mu W. Characterization of a recombinant l-ribose isomerase from Mycetocola miduiensis and its application for the production of l-ribulose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 135:109510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Ishiyama H, Yanagita RC, Takemoto K, Kobashi K, Sugiyama Y, Kawanami Y. Development of a d-allose-6-phosphate derivative with anti-proliferative activity against a human leukemia MOLT-4F cell line. Carbohydr Res 2020; 487:107859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Multi-enzyme systems and recombinant cells for synthesis of valuable saccharides: Advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Chen Z, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Recent research on the physiological functions, applications, and biotechnological production of D-allose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4269-4278. [PMID: 29577167 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
D-Allose is a rare monosaccharide, which rarely appears in the natural environment. D-Allose has an 80% sweetness relative to table sugar but is ultra-low calorie and non-toxic and is thus an ideal candidate to take the place of table sugar in food products. It displays unique health benefits and physiological functions in various fields, including food systems, clinical treatment, and the health care fields. However, it is difficult to produce chemically. The biotechnological production of D-allose has become a research hotspot in recent years. Therefore, an overview of recent studies on the physiological functions, applications, and biotechnological production of D-allose is presented. In this review, the physiological functions of D-allose are introduced in detail. In addition, the different types of D-allose-producing enzymes are compared for their enzymatic properties and for the biotechnological production of D-allose. To date, very little information is available on the molecular modification and food-grade expression of D-allose-producing enzymes, representing a very large research space yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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18
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Chowdhury MTI, Ando H, Yanagita RC, Kawanami Y. Synthesis and inhibitory activity of deoxy-d-allose amide derivative against plant growth. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018. [PMID: 29513080 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1445521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1,2,6-Trideoxy-6-amido-d-allose derivative was synthesized and found to exhibit higher growth-inhibitory activity against plants than the corresponding deoxy-d-allose ester, which indicates that an amide group at C-6 of the deoxy-d-allose amide enhances inhibitory activity. In addition, the mode of action of the deoxy-d-allose amide was significantly different from that of d-allose which inhibits gibberellin signaling. Co-addition of gibberellin GA3 restored the growth of rice seedlings inhibited by the deoxy-d-allose amide, suggesting that it might inhibit biosynthesis of gibberellins in plants to induce growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tazul Islam Chowdhury
- Division of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ando
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan
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19
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Tseng WC, Chen CN, Hsu CT, Lee HC, Fang HY, Wang MJ, Wu YH, Fang TY. Characterization of a recombinant d-allulose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 and identification of an important interfacial residue. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:767-774. [PMID: 29427680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
d-Allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase) catalyzes the epimerization between d-fructose and d-allulose. We had PCR-cloned and overexpressed the gene encoding Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 DAEase (AsDAEase) in Escherichia coli. A high yield of active AsDAEase, 35,300U/L or 1350U/g of wet cells, was acquired with isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside induction at 20°C for 20h. Although only six residues including residue 234 located in tetrameric interface are different between AsDAEase and A. tumefaciens DAEase (AtDAEase), the specific activity of purified AsDAEase is much larger than that of AtDAEase. The optimal pHs and optimal temperatures of the purified recombinant AsDAEase are 7.5-8.0 and 55-60°C, respectively. The half-life of the enzyme is 267min at 55°C in the presence of 0.1mM Co2+, and the equilibrium ratio between d-allulose and d-fructose is 30:70 at 55°C. Besides characterizing AsDAEase, mutation N234D was constructed to assess its influence on activity. The specific activity of the purified N234D AsDAEase is only 25.5% of wild-type's activity, suggesting residue N234 is an important interfacial residue which substantially affects enzyme activity. The high specific activity and high expression yield of AsDAEase suggest its prospect to be applied in d-allulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Nan Chen
- Department of Food Science, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Ting Hsu
- Department of Food Science, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsu-Chieh Lee
- Department of Food Science, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Yi Fang
- Department of Food Science, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jun Wang
- Department of Food Science, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hung Wu
- Department of Food Science, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Tsuei-Yun Fang
- Department of Food Science, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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20
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X. Metabolic engineering pathways for rare sugars biosynthesis, physiological functionalities, and applications-a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58:2768-2778. [PMID: 28662355 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1341385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules like rare sugars and their derivatives are referred to as monosaccharides particularly uncommon in nature. Remarkably, many of them have various known physiological functions and biotechnological applications in cosmetics, nutrition, and pharmaceutical industries. Also, they can be exploited as starting materials for synthesizing fascinating natural bioproducts with significant biological activities. Regrettably, most of the rare sugars are quite expensive, and their synthetic chemical routes are both limited and economically unfeasible due to expensive raw materials. On the other hand, their production by enzymatic means often suffers from low space-time yields and high catalyst costs due to hasty enzyme denaturation/degradation. In this context, biosynthesis of rare sugars with industrial importance is receiving renowned scientific attention, across the globe. Moreover, the utilization of renewable resources as energy sources via microbial fermentation or microbial metabolic engineering has appeared a new tool. This article presents a comprehensive review of physiological functions and biotechnological applications of rare ketohexoses and aldohexoses, including D-psicose, D-tagatose, L-tagatose, D-sorbose, L-fructose, D-allose, L-glucose, D-gulose, L-talose, L-galactose, and L-fucose. Novel in-vivo recombination pathways based on aldolase and phosphatase for the biosynthesis of rare sugars, particularly D-psicose and D-sorbose using robust microbial strains are also deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- b School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey , Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey , N.L., CP , Mexico
| | - Hongbo Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
- c National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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21
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Lee JC, Byeon SK, Moon MH. Relative Quantification of Phospholipids Based on Isotope-Labeled Methylation by Nanoflow Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Enhancement in Cardiolipin Profiling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4969-4977. [PMID: 28399627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lipid analysis based on isotope-labeled methlylation (ILM) was performed by nanoflow ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-eletrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nUPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for enhanced detection and quantification of targeted phospholipids. ILM depends on methylation of phosphate groups by (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane, and the ILM based quantitation with reversed phase nUPLC-ESI-MS/MS provides advantages in PL profiling such as enhanced detectability of methylated PLs owing to increased hydrophobicity and substantial increase in resolution due to the increase of retention. Efficacy of ILM in nUPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was evaluated in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method by varying the mixing ratio of H-/D-methylated PL standards, which resulted in the successful quantification of 24 species, including phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), ceramide-1-phosphate (Cer1P), phosphoinositides, and cardiolipin (CL), with ∼6.6% variation in the calculated ratio of H-/D-methylated PLs. The method was applied to the lipid extracts from a DU145 cell line after D-allose treatment, resulting in the quantification of 83 PLs of which results were not statistically different from those obtained by conventional quantification methods. Morever, detection and quantification of CLs and PAs were evidenced to be highly effective when used with the ILM method as 43 CLs and 20 PAs from cellular lipid extracts were analyzed while only 18 CLs and 12 PAs were identified when conventional methods were carried out. This proves the ILM combined with LC-MS to be a promising method for analysis of the aforementioned classes of lipids. Overall, the study highlighted the applicability of targeted quantification by the ILM method in lipidomic analysis and demonstrated an improvement in the detection of less abundant anionic PLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seul Kee Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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22
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Kaźmierczak A, Doniak M, Bernat P. Membrane-related hallmarks of kinetin-induced PCD of root cortex cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:343-353. [PMID: 27942841 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cellular membrane potential and their fluidisation are the hallmarks of cell death induction with kinetin in root cortex. Programmed cell death (PCD), one of the essential processes in plant development, is still poorly understood. In this paper, the scientific plant model, V. faba ssp. minor seedling roots after kinetin application which triggers off programmed death of cortex cells, was used to recognise membrane-related aspects of plant cell death. Spectrophotometric, reflectometric and microscopic studies showed that the PCD induced by kinetin is accompanied by higher potassium ions leakage from roots, loss of plasma and ER membrane potentials (expressed by their lower amounts and higher index of fatty acid unsaturation), malformation of nuclear envelope, lower total lipid amount and formation of their peroxides, lower amount of phospholipids and changes in their composition. The results showed that potassium ions leakage, expressed in percentage of their amounts, and loss of plasma and ER membrane potential, expressed in percentage of their fluorescence intensity, together with the nuclear chromatin double staining with ethidium bromide and acridine orange, might be direct and universal methods for detecting specific plant PCD hallmarks and estimation of PCD intensity (percentage of dying and dead cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Doniak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionThe University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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Schwarzlin R, Pušenjak N, Makuc D, Križman M, Vovk I, Plavec J, Švajger U. Synergistic complex from plants Solanaceae exhibits cytotoxicity for the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:395. [PMID: 27756283 PMCID: PMC5070086 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background It had been demonstrated that sugars from various plants can act as potent agents, which induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Methods Using HPLC, we fractionated a mixture of two plant extracts from the plant family Solanaceae, namely Capsicum chinense and the plant family Amaryllidaceae namely Allium sativum. We evaluated the effect of different fractions on apoptosis of HepG2 cell line. The most effective fraction was further studied to determine its molecular composition using mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR. We further evaluated the effect of determined molecular composition found in the selected fraction by using a mixture of commercially available substances, which were found in the fraction and tested its pro-apoptotic effect on HepG2 cells. To get some insight into potential apoptotic mechanisms we studied caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial integrity in treated cells. Results Out of 93 fractions obtained by HPLC from the plant extract we found HPLC fraction 10 (10 min elution) was the most effective. MS and NMR studies revealed high presence of cellobiose together with vitamin C, sulphur (S) and trace amounts of selenium (Se). HPLC fraction 10 triggered apoptosis of HepG2 within 3 h in the 0.01–1.0 mg/mL concentration range. Furthermore, a mixture of pure cellobiose, vitamin C, S and Se (complex cellobiose/C/S/Se) had a very similar capacity in inducing apoptosis of HepG2 cells compared to HPLC fraction 10. Complex cellobiose/C/S/Se was capable of inducing caspase-3 activity and led to loss of mitochondrial integrity. The capacity of cellobiose alone to induce apoptosis of HepG2 was approximately 1000-fold lower compared to complex cellobiose/C/S/Se. Conclusion In this study we present the highly synergistic effect of a unique complex consisting of cellobiose, vitamin C, sulphur and selenium on triggering the apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line.
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Indo K, Hoshikawa H, Kamitori K, Yamaguchi F, Mori T, Tokuda M, Mori N. Effects of D-allose in combination with docetaxel in human head and neck cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2044-50. [PMID: 25109398 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the combined effects of docetaxel and d-allose in HSC3 human oral carcinoma cells. The dose enhancement ratios at the 25% survival level were 1.3 and 1.71 for combined treatment with 10 or 25 mM D-allose, respectively. Apoptosis was significantly increased by addition of D-allose. Additionally, a synchronous increase in the G(2)/M-phase population was observed after docetaxel plus D-allose treatment. In vivo experiments revealed that docetaxel plus D-allose was more effective than either agent alone. Thus, D-allose enhanced the anticancer effects of docetaxel, and combined treatment may be useful to achieve clinical efficacy with reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Indo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hoshikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kamitori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Terusige Mori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nozomu Mori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Yanagita RC, Kobashi K, Ogawa C, Ashida Y, Yamaashi H, Kawanami Y. Anti-proliferative activity of 6-O-acyl-D-allose against the human leukemia MOLT-4F cell line. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:190-4. [PMID: 25036670 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The anti-proliferative activities of the 6-O-acyl derivatives of D-allose against the human leukemia MOLT-4F cell line were examined. The activity of the 6-O-dodecanoyl derivative (3) was approximately 30 times stronger than that of D-allose. An evaluation of the derivatives of 3 that occurred in a furanose form revealed the pyranose forms of 3 to be important for the anti-proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo C Yanagita
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Biological Science , Kagawa University , Miki-cho , Kagawa , 761-0795 , Japan
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Characterization of a thermophilic l-arabinose isomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum NTOU1. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Giordano EDV, Frinchaboy A, Suárez AG, Spanevello RA. Synthesis of Tri-O-acetyl-d-allal from Levoglucosenone. Org Lett 2012; 14:4602-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique D. V. Giordano
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Agustina Frinchaboy
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandra G. Suárez
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rolando A. Spanevello
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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Ha JS, Gam J, Choi SL, Oh KH, Ro HS, Song JJ, Shin CS, Lee SG. Quantitative analyses of individual sugars in mixture using FRET-based biosensors. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1376-83. [PMID: 22753346 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biosensors were developed and applied to measure individual sugars in biological mixtures such as bacterial culture broths. As the sensing units, four sugar-binding proteins (SBPs for allose, arabinose, ribose, and glucose) were selected from the Escherichia coli genome and connected to a cyan fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein via dipeptide linkers (CFP-L-SBP-YFP). The putative sensors were randomized in the linker region (L) and then investigated with regard to the intensity of fluorescence resonance energy transfer on the binding of the respective sugars. As a result, four representatives were selected from each library and examined for their specificity using 16 available sugars. The apparent dissociation constants of the allose, arabinose, ribose, and glucose sensors were estimated to be 0.35, 0.36, 0.17, and 0.18 μM. Finally, the sugar sensors were applied to monitor the consumption rate of individual sugars in an E. coli culture broth. The individual sugar profiles exhibited a good correlation with those obtained using an HPLC method, confirming that the biosensors offer a rapid and easy-to-use method for monitoring individual sugars in mixed compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seok Ha
- Systems & Synthetic Biology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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Beerens K, Desmet T, Soetaert W. Enzymes for the biocatalytic production of rare sugars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:823-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carbohydrates are much more than just a source of energy as they also mediate a variety of recognition processes that are central to human health. As such, saccharides can be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries to stimulate our immune system (e.g., prebiotics), to control diabetes (e.g., low-calorie sweeteners), or as building blocks for anticancer and antiviral drugs (e.g., l-nucleosides). Unfortunately, only a small number of all possible monosaccharides are found in nature in sufficient amounts to allow their commercial exploitation. Consequently, so-called rare sugars have to be produced by (bio)chemical processes starting from cheap and widely available substrates. Three enzyme classes that can be used for rare sugar production are keto–aldol isomerases, epimerases, and oxidoreductases. In this review, the recent developments in rare sugar production with these biocatalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Beerens
- grid.5342.0 0000000120697798 Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- grid.5342.0 0000000120697798 Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- grid.5342.0 0000000120697798 Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Gent Belgium
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Ishihara Y, Katayama K, Sakabe M, Kitamura M, Aizawa M, Takara M, Itoh K. Antioxidant properties of rare sugar D-allose: Effects on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in Neuro2A cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:638-42. [PMID: 21889400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The anti-oxidative activity of the rare sugar D-allose has recently been reported, but the mechanism is largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities of D-allose and then examined the effects of D-allose on ROS production in mitochondria to clarify the antioxidant properties of D-allose. While D-allose did not scavenge hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions, it eliminated hydroxyl radicals to the same extent as D-glucose. Rotenone, an uncoupler of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, induces ROS production in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells in the presence of D-glucose. However, in the presence of D-allose, there was no change in the ROS levels in Neuro2A cells following rotenone treatment. Furthermore, treatment with D-allose attenuated the D-glucose-dependent ROS generation induced by rotenone. Whereas treatment with D-glucose enhanced ATP synthesis in Neuro2A cells, D-allose was less effective in producing intracellular ATP than D-glucose. Treatment with D-allose inhibited the ATP synthesis stimulated by D-glucose. These results suggest that D-allose suppresses ROS production in the mitochondria due to competition with D-glucose at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Lin CJ, Tseng WC, Fang TY. Characterization of a thermophilic L-rhamnose isomerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus ATCC 43494. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8702-8708. [PMID: 21761877 DOI: 10.1021/jf201428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
L-Rhamnose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.14, l-RhI) catalyzes the reversible aldose-ketose isomerization between L-rhamnose and L-rhamnulose. In this study, the L-rhi gene encoding L-RhI was PCR-cloned from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus ATCC 43494 and then expressed in Escherichia coli. A high yield of active L-RhI, 3010 U/g of wet cells, was obtained after 20 °C induction for 20 h. The enzyme was purified sequentially using heat treatment, nucleic acid precipitation, and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified L-RhI showed an apparent optimal pH of 7 and an optimal temperature at 90 °C. The enzyme was stable at pH values ranging from 4 to 11 and retained >90% activity after a 6 h incubation at 80 °C and pH 7-8. Compared with other previously characterized L-RhIs, the L-RhI from C. saccharolyticus ATCC 43494 has a good thermostability, the widest pH-stable range, and the highest catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(M)) against L-rhamnose, L-lyxose, L-mannose, D-allose, and D-ribose, suggesting that this enzyme has the potential to be applied in rare sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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32
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Microbial metabolism and biotechnological production of d-allose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:229-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jeong RU, Lim S, Kim MO, Moon MH. Effect of d-allose on prostate cancer cell lines: phospholipid profiling by nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:689-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tanaka S, Sakamoto H. Effects of d-allose on the endocytic activity of dendritic cells and the subsequent stimulation of T cells. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hoshikawa H, Mori T, Mori N. In vitro and in vivo effects of D-allose: up-regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein in head and neck cancer cells. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2010; 119:567-71. [PMID: 20860283 DOI: 10.1177/000348941011900810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the antiproliferative effects of D-allose and the up-regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in head and neck cancer cells. METHODS For the in vitro study, 5 oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Ca9-22, HSC-3, HSC-4, SAS, and KON) were treated with 25 mmol/L D-allose. For the in vivo study, HSC-3 cells were used in a xenograft model with female athymic nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu; 5 to 6 weeks old). RESULTS Inhibition of cell growth by D-allose was noted in HSC-3 and Ca9-22 cells, along with significant induction of TXNIP. Although TXNIP up-regulation was also evident, albeit to a lesser extent, in the remaining cell lines, D-allose did not inhibit their growth. With the HSC-3 line, the cell survival fractions decreased and TXNIP expression increased in a D-allose dose-dependent manner. The antiproliferative effects were partially suppressed by concomitant D-glucose treatment, which also reduced TXNIP expression. In the in vivo experiment, the tumor volume at day 15 after D-allose treatment was reduced to 61% of that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that D-allose exerts growth inhibitory effects on head and neck cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The sugar may act as an antiproliferative agent via TXNIP induction and thus may be useful as a novel anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hoshikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita, Japan
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Lin CJ, Tseng WC, Lin TH, Liu SM, Tzou WS, Fang TY. Characterization of a thermophilic L-rhamnose isomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum NTOU1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10431-10436. [PMID: 20822145 DOI: 10.1021/jf102063q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
L-rhamnose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.14, L-RhI) catalyzes the reversible aldose-ketose isomerization between L-rhamnose and L-rhamnulose. In this study, the L-Rhi gene encoding L-Rhi was PCR-cloned from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum NTOU1 and then expressed in Escherichia coli. A high yield of the active L-RhI, 9780 U/g of wet cells, was obtained in the presence of 0.2 mM IPTG induction. L-RhI was purified sequentially using heat treatment, nucleic acid precipitation, and anion-exchange chromatography. The purified L-RhI showed an apparent optimal pH of 7 and an optimal temperature at 75 °C. The enzyme was stable at pH values ranging from 5 to 9, and the activity was fully retained after a 2 h incubation at 40-70 °C. L-RhI from T. saccharolyticum NTOU1 is the most thermostable L-RhI to date, and it has a high specific activity (163 U/mg) and an acceptable purity after heat treatment, suggesting that this enzyme has the potential to be used in rare sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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