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Liu Y, Li T, Zhang H, Wang L, Cao R, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu L. Establishment and validation of a gene mutation-based risk model for predicting prognosis and therapy response in acute myeloid leukemia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31249. [PMID: 38831838 PMCID: PMC11145431 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant clonal proliferative disease of hematopoietic system. Despite tremendous progress in uncovering the AML genome, only a small number of mutations have been incorporated into risk stratification and used as therapeutic targets. In this research, we performed to construct a predictive prognosis risk model for AML patients according to gene mutations. Methods Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was utilized to detect gene mutation from 118 patients. mRNA expression profiles and related clinical information were mined from TCGA and GEO databases. Consensus cluster analysis was applied to obtain molecular subtypes, and differences in clinicopathological features, prognosis, and immune microenvironment of different clusters were systematically compared. According to the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between clusters, univariate and LASSO regression analysis were applied to identify gene signatures to build a prognostic risk model. Patients were classified into high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) groups according to the median risk score (RS). Differences in prognosis, immune profile, and therapeutic sensitivity between two groups were analyzed. The independent predictive value of RS was assessed and a nomogram was developed. Results NGS detected 24 mutated genes, with higher mutation frequencies in CBL (63 %) and SETBP1 (49 %). Two clusters exhibited different immune microenvironments and survival probability (p = 0.0056) were identified. A total of 444 DEGs were screened in two clusters, and a mutation-associated risk model was constructed, including MPO, HGF, SH2B3, SETBP1, HLA-DRB1, LGALS1, and KDM5B. Patients in LR had a superior survival time compared to HR. Predictive performance of this model was confirmed and the developed nomogram further improved the applicability of the risk model with the AUCs for predicting 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rate were 0.829, 0.81 and 0.811, respectively. HR cases were more sensitive to erlotinib, CI-1040, and AZD6244. Conclusion These findings supplemented the understanding of gene mutations in AML, and constructed models had good application prospect to provide effective information for predicting prognosis and treatment response of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Rongxuan Cao
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
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Combination of ERK2 inhibitor VX-11e and voreloxin synergistically enhances anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in leukemia cells. Apoptosis 2020; 24:849-861. [PMID: 31482470 PMCID: PMC6823322 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ERK1/2 inhibitors are new promising anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of ERK2 inhibitor VX-11e and voreloxin on MOLM-14, K562, REH and MOLT-4 leukemia cell lines. We found that VX-11e alone and in combination with voreloxin significantly decreased ERK activation in all cell lines tested. To evaluate the interactions of the drugs, cells were treated for 24 h with VX-11e or voreloxin alone and in combination at fixed ratios based on IC50 values. The combinatorial effects of both drugs were synergistic over a wide range of concentrations in MOLM-14, REH and MOLT-4 cell lines. In K562 cells, three effects were found to be additive, one antagonistic and only one synergistic. The results showed that incubation with both VX-11e and voreloxin inhibited the growth of leukemia cells, affected cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of these effects might be attributed to an increased expression of p21 and a decreased expression of survivin and NF-κB in all cell lines tested except from K562 cells. In conclusion, combination of VX-11e and voreloxin can exert a synergistic anticancer effect in leukemia cells.
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Pan-RAF inhibition induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells and synergizes with BCL2 inhibition. Leukemia 2020; 34:3186-3196. [PMID: 32651543 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pan-RAF inhibitors have shown promise as antitumor agents in RAS and RAF mutated solid cancers. However, the efficacy of pan-RAF inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not previously been explored. In AML, the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAPK) pathway is one of the most aberrantly activated oncogenic pathways, but previous targeting of this pathway by MEK inhibitors has not proven effective in clinical trials. Here we show that pan-RAF inhibition, but not MEK inhibition, induced cell death in 29% of AML samples while being nontoxic toward healthy bone marrow cells. Mechanistically, pan-RAF inhibition downregulated MCL1 protein synthesis and induced apoptosis in cells dependent on MCL1 for their survival. Furthermore, the combination of a pan-RAF and a BCL2 inhibitor overcame resistance to either compound alone in AML cell lines, as well as synergized and induced long-term responses ex vivo in AML patient samples relapsed or refractory to azacitidine + venetoclax treatment. Together, our results indicate that pan-RAF inhibition, alone or in combination with BCL2 inhibition, is a promising treatment strategy for AML.
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Satta T, Grant S. Enhancing venetoclax activity in hematological malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:697-708. [PMID: 32600066 PMCID: PMC7529910 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1789588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeting anti-apoptotic pathways involving the BCL2 family proteins represents a novel treatment strategy in hematologic malignancies. Venetoclax, a selective BCL2 inhibitor, represents the first approved agent of this class, and is currently used in CLL and AML. However, monotherapy is rarely sufficient for sustained responses due to the development of drug resistance and loss of dependence upon the targeted protein. Numerous pre-clinical studies have shown that combining venetoclax with other agents may represent a more effective therapeutic strategy by circumventing resistance mechanisms. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical data providing a foundation for rational combination strategies involving venetoclax. AREAS COVERED Novel combination strategies in hematologic malignancies involving venetoclax, primarily at the pre-clinical level, will be reviewed. We emphasize novel agents that interrupt complementary or compensatory pro-survival pathways, and particularly mechanistic insights underlying synergism. PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google scholar were searched from 2000. EXPERT OPINION Although venetoclax has proven to be an effective therapeutic in hematologic malignancies, monotherapy may be insufficient for maximal effectiveness due to the development of resistance and/or loss of BCL2 addiction. Further pre-clinical and clinical development of combination therapies may be necessary for optimal outcomes in patients with diverse blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Satta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, USA
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Zeng Y, Tian X, Wang Q, He W, Fan J, Gou X. Attenuation of everolimus-induced cytotoxicity by a protective autophagic pathway involving ERK activation in renal cell carcinoma cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:911-920. [PMID: 29719377 PMCID: PMC5914548 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s160557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a critical target for cancer treatment and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) has been approved for treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the limited efficacy of RAD001 has led to the development of drug resistance. Autophagy is closely related to cell survival and death, which may be activated under RAD001 stimulation. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanisms of RAD001 resistance in RCC cells through cytoprotective autophagy involving activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Methods and results: RAD001 strongly induced autophagy of RCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. Importantly, suppression of autophagy by the pharmacological inhibitor chloroquine effectively enhanced RAD001-induced apoptotic cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Western blot analysis, indicating a cytoprotective role for RAD001-induced autophagy. In addition, as was shown by the MTT assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis, RAD001 robustly activated ERK, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38. Activation of ERK was inhibited by the pharmacological inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244), which effectively promoted RAD001-induced cell death. Moreover, employing AZD6244 markedly attenuated RAD001-induced autophagy and enhanced RAD001-induced apoptosis, which play a central role in RAD001-induced cell death. Furthermore, RAD001-induced autophagy is regulated by ERK-mediated phosphorylation of Beclin-1 and B-cell lymphoma 2, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. Conclusion These results suggest that RAD001-induced autophagy involves activation of the ERK, which may impair cytotoxicity of RAD001 in RCC cells. Thus, inhibition of the activation of ERK pathway-mediated autophagy may be useful to overcome chemoresistance to RAD001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zeng
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Tian
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiyang He
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Gou
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
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Zou Y, Wang J, Leng X, Huang J, Xue W, Zhang J, Huang Y. The selective MEK1 inhibitor Selumetinib enhances the antitumor activity of everolimus against renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20825-20833. [PMID: 28212559 PMCID: PMC5400548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a urologic malignant cancer and often diagnosed at an advanced stage, which results in high mortality. Targeted therapy may improve the quality of life and survival of patients who are not suitable for nephrectomy. Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, is currently used as sequential or second-line therapy for RCC refractory to Sunitinib or sorafenib. However, its efficiency is palliative. In this study, we evaluated whether the antitumor activity of everolimus against RCC is enhanced by Selumetinib, a selective MEK1 inhibitor. We discovered that everolimus in combination with Selumetinib synergistically inhibited the proliferation of Caki-1, 786-O and 769-P cells in vitro. Mechanistically, this combination decreased p-RPS6 and p-4E-BP1 dramatically, which causes G1 cell cycle arrest and prevents reactivation of AKT and ERK. In vivo, the antitumor efficacy and pharmacodynamic biomarkers of the combination therapy were recapitulated in Caki-1 xenograft model. In addition, this combination treatment potently inhibited angiogenesis in xenograft models by impairing VEGF secretion from tumor cells. Our findings provide a sound evidence that combination of everolimus and Selumetinib is a potential dual-targeted strategy for renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejiao Leng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwei Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Silverbush D, Grosskurth S, Wang D, Powell F, Gottgens B, Dry J, Fisher J. Cell-Specific Computational Modeling of the PIM Pathway in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Res 2017; 77:827-838. [PMID: 27965317 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Personalized therapy is a major goal of modern oncology, as patient responses vary greatly even within a histologically defined cancer subtype. This is especially true in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which exhibits striking heterogeneity in molecular segmentation. When calibrated to cell-specific data, executable network models can reveal subtle differences in signaling that help explain differences in drug response. Furthermore, they can suggest drug combinations to increase efficacy and combat acquired resistance. Here, we experimentally tested dynamic proteomic changes and phenotypic responses in diverse AML cell lines treated with pan-PIM kinase inhibitor and fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor as single agents and in combination. We constructed cell-specific executable models of the signaling axis, connecting genetic aberrations in FLT3, tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) to cell proliferation and apoptosis via the PIM and PI3K kinases. The models capture key differences in signaling that later enabled them to accurately predict the unique proteomic changes and phenotypic responses of each cell line. Furthermore, using cell-specific models, we tailored combination therapies to individual cell lines and successfully validated their efficacy experimentally. Specifically, we showed that cells mildly responsive to PIM inhibition exhibited increased sensitivity in combination with PIK3CA inhibition. We also used the model to infer the origin of PIM resistance engineered through prolonged drug treatment of MOLM16 cell lines and successfully validated experimentally our prediction that this resistance can be overcome with AKT1/2 inhibition. Cancer Res; 77(4); 827-38. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Silverbush
- Department of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Berthold Gottgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Dry
- AstraZeneca Oncology IMED, Waltham, Massachusetts.
| | - Jasmin Fisher
- Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Gao Y, Gao J, Li M, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang W, Chu Y, Wang X, Xu M, Cheng T, Ju Z, Yuan W. Rheb1 promotes tumor progression through mTORC1 in MLL-AF9-initiated murine acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:36. [PMID: 27071307 PMCID: PMC4830070 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constitutive hyper-activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways has frequently been associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While many inhibitors targeting these pathways have been developed, the anti-leukemic effect was not as robust as expected. As part of the molecular link between PI3K/Akt and mTOR kinase, the role of Rheb1 in AML remains unexplored. Our study aims to explore the role of Rheb1 in AML and estimate whether Rheb1 could be a potential target of AML treatment. METHODS The expressions of Rheb1 and other indicated genes were analyzed using real-time PCR. AML mouse model was established by retrovirus transduction. Leukemia cell properties and related signaling pathways were dissected by in vitro and in vivo studies. The transcriptional changes were analyzed via gene chip analysis. Molecular reagents including mTOR inhibitor and mTOR activator were used to evaluate the function of related signaling pathway in the mouse model. RESULTS We observed that Rheb1 is overexpressed in AML patients and the change of Rheb1 level in AML patients is associated with their median survival. Using a Rheb1-deficient MLL-AF9 murine AML model, we revealed that Rheb1 deletion prolonged the survival of AML mice by weakening LSC function. In addition, Rheb1 deletion arrested cell cycle progression and enhanced apoptosis of AML cells. Furthermore, while Rheb1 deletion reduced mTORC1 activity in AML cells, additional rapamycin treatment further decreased mTORC1 activity and increased the apoptosis of Rheb1 (Δ/Δ) AML cells. The mTOR activator 3BDO partially rescued mTORC1 signaling and inhibited apoptosis in Rheb1 (Δ/Δ) AML cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Rheb1 promotes AML progression through mTORC1 signaling pathway and combinational drug treatments targeting Rheb1 and mTOR might have a better therapeutic effect on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China.
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China.
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Studzinski GP, Harrison JS, Wang X, Sarkar S, Kalia V, Danilenko M. Vitamin D Control of Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation and Leukemia. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1500-12. [PMID: 25694395 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is now well known that in the mammalian body vitamin D is converted by successive hydroxylations to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), a steroid-like hormone with pleiotropic properties. These include important contributions to the control of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, as well as the regulation of immune responses in disease. Here, we present recent advances in current understanding of the role of 1,25D in myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, and the potential of 1,25D and analogs (vitamin D derivatives; VDDs) for the control of hematopoietic malignancies. The reasons for the unimpressive results of most clinical studies of the therapeutic effects of VDDs in leukemia and related diseases may include the lack of a precise rationale for the conduct of these studies. Further, clinical trials to date have generally used extremely heterogeneous patient populations and, in many cases, small numbers of patients, generally without controls. Although low calcemic VDDs have been used and combined with agents that can increase the leukemia cell killing or differentiation effects in acute leukemias, the sequencing of agents used for combination therapy should to be more clearly delineated. Most importantly, it is recommended that in future clinical trials the rationale for the basis of the enhancing action of drug combinations should be clearly articulated and the effects on anticancer immunity should also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jonathan S Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Medical School, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Vandana Kalia
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Targeting CXCR4/SDF-1 axis by lipopolymer complexes of siRNA in acute myeloid leukemia. J Control Release 2016; 224:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen CC, Wu ML, Doerksen RJ, Ho CT, Huang TC. Andrographolide induces apoptosis via down-regulation of glyoxalase 1 and HMG-CoA reductase in HL-60 cells. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Progress in RNAi-mediated Molecular Therapy of Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e240. [DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Chakravarthy R, Clemens MJ, Pirianov G, Perdios N, Mudan S, Cartwright JE, Elia A. Role of the eIF4E binding protein 4E-BP1 in regulation of the sensitivity of human pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL and celastrol-induced apoptosis. Biol Cell 2013; 105:414-29. [PMID: 23734772 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Tumour cells can be induced to undergo apoptosis after treatment with the tumour necrosis factor α-related death-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Although human pancreatic cancer cells show varying degrees of response they can be sensitised to the pro-apoptotic effects of TRAIL in the presence of celastrol, a natural compound extracted from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. One important aspect of the cellular response to TRAIL is the control of protein synthesis, a key regulator of which is the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein, 4E-BP1. RESULTS We examined the effects of celastrol and TRAIL in several pancreatic cancer cell lines. In cells that are normally resistant to TRAIL, synergistic effects of TRAIL plus celastrol on commitment to apoptosis and inhibition of protein synthesis were observed. These were associated with a strong up-regulation and dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1. The enhancement of 4E-BP1 expression, which correlated with a threefold increase in the level of the 4E-BP1 transcript, was blocked by inhibitors of reactive oxygen species and the JNK protein kinase. When the expression of 4E-BP1 was reduced by an inducible micro-RNA, TRAIL-mediated apoptosis was inhibited. CONCLUSION These results suggest that 4E-BP1 plays a critical role in the mechanism by which TRAIL and celastrol together cause apoptotic cell death in human pancreatic tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Chakravarthy
- Translational Control Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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Nishioka C, Ikezoe T, Yang J, Nobumoto A, Kataoka S, Tsuda M, Udaka K, Yokoyama A. CD82 regulates STAT5/IL-10 and supports survival of acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:55-64. [PMID: 23797738 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that adhesion molecule CD82 is aberrantly expressed in CD34(+) /CD38(-) leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Here, we report the results of a functional analysis of CD82 in CD34(+) /CD38(-) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells. Short hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated downregulation of CD82 resulted in a decrease in the level of IL-10. In contrast, forced expression of CD82 in CD34(+)/CD38(+) AML cells by transduction with CD82-expressing lentiviral particles resulted in an increase in the levels of IL-10. Notably, exposure of CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells to IL-10 stimulated clonogenic growth of these cells. Moreover, downregulation of CD82 by a shRNA dephosphorylated STAT5 in CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells. On the other hand, forced expression of CD82 resulted in increase in the levels of p-STAT5 in CD34(+)/CD38(+) AML cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay results indicated that STAT5A binds to the promoter region of the IL-10 gene, while reporter gene assay results indicated stimulation of IL-10 expression at the transcriptional level. These results suggest that CD82 positively regulates the STAT5/IL-10 signaling pathway. Moreover, shRNA-mediated downregulation of CD82 expression in CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells dephosphorylated STAT5 in immunodeficient mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the CD82/STAT5/IL-10 signaling pathway is involved in the survival of CD34(+)/CD38(-) AML cells and may thus be a promising therapeutic target for eradication of AML LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nishioka
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8472, Japan
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Apoptosis induced by paclitaxel via Bcl-2, Bax and caspases 3 and 9 activation in NB4 human leukaemia cells is not modulated by ERK inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1101-8. [PMID: 23735541 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the role of pivotal bio-molecules involved in signalling of cytotoxic effects induced by paclitaxel (Ptx) on acute promyelocytic human leukaemia NB4 cells. A time-dependent increase in cell death and DNA cleavage was observed after 30μM Ptx treatment. Cell death induction by Ptx proceeds mainly as programmed cell death as shown by annexin V-FITC, reaching up to 30% of apoptotic cells after 24h. Significant reductions of p53, changes in Bax and Bcl-2 and activation of caspases 3 and 9 were observed as the treatment was applied for long times. Ptx treatments produced NFkB depletion with expression levels abolished at 19h what could be involved in reduction of survival signals. Phosphorylation of intracellular kinases showed that pERK1/2 decreased significantly at 19h of Ptx treatment. When these cells were preincubated for 90min with 20μM PD98059, 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone, an inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation, a slight reduction of cell viability was observed in comparison to that produced by Ptx alone. Pretreatment with PD98059 neither activated caspases nor significantly increased the apoptotic effect of Ptx. Taken together, our data reveal that the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation does not seem to be an essential pathway for bursting an increased induction of apoptosis by Ptx. Decrease of p53 and Bcl-2, fragmentation of DNA, increase of Bax and, finally, activation of caspases 3 and 9 in NB4 leukaemia cells make the apoptotic process induced by Ptx irreversible. Application of Ptx in leukaemia cells shows therefore a promising potential with particular effects on different leukaemia cell types.
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Hermanson DL, Das SG, Li Y, Xing C. Overexpression of Mcl-1 confers multidrug resistance, whereas topoisomerase IIβ downregulation introduces mitoxantrone-specific drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:236-43. [PMID: 23696245 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.086140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a serious challenge in cancer treatment and can be acquired through multiple mechanisms. These molecular changes may introduce varied extents of resistance to different therapies and need to be characterized for optimal therapy choice. A recently discovered small molecule, ethyl-2-amino-6-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate) (CXL017), reveals selective cytotoxicity toward drug-resistant leukemia. A drug-resistant acute myeloid leukemia cell line, HL60/MX2, also failed to acquire resistance to CXL017 upon chronic exposure and regained sensitivity toward standard therapies. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for HL60/MX2 cells' drug resistance and the molecular basis for its resensitization. Results show that the HL60/MX2 cell line has an elevated level of Mcl-1 protein relative to the parental cell line, HL60, and its resensitized cell line, HL60/MX2/CXL017, whereas it has a reduced level of topoisomerase IIβ. Mcl-1 overexpression in HL60/MX2 cells is mainly regulated through phospho-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2-mediated Mcl-1 stabilization, whereas the reduction of topoisomerase IIβ in HL60/MX2 cells is controlled through genetic downregulation. Upregulating Mcl-1 introduces multidrug resistance to standard therapies, whereas its downregulation results in significant cell death. Downregulating topoisomerase IIβ confers resistance specifically to mitoxantrone, not to other topoisomerase II inhibitors. Overall, these data suggest that Mcl-1 overexpression is a critical determinant for cross-resistance to standard therapies, whereas topoisomerase IIβ downregulation is specific to mitoxantrone resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hermanson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Gan-Lu-Yin Inhibits Proliferation and Migration of Murine WEHI-3 Leukemia Cells and Tumor Growth in BALB/C Allograft Tumor Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:684071. [PMID: 23573143 PMCID: PMC3613066 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the antitumor effect of Gan-Lu-Yin (GLY), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, on leukemia. Ethanolic extract of GLY was applied to evaluate its regulatory mechanisms in proliferation, migration, and differentiation of WEHI-3 leukemic cells as well as antitumor effect on BALB/c mice model. The results showed that GLY markedly reduced cell proliferation and migration with induced differentiation of WEHI-3 cells. The expression level of phosphorylated FAK, Akt, ERK1/2, and Rb was decreased p21 expression while level was increased in WEHI-3 treated with GLY. The results of cell cycle analysis revealed that GLY treatment could markedly induce G1 phase arrest and decrease cell population in S phase. Moreover, experimental results demonstrated that GLY decreased the protein expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. GLY treatment also reduced WEHI-3 leukemic infiltration in liver and spleen and tumor growth in animal model. Accordingly, GLY demonstrated an inhibitory effect on tumor growth with a regulatory mechanism partially through inhibiting FAK, Akt, and ERK expression in WEHI-3 cells. GLY may provide a promising antileukemic approach in the clinical application.
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Kong X, Moran MS, Zhao Y, Yang Q. Inhibition of metadherin sensitizes breast cancer cells to AZD6244. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:43-9. [PMID: 22336587 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.1.18868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of systemic therapy drug resistance for breast cancer treatment is an ongoing problem, thus, so are the potential molecular mechanisms of it. AZD6244 is a novel ATP-uncompetitive inhibitor to MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2 which has been demonstrated to be potent, selective and safe in the clinical trials and previous studies. However, the precise role of resistance to AZD6244 is largely unknown. We and other groups have reported that the novel oncogene Metadherin (MTDH) is associated with multiple drug resistance, but there is no report about its role in treatment of AZD6244. Here we report that the resistance to AZD6244 can be reserved by downregulating MTDH in breast cancer cell lines. When the MTDH was downregulated, the breast cancer cells exhibited a significantly increased sensitivity to AZD6244 as measured by MTT assay. After treated with AZD6244 the MTDH-knockdown cells showed more apoptosis rate and growth inhibition. We also showed that knockdown of MTDH cannot only increase expression of FOXO3a but also activate it by promoting its translocation via MTDH/ERK1/2/FOXO3a pathway rather than MTDH/AKT/FOXO3a pathway. In conclusion knockdown MTDH can enhance the breast cancer cells sensitivity to AZD6244 via regulating the expression and activity of FOXO3a. These indicate us that MTDH is a candidate marker to predict the clinical efficacy of AZD6244 and targeting MTDH could overcome the resistance to AZD6244 in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Kong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Shandong, China
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19
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Ikezoe T, Yang J, Nishioka C, Honda G, Furihata M, Yokoyama A. Thrombomodulin protects endothelial cells from a calcineurin inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity by upregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/myeloid leukemia cell-1 signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2259-70. [PMID: 22796578 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.251157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have recently reported that recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) counteracted capillary leakage associated with engraftment, as well as sinusoidal obstructive syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These observations prompted us to explore whether rTM possessed cytoprotective effects on endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to rTM induced expression of antiapoptotic protein myeloid leukemia cell-1 through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in these cells. Additional studies found that exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to cyclosporine A and FK506, an immunosuppressant used for the individuals receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, induced apoptosis, which was attenuated when human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to these agents in the presence of rTM. Further studies using deletion mutants of thrombomodulin (TM) identified that the epidermal growth factor domain of TM possessed cytoprotective effects. A single nucleotide substitution at codon 376 or 424 of TM, which impairs the ability of TM to produce activated protein C or bind to thrombin, respectively, did not hamper the cytoprotective effects of TM, which suggested that cytoprotective effects of rTM were distinctive from those of activated protein C. CONCLUSIONS TM may be useful for prevention, as well as treatment of endothelial cell damage after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Naka K, Ooshio T, Muraguchi T, Sugiyama N, Soga T, Araki K, Yamamura KI, Hirao A. mTORC1 is essential for leukemia propagation but not stem cell self-renewal. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2114-29. [PMID: 22622041 DOI: 10.1172/jci62279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dysregulation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes leukemogenesis, how mTORC1 affects established leukemia is unclear. We investigated the role of mTORC1 in mouse hematopoiesis using a mouse model of conditional deletion of Raptor, an essential component of mTORC1. Raptor deficiency impaired granulocyte and B cell development but did not alter survival or proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. In a mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Raptor deficiency significantly suppressed leukemia progression by causing apoptosis of differentiated, but not undifferentiated, leukemia cells. mTORC1 did not control cell cycle or cell growth in undifferentiated AML cells in vivo. Transplantation of Raptor-deficient undifferentiated AML cells in a limiting dilution revealed that mTORC1 is essential for leukemia initiation. Strikingly, a subset of AML cells with undifferentiated phenotypes survived long-term in the absence of mTORC1 activity. We further demonstrated that the reactivation of mTORC1 in those cells restored their leukemia-initiating capacity. Thus, AML cells lacking mTORC1 activity can self-renew as AML stem cells. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how residual tumor cells circumvent anticancer therapies and drive tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoshii
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Natarajan PL, Narayanan S. Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate the production of B-cell lymphoma 2 protein by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in monocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:938-50. [PMID: 22022968 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the levels of antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein has been reported in murine and human tuberculosis. We investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the production of Bcl-2 protein in THP-1 human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and H37Ra. Analysis of phosphorylation profiles of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1, extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; B-cell lymphoma 2 kinetics; and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion levels showed variation between the two strains. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv induced higher Bcl-2 and lower TNF-α levels, whereas H37Ra the reverse. The strains also differed in their usage of CD14 and human leukocyte antigen-DR receptors in mediating extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv- and H37Ra-induced Bcl-2 production was reduced by specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (PD98059) and p38 (SB203580), but increased by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibitor (BAY 11-7082). TNF-α production by both strains was reduced in the presence of specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (PD98059), p38 (SB203580), and NF-κB (BAY 11-7082). Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB was accompanied by an increase in strain-induced extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Collectively, these results indicate for the first time that the production of Bcl-2 and TNF-α by M. tuberculosis H37Rv/H37Ra-infected THP-1 human monocytes is mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Natarajan
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai, India
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The novel anti-MEK small molecule AZD6244 induces BIM-dependent and AKT-independent apoptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011; 118:1052-61. [PMID: 21628402 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-340109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has been largely unexplored as a potential therapeutic target in lymphoma. The novel 2nd generation anti-MEK small molecule, AZD6244, down-regulated its direct downstream target, phospho-ERK (pERK) in germinal center and nongerminal center diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines and primary cells. Similar decreased pERK levels were noted despite constitutive activation (CA) of MEK. Consequently, several lymphoma-related ERK substrates were down-regulated by AZD6244 including MCT-1, c-Myc, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and CDK1/2. AZD6244 induced time- and dose-dependent antiproliferation and apoptosis in all DLBCL cell lines and fresh/primary cells (IC(50) 100nM-300nM). Furthermore, AZD6244 resulted in significantly less tumor compared with control in an in vivo DLBCL SCID xenograft model. Cell death was associated with cleaved PARP, caspases-8, -9, and -3, and apoptosis was caspase-dependent. In addition, there was stabilization of FoxO3a, activation of BIM and PUMA, and a significant decrease in c-Myc transcripts. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of BIM abrogated AZD6244-related apoptosis, while shRNA knockdown of ERK minimally sensitized cells. Finally, manipulation of AKT with transfection of OCI-LY3 cells with CA-AKT or through chemical inhibition (LY294002) had minimal effect on AZD6244-induced cell death. Altogether, these findings show that the novel anti-MEK agent, AZD6244, induced apoptosis in DLBCL and that cell death was BIM-dependent.
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Nishioka C, Ikezoe T, Yang J, Udaka K, Yokoyama A. Simultaneous inhibition of DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase induces p53-independent apoptosis via down-regulation of Mcl-1 in acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2011; 35:932-9. [PMID: 21550660 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently established the MV4-11 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) subline, designated as MV4-11 TP53 R248W, which possesses a missense mutation (CGG→TGG; R248W) in the TP53 gene, leading to inactivation of this transcription factor. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzadC) induced apoptosis in MV4-11, but not in MV4-11 TP53 R248W cells. Another class of anti-epigenetic agent histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) inhibited the proliferation of both MV4-11 and MV4-11 TP53 R248W cells. Notably, when 5-AzadC was combined with HDACI MS-275, apoptosis in MV4-11 TP53 R248W cells was significantly enhanced in parallel with activation of the caspase cascade, up-regulation of p21waf1 and γ-H2AX, and down-regulation of Mcl-1. Interestingly, inhibition of caspase 3 by the pan-caspase inhibitor attenuated the combination of 5-AzadC and MS-275-mediated apoptosis and down-regulation of Mcl-1 in MV4-11 TP53 R248W cells. Moreover, down-regulation of p21waf1 in MV4-11 R248W cells by a small interfering RNA blunted activation of caspase 3 after exposure to the combination of 5-AzadC and MS-275, indicating the role of p21waf1 to activate caspase 3. Taken together, TP53-independent up-regulation of p21waf1 activates caspase 3 and down-regulates Mcl-1 in AML cells. Combination of 5-AzadC and MS-275 may be a promising treatment strategy for individuals with leukemia in which TP53 is inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nishioka
- Department of immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Interruption of the MEK/ERK signaling cascade promotes dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis 2011; 16:511-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Rahman MK, Midtling EH, Svingen PA, Xiong Y, Bell MP, Tung J, Smyrk T, Egan LJ, Faubion WA. The pathogen recognition receptor NOD2 regulates human FOXP3+ T cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:7247-56. [PMID: 20483763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression of pathogen recognition receptors in human FOXP3+ T regulatory cells is established, yet the function of these receptors is currently obscure. In the process of studying the function of both peripheral and lamina propria FOXP3+ lymphocytes in patients with the human inflammatory bowel disease Crohn's disease, we observed a clear deficiency in the quantity of FOXP3+ lymphocytes in patients with disease-associated polymorphisms in the pathogen recognition receptor gene NOD2. Subsequently, we determined that the NOD2 ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), activates NF-kappaB in primary human FOXP3+ T cells. This activation is functionally relevant, as MDP-stimulated human FOXP3+ T cells are protected from death receptor Fas-mediated apoptosis. Importantly, apoptosis protection was not evident in MDP-stimulated FOXP3+ T cells isolated from a patient with the disease-associated polymorphism. Thus, we propose that one function of pathogen recognition receptors in human T regulatory cells is the protection against death receptor-mediated apoptosis in a Fas ligand-rich environment, such as that of the inflamed intestinal subepithelial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher K Rahman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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