1
|
Yang S, Zeng J, Yu J, Sun R, Tuo Y, Bai H. Insights into Chlamydia Development and Host Cells Response. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1302. [PMID: 39065071 PMCID: PMC11279054 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia infections commonly afflict both humans and animals, resulting in significant morbidity and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden worldwide. As an obligate intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia interacts with other cell organelles to obtain necessary nutrients and establishes an intracellular niche for the development of a biphasic intracellular cycle. Eventually, the host cells undergo lysis or extrusion, releasing infectious elementary bodies and facilitating the spread of infection. This review provides insights into Chlamydia development and host cell responses, summarizing the latest research on the biphasic developmental cycle, nutrient acquisition, intracellular metabolism, host cell fates following Chlamydia invasion, prevalent diseases associated with Chlamydia infection, treatment options, and vaccine prevention strategies. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms will contribute to a deeper comprehension of the intricate equilibrium between Chlamydia within host cells and the progression of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (The Educational Ministry of China), Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (R.S.); (Y.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lei W, Wen Y, Yang Y, Liu S, Li Z. Chlamydia trachomatis T3SS Effector CT622 Induces Proinflammatory Cytokines Through TLR2/TLR4-Mediated MAPK/NF-κB Pathways in THP-1 Cells. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1637-1647. [PMID: 38147361 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with the induction of the host inflammatory response; however, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS CT622, a T3SS effector protein, has an important role in the pathogenesis of C trachomatis; however, whether CT622 can induce a host inflammatory response is not understood. Our findings demonstrate that CT622 induces the expression of interleukins 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8). Mechanistically, these effects involve the activation of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor κB). RESULTS Interestingly, we demonstrated that the suppression of toll-like receptor 4 using small interfering RNA markedly reduced the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, JNK, and IκBα, concomitant with a significant decrease in IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. Conversely, disruption of toll-like receptor 2 abrogated the CT622-induced upregulation of IL-8 and activation of ERK, whereas IL-6 expression and p38, JNK, and IκBα phosphorylation were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that CT622 contributes to the inflammatory response through the toll-like receptor 2/4-mediated MAPK/NF-κB pathways, which provides insight into the molecular pathology of C trachomatis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Lei
- School of Nursing, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yating Wen
- School of Nursing, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology
| | - Yewei Yang
- School of Nursing, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- School of Nursing, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pathogenic Biology
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheong HC, Sulaiman S, Looi CY, Chang LY, Wong WF. Chlamydia Infection Remodels Host Cell Mitochondria to Alter Energy Metabolism and Subvert Apoptosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1382. [PMID: 37374883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia infection represents an important cause for concern for public health worldwide. Chlamydial infection of the genital tract in females is mostly asymptomatic at the early stage, often manifesting as mucopurulent cervicitis, urethritis, and salpingitis at the later stage; it has been associated with female infertility, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and cervical cancer. As an obligate intracellular bacterium, Chlamydia depends heavily on host cells for nutrient acquisition, energy production, and cell propagation. The current review discusses various strategies utilized by Chlamydia in manipulating the cell metabolism to benefit bacterial propagation and survival through close interaction with the host cell mitochondrial and apoptotic pathway molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sofiah Sulaiman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li-Yen Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Intracellular lifestyle of Chlamydia trachomatis and host-pathogen interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41579-023-00860-y. [PMID: 36788308 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the intracellular lifestyle of Chlamydia trachomatis and how the bacteria establish themselves in the human host. As an obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium with a strongly reduced coding capacity, C. trachomatis depends on the provision of nutrients from the host cell. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of how C. trachomatis establishes its intracellular replication niche, how its metabolism functions in the host cell, how it can defend itself against the cell autonomous and innate immune response and how it overcomes adverse situations through the transition to a persistent state. In particular, we focus on those processes for which a mechanistic understanding has been achieved.
Collapse
|
5
|
The association of Chlamydia trachomatis and human papillomavirus co-infection with abnormal cervical cytology among women in south of Morocco. Microb Pathog 2023; 175:105971. [PMID: 36626946 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence indicates that human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) co-infection increases the risk of developing cervical pathogenesis. This study aims to assess the prevalence and possible risk factors of CT and HPV/CT co-infection in women from South of Morocco with normal and abnormal cytology. METHODS Participants were recruited after signing an informed consent. Cervical samples were collected and analysed for the presence of HPV or CT. Detection of genomic DNA of both pathogens was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction. HPV genotypes defined by Sanger sequencing method. The association between demographic features and co-infection status was determined using a logistic regression model. A possible association between the presence of HPV and CT and cytological abnormality patterns was also investigated. RESULTS We recruited n = 438 women, aged between 18 and 86 years. Around 59% of participants underwent a pap smear test for the first-time. Genomic DNA of HPV, CT and HPV/CT co-infection was detected in 32.3%, 17.7%, and 13.4% of the total samples, respectively. The identified risk factors associated with CT infection were history of sexually transmitted infections and marital status. By contrast, only smoking was found to be associated with HPV/CT co-infection. Evidence showed that co-infection was associated with an increased risk of developing cervical abnormalities (OR 3.18, 95% CI 0.96-9.21; p = 0.040). CONCLUSION HPV and CT rates were high among the studied population. Evidence suggests that HPV/CT co-infected women were more susceptible to developing abnormal cytology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao J, Shui J, Luo L, Ao C, Lin H, Liang Y, Wang L, Wang H, Chen H, Tang S. Identification and characterization of mixed infections of Chlamydia trachomatis via high-throughput sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041789. [PMID: 36439830 PMCID: PMC9687396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise genotyping is necessary to understand epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis infection with different genotypes. Next-generation high-throughput sequencing (NGHTS) has opened new frontiers in microbial genotyping, but has been clinically characterized in only a few settings. This study aimed to determine C. trachomatis genotypes in particular mixed-genotype infections and their association with clinical manifestations and to characterize the sensitivity and accuracy of NGHTS. Cervical specimens were collected from 8,087 subjects from physical examination center (PEC), assisted reproductive technology center (ART) and gynecology clinics (GC) of Chenzhou Hospital of China. The overall prevalence of C. trachomatis was 3.8% (311/8087) whereas a prevalence of 2.8, 3.7 and 4.8% was found in PEC, ART and GC, respectively. The most frequent three C. trachomatis genotypes were E (27.4%, 83/303), F (21.5%, 65/303) and J (18.2%, 55/303). Moreover, NGHTS identified 20 (6.6%, 20/303) mixed-genotype infections of C. trachomatis. Genotype G was more often observed in the subjects with pelvic inflammatory disease than genotype E (adjusted OR = 3.61, 95%CI, 1.02–12.8, p = 0.046). Mixed-genotype infection was associated with severe vaginal cleanliness (degree IV) with an adjusted OR of 5.17 (95%CI 1.03–25.9, p = 0.046) whereas mixed-genotype infection with large proportion of minor genotypes was associated with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) with an adjusted OR of 5.51 (95%CI 1.17–26.01, p = 0.031). Our results indicated that NGHTS is a feasible tool to identity C. trachomatis mixed-genotype infections, which may be associated with worse vaginal cleanliness and cervical SIL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lipei Luo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No. 1 People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Cailing Ao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhao Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No. 1 People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No. 1 People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Chen, ; Shixing Tang,
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Chen, ; Shixing Tang,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu X, Xu Q, Chen W, Mai Z, Mo L, Su X, Ou J, Lan Y, Zheng H, Xue Y. Rhein inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection by regulating pathogen-host cell. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1002029. [PMID: 36238249 PMCID: PMC9552556 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection increased rapidly as the primary available treatment of C. trachomatis infection being the use of antibiotics. However, the development of antibiotics resistant stain and other treatment failures are often observed in patients. Consequently, novel therapeutics are urgently required. Rhein is a monomer derivative of anthraquinone compounds with an anti-infection activity. This study investigated the effects of rhein on treating C. trachomatis infection. Rhein showed significant inhibitory effects on the growth of C. trachomatis in multiple serovars of C. trachomatis, including D, E, F and L1, and in various host cells, including HeLa, McCoy and Vero. Rhein could not directly inactivate C. trachomatis but could inhibit the growth of C. trachomatis by regulating pathogen-host cell interactions. Combined with azithromycin, the inhibitory effect of rehin was synergistic both in vitro and in vivo. Together these findings suggest that rhein could be developed for the treatment of C. trachomatis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhida Mai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Mo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangli Ou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinyuan Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Heping Zheng
| | - Yaohua Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, China,Yaohua Xue
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Xiang J, Hu X, Wang H, Sun Y. Expression profile screening and bioinformatics analysis of CircRNA, LncRNA, and mRNA in HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia muridarum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:352. [PMID: 35622163 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that circRNAs in host cells are involved in the process of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In this study we aimed to identify significantly altered circRNAs/lncRNAs/mRNAs in Chlamydia muridarum infected cells and investigate their biological functions in the interaction between Chlamydia muridarum and host cells. For this purpose, circRNA, lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles were screened and identified in HeLa cells with or without Chlamydia muridarum infection by microarray. Bioinformatics analyses including Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis were then carried out and the circRNA-miRNA ceRNA network was constructed. The differentially expressed circRNAs and lncRNAs were selected for validation by RT-qPCR. The results shown that a total of 834 circRNAs, 2149 lncRNAs and 1283 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. Enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG showed that the dysregulated genes involved nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, protein binding, RNA catabolic process and translation, the MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway and Notch signaling pathway may play important roles in Chlamydia infection. Our study provides a systematic outlook on the potential function of non-coding RNAs in the molecular basis of Chlamydia infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Junqiu Xiang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yina Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo F, Wen Y, Zhao L, Su S, Lei W, Chen L, Chen C, Huang Q, Li Z. LncRNA ZEB1-AS1/miR-1224-5p / MAP4K4 axis regulates mitochondria-mediated HeLa cell apoptosis in persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Virulence 2022; 13:444-457. [PMID: 35266440 PMCID: PMC8920228 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2044666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of Chlamydia trachomatis is thought to be responsible for the debilitating sequelae of blinding trachoma and infertility. Inhibition of host cell apoptosis is a persistent C. trachomatis infection mechanism. ZEB1-AS1 is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), which was up-regulated in persistent C. trachomatis infection in our previous work. In this study, we investigated the role of ZEB1-AS1 in persistent infection and the potential mechanisms. The results showed that ZEB1-AS1 was involved in the regulation of apoptosis, and targeted silencing of ZEB1-AS1 could increase the apoptosis rate of persistently infected cells. Mechanically, interference ZEB1-AS1 caused an apparent down-regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the repression of the mitochondrial membrane potential with the remarkable release of cytochrome c, resulting in the significant elevation level of caspase-3 activation. Meanwhile, the luciferase reporter assay confirmed that ZEB1-AS1 acted as a sponge for miR-1224-5p to target MAP4K4. The regulatory effect of miR-1224-5p/MAP4K4 on persistent infection-induced antiapoptosis was regulated by ZEB1-AS1. In addition, ZEB1-AS1 inhibited the apoptosis of Chlamydia-infected cells by activating the MAPK/ERK pathway. In conclusion, we found a new molecular mechanism that the ZEB1-AS1/miR-1224-5p/MAP4K4 axis contributes to apoptosis resistance in persistent C. trachomatis infection. This work may help understand the pathogenic mechanisms of persistent C. trachomatis infection and reveal a potential therapeutic strategy for its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China.,College of Medical Technology, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Lanhua Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Qiulin Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang X, Liufu Q, Xu R, Chen X, Liu M, Han J, Guan H, Ma C. Integrating lncRNAs and mRNAs Expression Profiles in Penicillin-Induced Persistent Chlamydial Infection in HeLa Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:744901. [PMID: 35252346 PMCID: PMC8890745 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.744901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is a major etiological agent of sexually transmitted infection. Some stressing conditions can result in persistent chlamydial infection, which is thought to be associated with severe complications including ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as key modulators in many biological processes. Nevertheless, the role of lncRNAs in persistent chlamydial infection is still unclear. In this study, we used lncRNA and mRNA microarray to identify the global lncRNAs and mRNAs expression in penicillin-induced persistent chlamydial infection in HeLa cells as well as the control group (HeLa cells without C. trachomatis infection). Among 1005 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 585 lncRNAs were upregulated and 420 downregulated in persistent chlamydial infection, while 410 mRNAs were identified to express differentially, of which 113 mRNAs were upregulated and 297 downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis with differentially expressed genes were performed. We then constructed the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network. Four mRNAs were validated to be changed by quantitative real-time PCR which were correlated with the microarray result. Integration of protein-protein interaction network was constructed and hub genes were identified. These findings provide a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms of penicillin-induced persistent chlamydial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Liufu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingna Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiande Han
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunguang Ma, ; Hongyu Guan,
| | - Chunguang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunguang Ma, ; Hongyu Guan,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Association of Human Papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis Coinfection with Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions and Cervical Cancer. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-021-00319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Sixt BS. Host cell death during infection with Chlamydia: a double-edged sword. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:5902849. [PMID: 32897321 PMCID: PMC7794043 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylum Chlamydiae constitutes a group of obligate intracellular bacteria that infect a remarkably diverse range of host species. Some representatives are significant pathogens of clinical or veterinary importance. For instance, Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of blindness and the most common bacterial agent of sexually transmitted diseases. Chlamydiae are exceptionally dependent on their eukaryotic host cells as a consequence of their developmental biology. At the same time, host cell death is an integral part of the chlamydial infection cycle. It is therefore not surprising that the bacteria have evolved exquisite and versatile strategies to modulate host cell survival and death programs to their advantage. The recent introduction of tools for genetic modification of Chlamydia spp., in combination with our increasing awareness of the complexity of regulated cell death in eukaryotic cells, and in particular of its connections to cell-intrinsic immunity, has revived the interest in this virulence trait. However, recent advances also challenged long-standing assumptions and highlighted major knowledge gaps. This review summarizes current knowledge in the field and discusses possible directions for future research, which could lead us to a deeper understanding of Chlamydia's virulence strategies and may even inspire novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Sixt
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ambroxol Treatment Suppresses the Proliferation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Murine Lungs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040880. [PMID: 33924075 PMCID: PMC8074272 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambroxol (Ax) is used as a mucolytics in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Ax, at a general dose for humans, does not alter Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in mice. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-chlamydial effect of Ax at a concentration four timed higher than that used in human medicine. Mice were infected with C. pneumoniae and 5-mg/kg Ax was administered orally. The number of recoverable C. pneumoniae inclusion-forming units (IFUs) in Ax-treated mice was significantly lower than that in untreated mice. mRNA expression levels of several cytokines, including interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-23, IL-17F, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and surfactant protein (SP)-A, increased in infected mice treated with Ax. The IFN-γ protein expression levels were also significantly higher in infected and Ax-treated mice. Furthermore, the in vitro results suggested that the ERK 1/2 activity was decreased, which is essential for the C. pneumoniae replication. SP-A and SP-D treatments significantly decreased the number of viable C. pneumoniae IFUs and significantly increased the attachment of C. pneumoniae to macrophage cells. Based on our results, a dose of 5 mg/kg of Ax exhibited an anti-chlamydial effect in mice, probably an immunomodulating effect, and may be used as supporting drug in respiratory infections caused by C. pneumoniae.
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu L, Chen X, Tang T, Chen L, Huang Q, Li Z, Bai Q, Chen L. Analysis of microRNA expression profiles in human bronchial epithelial cells infected by Chlamydia psittaci. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104837. [PMID: 33689813 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia psittaci is a pathogen of birds that can cause zoonotic disease in mammals including pneumonia in humans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA fragments with a length of about 22 nt, which play an important role in regulating gene expression after transcription. Chlamydia infection can cause changes in host cell miRNA expression, but the potential biological function of miRNAs in C. psittaci infection and pathogenesis is not well understood. METHODS Small RNA sequencing (sRNA-Seq) technology was used to characterise miRNA expression in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells after C. psittaci infection, and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. Candidate target genes for these miRNAs were then functionally annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. The sRNA-Seq results were partially validated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and miRNA-target networks were constructed using visualization software. RESULTS We identified 151 differentially expressed miRNAs (46 known miRNAs and 105 novel miRNAs) in C. psittaci-infected HBE cells, of which 140 were upregulated and 11 were downregulated. Of these, 17 known miRNAs were significantly upregulated and two were downregulated using P < 0.05 and |log2FoldChange|>1.5 as threshold criteria. GO enrichment results showed that the predicted targets of these differentially expressed miRNAs were mainly involved in transcriptional regulation and ATP binding. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the candidate target genes were involved in several important signaling pathways such as MAPK, ErbB, cGMP-PKG, cAMP, mTOR, GNRH, oxytocin, PI3K-Akt and AMPK, which are primarily related to biological processes such as transcription and signal transduction. The qRT-PCR results for miR-2116-3p, miR-3195, miR-663a, miR-10401-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-184, miR-744-5p and hsa-miR-514b-5p were consistent with the sRNA-Seq data. CONCLUSIONS A large amount of miRNA expression profile data relating to C. psittaci infection was obtained, which provides a useful experimental and theoretical basis for further understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of C. psittaci infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Liu
- Department of public health laboratory sciences, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of public health laboratory sciences, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Department of public health laboratory sciences, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China; Department of Infection Control, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of public health laboratory sciences, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- Department of public health laboratory sciences, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- Department of public health laboratory sciences, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of public health laboratory sciences, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hijacking and Use of Host Kinases by Chlamydiae. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121034. [PMID: 33321710 PMCID: PMC7763869 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia species are causative agents of sexually transmitted infections, blinding trachoma, and animal infections with zoonotic potential. Being an obligate intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia relies on the host cell for its survival and development, subverting various host cell processes throughout the infection cycle. A key subset of host proteins utilized by Chlamydia include an assortment of host kinase signaling networks which are vital for many chlamydial processes including entry, nutrient acquisition, and suppression of host cell apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in our understanding of host kinase subversion by Chlamydia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wen Y, Luo F, Zhao Y, Su S, Shu M, Li Z. Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded protein pORF5 activates unfolded protein response to induce autophagy via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:805-810. [PMID: 32446560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an obligate intracellular organism that depends on nutrients from the host cell for their replication and proliferation. Therefore, the interaction between this pathogen and host induces sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the infected cells. Unfolded protein response (UPR) has been demonstrated to be activated by chlamydial secreted effectors, allowing host cells to recover from the stressful state. In this study, we attempted to explore the role of the only secreted plasmid-encoded protein pORF5 of C. trachomatis between UPR and autophagy induction. The results showed that three branches of UPR (PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) were activated by pORF5. pORF5-induced autophagy was repressed by UPR inhibitors GSK2606414 and 4μ8C, while the autophagy inhibition was failed to influence pORF5-induced UPR significantly. MAPK/ERK inhibitor PD98059 partially suppressed the pORF5-induced autophagy, but had little effect on UPR, indicating that pORF5 actives UPR to induce autophagy via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. These observations provide clues on how the host maintains the cellular homeostasis during C. trachomatis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Fangzhen Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Mingyi Shu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Y, Hu C, Sun Y, Wu H, Chen X, Liu Q. Identification of differentially expressed circular RNAs in HeLa cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5610218. [PMID: 31665272 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to have important roles in many diseases; however, no study has indicated circRNAs are involved in Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In this study, we used circRNA microarray to measure the global circRNA expression profiles in HeLa cells with or without C. trachomatis serovar E (Ct.E) infection. CircRNA/miRNA/mRNA interactions were predicted and bioinformatics analyses were performed. The differentially expressed circRNAs were selected according to our criterion for validation by reverse-transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The mRNA microarray was used to detect the mRNA expression profiles after Ct.E infection. Among 853 differentially expressed circRNAs, 453 were upregulated and 400 were downregulated after Ct.E infection. Target miRNAs and miRNA-targeted mRNAs of these circRNAs were predicted. RT-qPCR analysis indicated hsa_circRNA_001226, hsa_circRNA_007046 and hsa_circRNA_400027 were elevated similar to those determined in the circRNA microarray analysis. The mRNA microarray results showed 915 genes were upregulated and 619 genes were downregulated after Ct.E infection. Thirty-four differentially expressed genes overlapped in the bioinformatics and mRNA microarray results. KEGG pathway analysis revealed several signaling pathways, including endocytosis, MAPK and PI3P-Akt signaling pathways, that were targeted by circRNAs may play important roles in Chlamydia infection. This study provides evidence that circRNAs in host cells are involved in the process of Chlamydia infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,154 Anshan Road,Heping District,Tianjin,300052, China
| | - Chunmin Hu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,154 Anshan Road,Heping District,Tianjin,300052, China
| | - Yina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University,22 Qixiangtai Road,Heping District, Tianjin,300070, China
| | - Haoqing Wu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,154 Anshan Road,Heping District,Tianjin,300052, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University,22 Qixiangtai Road,Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Quanzhong Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,154 Anshan Road,Heping District,Tianjin,300052, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Luo F, Shu M, Gong S, Wen Y, He B, Su S, Li Z. Antiapoptotic activity of Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 protein involves activation of the ERK1/2 pathway mediated by upregulation of DJ-1 protein. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5714752. [PMID: 31971555 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis has evolved strategies to prevent host cell apoptosis to evade the host immune defense. However, the precise mechanisms of antiapoptotic activity of C. trachomatis still need to be clarified. Pgp3, one of eight plasmid proteins of C. trachomatis, has been identified to be closely associated with chlamydial virulence. In this study, we attempted to explore the effects and the mechanisms of Pgp3 protein on apoptosis in HeLa cells; the results showed that Pgp3 increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and prevented caspase-3 activation to suppress apoptosis induced by TNF-α and cycloheximide (CHX) through ERK1/2 pathway activation. Downregulation of DJ-1 with siRNA-DJ-1(si-DJ-1) reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and elevated apoptotic rate significantly in Pgp3-HeLa cells. However, inhibition of ERK1/2 signal pathway with ERK inhibitor PD98059 had little effect on DJ-1 expression. These findings confirm that plasmid protein Pgp3 contributes to apoptosis resistance through ERK1/2 signal pathway mediated by upregulation of DJ-1 expression. Therefore, the present study provided novel insights into the role of Pgp3 in apoptosis and suggested that manipulation of the host apoptosis response could be a new approach for the prevention and treatment of C. trachomatis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Mingyi Shu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Silu Gong
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Bei He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen H, Wen Y, Li Z. Clear Victory for Chlamydia: The Subversion of Host Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1412. [PMID: 31333596 PMCID: PMC6619438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, members of the Chlamydia genera are the pivotal triggers for a wide range of infections, which can lead to blinding trachoma, pelvic inflammation, and respiratory diseases. Because of their restricted parasitism inside eukaryotic cells, the pathogens have to develop multiple strategies for adaptation with the hostile intracellular environment—intrinsically present in all host cells—to survive. The strategies that are brought into play at different stages of chlamydial development mainly involve interfering with diverse innate immune responses, such as innate immune recognition, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, as well as the manipulation of innate immune cells to serve as potential niches for chlamydial replication. This review will focus on the innate immune responses against chlamydial infection, highlighting the underlying molecular mechanisms used by the Chlamydia spp. to counteract host innate immune defenses. Insights into these subtle pathogenic mechanisms not only provide a rationale for the augmentation of immune responses against chlamydial infection but also open avenues for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms driving the survival of these clinically important pathogens in host innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
He B, Zhao Y, Yang X, Su S, Wen Y, Chen H, Zhou Z, Huang Q, Li Z. Chlamydia trachomatis pORF5 plasmid-encoded protein regulates autophagy and apoptosis of HeLa cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1659183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bei He
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qiulin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Gastric Cancer Research Center of Hunan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Hattori N. Bacteria-Host Interactions in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2966. [PMID: 30564215 PMCID: PMC6288311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Numerous causative factors have been identified that play a role in MS, including exposure to bacteria. Mycobacteria, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and other bacteria have been proposed as risk factors for MS with different mechanisms of action. Conversely, some pathogens may have a protective effect on its etiology. In terms of acquired immunity, molecular mimicry has been hypothesized as the mechanism by which bacterial structures such as DNA, the cell wall, and intracytoplasmic components can activate autoreactive T cells or produce autoantibodies in certain host genetic backgrounds of susceptible individuals. In innate immunity, Toll-like receptors play an essential role in combating invading bacteria, and their activation leads to the release of cytokines or chemokines that mediate effective adaptive immune responses. These receptors may also be involved in central nervous system autoimmunity, and their contribution depends on the infection site and on the pathogen. We have reviewed the current knowledge of the influence of bacteria on MS development, emphasizing the potential mechanisms of action by which bacteria affect MS initiation and/or progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li L, Wang C, Wen Y, Hu Y, Xie Y, Xu M, Liang M, Liu W, Liu L, Wu Y. ERK1/2 and the Bcl-2 Family Proteins Mcl-1, tBid, and Bim Are Involved in Inhibition of Apoptosis During Persistent Chlamydia psittaci Infection. Inflammation 2018; 41:1372-1383. [PMID: 29666982 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular pathogen that can cause zoonosis. Persistent C. psittaci infection can inhibit apoptosis in host cells, thus extending their survival and enabling them to complete their growth cycle. In this study, the antiapoptotic effects of persistent C. psittaci infection, induced by treatment with IFN-γ, were found to be associated with both the death receptor and the mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis. These effects were mediated by Bcl-2 family members, as evidenced by the decreased expression of proapoptotic proteins, such as tBid and Bim. Simultaneously, the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 was upregulated by persistent C. psittaci infection. Increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was observed; however, the expression of Bad, unlike that of other proapoptotic proteins, did not seem to be involved in this process. In summary, persistent chlamydial infection exerts antiapoptotic effects through both the death receptor and the mitochondrial pathways, in a process that is regulated by the ERK1/2 and apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China.,Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuming Hu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Man Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Liangzhuan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China; and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun Y, Zhou P, Chen S, Hu C, Bai Q, Wu H, Chen Y, Zhou P, Zeng X, Liu Z, Chen L. The JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway mediates inhibition of host cell apoptosis by Chlamydia psittaci infection. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4062151. [PMID: 28981630 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway is a key regulator of cell growth, motility, migration, invasion and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Infection with intracellular pathogens of the genus Chlamydia can inhibit host cell apoptosis, and here we asked whether the JAK-STAT3 pathway participates in chlamydial anti-apoptotic activity. We found that, compared with uninfected cells, levels of JAK1 and STAT3 mRNA as well as total and phosphorylated JAK1 and STAT3 protein, were significantly increased in C. psittaci-infected HeLa cells. Moreover, the apoptosis rate of infected cells was higher after treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG-490 (2-cyano-3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-(phenylmethyl)-2-propenamide). Immunoblotting of apoptosis-related proteins showed that C. psittaci infection reduces Bax, but increases Bcl-2, protein levels, resulting in reduced activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9 and PARP; AG490 attenuates these effects. Together, our data suggest that the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway facilitates the anti-apoptotic effect of C. psittaci infection by reducing the Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic switch ratio, and by inhibiting the intracellular activation of key pro-apoptotic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbin Sun
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Medical college, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chunsheng Hu
- Outpatient Department, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Provention, Changsha 421000, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- The second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 421000, China
| | - Pufan Zhou
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xindian Zeng
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ziqing Liu
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Lili Chen
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zou Y, Lei W, Su S, Bu J, Zhu S, Huang Q, Li Z. Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded protein Pgp3 inhibits apoptosis via the PI3K-AKT-mediated MDM2-p53 axis. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:167-176. [PMID: 30132214 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common human pathogen that causes trachoma and sexually transmitted disease, has developed various strategies for inhibiting host cell apoptosis. Activation of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/AKT-mediated MDM2 (murine double minute 2)-p53 pathway plays a prominent role in the apoptosis resistance arising from C. trachomatis infection. However, the precise upstream mechanisms by which C. trachomatis activates this pathway have not been adequately investigated. Here, we reveal that the secreted C. trachomatis plasmid-encoded protein Pgp3 inhibits apoptosis in HeLa cells. This process requires the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby leading to phosphorylation and nuclear entry of MDM2, and p53 degradation. PI3 K inhibitor LY294002 and MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3a block Pgp3-induced inhibition of HeLa cell apoptosis, suggesting a critical role for the PI3K/AKT pathway and its effect on the MDM2-p53 axis in Pgp3 anti-apoptotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Laboratory, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital in Xiangtan, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichang Bu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxin Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital in Xiangtan, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mackern-Oberti JP, Motrich RD, Damiani MT, Saka HA, Quintero CA, Sánchez LR, Moreno-Sosa T, Olivera C, Cuffini C, Rivero VE. Male genital tract immune response against Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Reproduction 2018; 154:R99-R110. [PMID: 28878094 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported agent of sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide. This pathogen frequently leads to persistent, long-term, subclinical infections, which in turn may cause severe pathology in susceptible hosts. This is in part due to the strategies that Chlamydia trachomatis uses to survive within epithelial cells and to evade the host immune response, such as subverting intracellular trafficking, interfering signaling pathways and preventing apoptosis. Innate immune receptors such as toll-like receptors expressed on epithelial and immune cells in the genital tract mediate the recognition of chlamydial molecular patterns. After bacterial recognition, a subset of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are continuously released by epithelial cells. The innate immune response is followed by the initiation of the adaptive response against Chlamydia trachomatis, which in turn may result in T helper 1-mediated protection or in T helper 2-mediated immunopathology. Understanding the molecular mechanisms developed by Chlamydia trachomatis to avoid killing and host immune response would be crucial for designing new therapeutic approaches and developing protective vaccines. In this review, we focus on chlamydial survival strategies and the elicited immune responses in male genital tract infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo. IMBECU-CONICETMendoza, Argentina .,Instituto de Fisiología. Facultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Darío Motrich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Teresa Damiani
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. IHEM-CONICETFacultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Héctor Alex Saka
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Leonardo Rodolfo Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tamara Moreno-Sosa
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo. IMBECU-CONICETMendoza, Argentina
| | - Carolina Olivera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Cuffini
- Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. VanellaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Elena Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología CIBICI-CONICETDepartamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Du K, Zhou M, Li Q, Liu XZ. Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human PBMCs through induction of IL-10. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:240-248. [PMID: 29388547 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research demonstrated that IL-10 was up-regulated in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells and that exogenous IL-10 was able to inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by infected cells. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms for up-regulation of IL-10 and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in C. trachomatis-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODOLOGY Human PBMCs were isolated from the blood of healthy human donors by standard Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. Cells were exposed to C. trachomatis in the presence or absence of MEK inhibitor U0126, the p38 inhibitor SB203580, the STAT3 inhibitor Ruxolitinib or anti-human IL-10 antibody. Cytokines were measured from culture supernatants using ELISA kits. Cells were harvested for real-time quantitative PCR to determine IL-10 mRNA levels and for Western blot assay to detect the expression of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p38, p-p38, STAT3 and p-STAT3. RESULTS Both mRNA and protein levels of IL-10 were up-regulated in stimulated cells, and the production of IL-10 was reduced when cells were treated with U0126 or SB203580. The expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α was enhanced in stimulated cells treated with anti-human IL-10 antibody. Moreover, neutralization of IL-10 resulted in a significant decrease of phosphorylated STAT3 in stimulated cells. Ruxolitinib caused a significant increase in the production of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in stimulated cells. CONCLUSION IL-10 is up-regulated in an ERK- and p38-dependent fashion in stimulated human PBMCs. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating the JAK/STAT signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Du
- Department of clinical laboratory, The first clinical medical college of Yangtze university and the first people's hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of clinical laboratory, The first clinical medical college of Yangtze university and the first people's hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of clinical laboratory, The first clinical medical college of Yangtze university and the first people's hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Zheng Liu
- Department of clinical laboratory, The first clinical medical college of Yangtze university and the first people's hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Karim S, Souho T, Benlemlih M, Bennani B. Cervical Cancer Induction Enhancement Potential of Chlamydia Trachomatis: A Systematic Review. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:1667-1674. [PMID: 29356877 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection is the necessary but not sufficient cause of cervical cancer. Other co-factors are required to induce cell transformation that will evolve to malignant cervical cancer. These co-factors include physical elements, other sexually transmitted infections, and immune response. Chlamydia trachomatis the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection is often asymptomatic but causes various syndromes such as cervicitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. It is established that this bacterium is involved in cell proliferation process and inhibit apoptosis. Furthermore, C. trachomatis may induce chronic inflammation, interfere with immune response by decreasing the number of antigen presenting cells, and reduce the cell-mediated immunity allowing the persistence of HPV. However, it is unclear whether this bacterium plays a particular role in cervical cancer induction. We therefore aimed at enlightening the actual knowledge about the relationship between C. trachomatis and cervical cancer or precursor lesions through a systematic literature review. We summarized and analyzed the epidemiological data on C. trachomatis and its co-infection with HPV and their association to cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safae Karim
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez (FMPF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, USMBA, Fez, Morocco
| | - Tiatou Souho
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo
| | - Mohamed Benlemlih
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, USMBA, Fez, Morocco
| | - Bahia Bennani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez (FMPF), Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco.
- Team of Microorganisms, Genomic and Oncogene Factors, Laboratory of Human Pathology, Biomedicine and Environmental, FMP, USMBA, Fez, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lei W, Li Q, Su S, Bu J, Huang Q, Li Z. Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded protein pORF5 protects mitochondrial function by inducing mitophagy and increasing HMGB1 expression. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:4443198. [PMID: 29040500 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qun Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Shengmei Su
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jichang Bu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qiulin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, No. 69, Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Macleod D, Massae P, Mtuy T, Jeffries D, Roberts CH, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Immunofibrogenic Gene Expression Patterns in Tanzanian Children with Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection, Active Trachoma and Scarring: Baseline Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:406. [PMID: 28966918 PMCID: PMC5605569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the world's leading infectious cause of blindness and remains a significant public health problem. Much of trachomatous disease pathology is thought to be caused indirectly by host cellular and immune responses, however the immune response during active trachoma and how this initiates progressive scarring is not clearly understood. Defining protective vs. pathogenic immune response to C. trachomatis is important for vaccine design and evaluation. This study reports the baseline results of a longitudinal cohort of Tanzanian children, who were monitored for 4 years in order to determine the immunofibrogenic and infectious correlates of progressive scarring trachoma. In this cohort baseline, 506 children aged 6-10 years were assessed for clinical signs, infection status and the expression of 91 genes of interest prior to mass azithromycin administration for trachoma control. C. trachomatis was detected using droplet digital PCR and gene expression was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The prevalence of follicles, papillary inflammation and scarring were 33.6, 31.6, and 28.5%, respectively. C. trachomatis was detected in 78/506 (15.4%) individuals, 62/78 of whom also had follicles. C. trachomatis infection was associated with a strong upregulation of IFNG and IL22, the enrichment of Th1 and NK cell pathways and Th17 cell-associated cytokines. In individuals with inflammation in the absence of infection the IFNG/IL22 and NK cell response was reduced, however, pro-inflammatory, growth and matrix factors remained upregulated and mucins were downregulated. Our data suggest that, strong IFNG/IL22 responses, probably related to Th1 and NK cell involvement, is important for clearance of C. trachomatis and that the residual pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic phenotype that persists after infection might contribute to pathological scarring. Interestingly, females appear more susceptible to developing papillary inflammation and scarring than males, even at this young age, despite comparable levels of C. trachomatis infection. Females also had increased expression of a number of IFNγ pathway related genes relative to males, suggesting that overexpression of this pathway in response to infection might contribute to more severe scarring. Longitudinal investigation of these factors will reveal their relative contributions to protection from C. trachomatis infection and development of scarring complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athumani M Ramadhani
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshi, Tanzania
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshi, Tanzania
| | - David Macleod
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tara Mtuy
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshi, Tanzania
| | - David Jeffries
- Support Services (Statistics), Medical Research Council Unit The GambiaFajara, Gambia
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chowdhury SR, Reimer A, Sharan M, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Eulalio A, Prusty BK, Fraunholz M, Karunakaran K, Rudel T. Chlamydia preserves the mitochondrial network necessary for replication via microRNA-dependent inhibition of fission. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1071-1089. [PMID: 28330939 PMCID: PMC5379946 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are intracellular pathogens that depend on the host for their survival and development. Chowdhury et al. demonstrate that Chlamydia trachomatis infection can prevent mitochondrial fission in primary cells by reducing DRP1 abundance via miR-30c–dependent inhibition of p53. Obligate intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis depend on metabolites of the host cell and thus protect their sole replication niche by interfering with the host cells’ stress response. Here, we investigated the involvement of host microRNAs (miRNAs) in maintaining the viability of C. trachomatis–infected primary human cells. We identified miR-30c-5p as a prominently up-regulated miRNA required for the stable down-regulation of p53, a major suppressor of metabolite supply in C. trachomatis–infected cells. Loss of miR-30c-5p led to the up-regulation of Drp1, a mitochondrial fission regulator and a target gene of p53, which, in turn, severely affected chlamydial growth and had a marked effect on the mitochondrial network. Drp1-induced mitochondrial fragmentation prevented replication of C. trachomatis even in p53-deficient cells. Additionally, Chlamydia maintain mitochondrial integrity during reactive oxygen species–induced stress that occurs naturally during infection. We show that C. trachomatis require mitochondrial ATP for normal development and hence postulate that they preserve mitochondrial integrity through a miR-30c-5p–dependent inhibition of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasija Reimer
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malvika Sharan
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Eulalio
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karthika Karunakaran
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gagnaire A, Nadel B, Raoult D, Neefjes J, Gorvel JP. Collateral damage: insights into bacterial mechanisms that predispose host cells to cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:109-128. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
32
|
Structural Change in Microbiota by a Probiotic Cocktail Enhances the Gut Barrier and Reduces Cancer via TLR2 Signaling in a Rat Model of Colon Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2908-2920. [PMID: 27384052 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural change in the gut microbiota is implicated in cancer. The beneficial modulation of the microbiota composition with probiotics and prebiotics prevents diseases. AIM We investigated the effect of oligofructose-maltodextrin-enriched Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria bifidum, and Bifidobacteria infantum (LBB), on the gut microbiota composition and progression of colorectal cancer. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized, given ampicillin (75 mg/kg), and treated as follows; GCO: normal control; GPR: LBB only; GPC: LBB+ 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH); and GCA: DMH only (cancer control). 16S V4 Pyrosequencing for gut microbiota analysis, tumor studies, and the expression of MUC2, ZO-1, occludin, TLR2, TLR4, caspase 3, COX-2, and β-catenin were conducted at the end of experiment. RESULTS Probiotic LBB treatment altered the gut microbiota. The relative abundance of genera Pseudomonas, Congregibacter, Clostridium, Candidactus spp., Phaeobacter, Escherichia, Helicobacter, and HTCC was decreased (P < 0.05), but the genus Lactobacillus increased (P < 0.05), in LBB treatment than in cancer control. The altered gut microbiota was associated with decreased tumor incidence (80 % in GPC vs. 100 % in GCA, P = 0.0001), tumor volume (GPC 84.23 (42.75-188.4) mm(3) vs. GCA 243 (175.5-344.5) mm(3), P < 0.0001) and tumor multiplicity/count (GPC 2.92 ± 0.26 vs. GCA 6.27 ± 0.41; P < 0.0001). The expression of MUC2, ZO-1, occludin, and TLR2 was increased, but expression of TLR4, caspase 3, Cox-2, and β-catenin was decreased by LBB treatment than in cancer control GCA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Administration of LBB modulates the gut microbiota and reduces colon cancer development by decreasing tumor incidence, multiplicity/count, and volume via enhanced TLR2-improved gut mucosa epithelial barrier integrity and suppression of apoptosis and inflammation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates solely within a membrane-bound vacuole termed an inclusion. Chlamydia seems to perturb multiple cellular processes of the host, such as, rearrangement of the membrane trafficking system for its intracellular multiplication, and inhibition of host cell apoptosis for persistent infection. In an attempt to clarify host factor involvement in apoptosis regulation, we found that inhibition of Caspase-9 restricted, while Apaf-1 promoted, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in HEp-2, HeLa, and mouse epithelial fibroblast (MEF) cells. These opposition contributions to the chlamydial infection were confirmed using caspase-9−/− and apaf-1−/− MEFs. Similar phenomena also appeared in the case of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Interestingly, caspase-9 in apaf-1−/− MEFs was activated by chlamydial infection but during the infection caspase-3 was not activated. That is, caspase-9 was activated without support for multiplication and activation by Apaf-1, and the activated caspase-9 may be physically disconnected from the caspase cascade. This may be partially explained by the observation of caspase-9 accumulation within chlamydial inclusions. The sequestration of caspase-9 by chlamydia seems to result in apoptosis repression, which is crucial for the chlamydial development cycle. Because Apaf-1 shares domains with intracellular innate immune receptor NOD1, it may play a key role in the strategy to regulate chlamydial infection.
Collapse
|
34
|
Li HP, Yuan CL, Zho YC. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits apoptosis involving upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bag-1. J Med Virol 2016; 87:1953-9. [PMID: 26087710 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals and is recognized as a major viral cause of birth defects. HCMV has the ability to establish lifelong persistence and latent infection following primary exposure. Apoptosis is an innate cellular defense response to viral infection. HCMV can block apoptosis in various cell types. Here we show that HCMV promotes survival of human embryonic lung fibroblasts by activating of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Bag-1 is up-regulated in a MAPK/ERK-dependent fashion in infected cells. Depletion of Bag-1 suppresses the antiapoptotic effect of HCMV. Taken together, these data indicate that Bag-1 up-regulation is required to maintain apoptosis resistance in HCMV infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ping Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, HuBei, 434000, China
| | - Cong Ling Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, HuBei, 434000, China
| | - Ying Chun Zho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, HuBei, 434000, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are important causes of human disease for which no effective vaccine exists. These obligate intracellular pathogens replicate in a specialized membrane compartment and use a large arsenal of secreted effectors to survive in the hostile intracellular environment of the host. In this Review, we summarize the progress in decoding the interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts that has been made possible by recent technological advances in chlamydial proteomics and genetics. The field is now poised to decipher the molecular mechanisms that underlie the intimate interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts, which will open up many exciting avenues of research for these medically important pathogens.
Collapse
|
36
|
Messinger JE, Nelton E, Feeney C, Gondek DC. Chlamydia Infection Across Host Species Boundaries Promotes Distinct Sets of Transcribed Anti-Apoptotic Factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:96. [PMID: 26779446 PMCID: PMC4688367 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae, obligate intracellular bacteria, cause significant human and veterinary associated diseases. Having emerged an estimated 700-million years ago, these bacteria have twice adapted to humans as a host species, causing sexually transmitted infection (C. trachomatis) and respiratory associated disease (C. pneumoniae). The principle mechanism of host cell defense against these intracellular bacteria is the induction of cell death via apoptosis. However, in the "arms race" of co-evolution, Chlamydiae have developed mechanisms to promote cell viability and inhibit cell death. Herein we examine the impact of Chlamydiae infection across multiple host species on transcription of anti-apoptotic genes. We found mostly distinct patterns of gene expression (Mcl1 and cIAPs) elicited by each pathogen-host pair indicating Chlamydiae infection across host species boundaries does not induce a universally shared host response. Understanding species specific host-pathogen interactions is paramount to deciphering how potential pathogens become emerging diseases.
Collapse
|
37
|
Jiang P, Zhu T, Xia Z, Gao F, Gu W, Chen X, Yuan T, Yu H. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK signaling blocks hippocampal neurogenesis and impairs cognitive performance in prenatally infected neonatal rats. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:497-509. [PMID: 25721317 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampus endogenous neurogenesis has been postulated to play a favorable role in brain restoration after injury. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have been insufficiently deciphered. Here we investigated the potential regulatory capacity of MAPK/ERK signaling on neurogenesis and the associated cognitive performance in prenatally infected neonatal rats. From our data, intrauterine infection could induce hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and promote endogenous repair by evoking neural stem cell proliferation and survival. We also found intrauterine infection could induce increased levels of p-ERK, p-CREB and BDNF, which might be responsible for the potential endogenous rescue system. Furthermore, inhibition of MAPK/ERK signaling could aggravate hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, decrease neurogenesis, and impair the offspring's cognitive performances and could also down-regulate the levels of p-ERK, p-CREB and BDNF. Our data strongly suggest that the activation of MAPK/ERK signaling may play a significant role in promoting survival of newly generated neural stem cells via an anti-apoptotic mechanism, which may be particularly important in endogenous neuroprotection associated with cognitive performance development in prenatally infected rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sun Y, Liu WZ, Liu T, Feng X, Yang N, Zhou HF. Signaling pathway of MAPK/ERK in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, senescence and apoptosis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 35:600-4. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
39
|
Sarkar A, Möller S, Bhattacharyya A, Behnen M, Rupp J, van Zandbergen G, Solbach W, Laskay T. Mechanisms of apoptosis inhibition in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected neutrophils. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:493-500. [PMID: 26005182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligatory intracellular bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) can survive and multiply in neutrophil granulocytes. Since neutrophils are short living cells, inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis appears to play a major role in the productive infection of neutrophils by C. pneumoniae. In the present study, we have investigated which survival pathways and which events of the apoptotic process are modulated in C. pneumoniae-infected neutrophils. All infection experiments were carried out using primary human neutrophils in vitro. We show that infection with C. pneumoniae activates PI3K/Akt as well as the ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases and present evidence that activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways are essential to initiate the apoptosis delay in C. pneumoniae-infected neutrophils. Both the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways are involved in the maintained expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. In addition, we also showed that the PI3K/Akt pathway leads to the activation of NF-κB-dependent release of IL-8 by infected neutrophils. Infection with C. pneumoniae activates the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 MAPK survival pathways in neutrophils, induces the NF-κB dependent release of IL-8 and leads to the maintenance of Mcl-1 expression in neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Sarkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Sonja Möller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Biological Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
| | - Martina Behnen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Werner Solbach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
DXD motif-dependent and -independent effects of the chlamydia trachomatis cytotoxin CT166. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:621-37. [PMID: 25690695 PMCID: PMC4344646 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative, intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis causes acute and chronic urogenital tract infection, potentially leading to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The only partially characterized cytotoxin CT166 of serovar D exhibits a DXD motif, which is important for the enzymatic activity of many bacterial and mammalian type A glycosyltransferases, leading to the hypothesis that CT166 possess glycosyltransferase activity. CT166-expressing HeLa cells exhibit actin reorganization, including cell rounding, which has been attributed to the inhibition of the Rho-GTPases Rac/Cdc42. Exploiting the glycosylation-sensitive Ras(27H5) antibody, we here show that CT166 induces an epitope change in Ras, resulting in inhibited ERK and PI3K signaling and delayed cell cycle progression. Consistent with the hypothesis that these effects strictly depend on the DXD motif, CT166 with the mutated DXD motif causes neither Ras-ERK inhibition nor delayed cell cycle progression. In contrast, CT166 with the mutated DXD motif is still capable of inhibiting cell migration, suggesting that CT166 with the mutated DXD motif cannot be regarded as inactive in any case. Taken together, CT166 affects various fundamental cellular processes, strongly suggesting its importance for the intracellular survival of chlamydia.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jenkins WD, LeVault K, Sutcliffe S. Chlamydia trachomatis infection: possible cofactor for oropharyngeal cancer development? Oral Oncol 2014; 51:e8-9. [PMID: 25500096 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiley D Jenkins
- Population Health Science Program, Center for Clinical Research, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge St., Springfield, IL 62794-9664, United States.
| | - Kelsey LeVault
- Population Health Science Program, Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge St., Springfield, IL 62794-9664, United States
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Rm. 2-208S, Box 8100, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chlamydia infection depends on a functional MDM2-p53 axis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5201. [PMID: 25392082 PMCID: PMC4243245 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia, a major human bacterial pathogen, assumes effective strategies to protect infected cells against death-inducing stimuli, thereby ensuring completion of its developmental cycle. Paired with its capacity to cause extensive host DNA damage, this poses a potential risk of malignant transformation, consistent with circumstantial epidemiological evidence. Here we reveal a dramatic depletion of p53, a tumor suppressor deregulated in many cancers, during Chlamydia infection. Using biochemical approaches and live imaging of individual cells, we demonstrate that p53 diminution requires phosphorylation of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2; a ubiquitin ligase) and subsequent interaction of phospho-MDM2 with p53 before induced proteasomal degradation. Strikingly, inhibition of the p53-MDM2 interaction is sufficient to disrupt intracellular development of Chlamydia and interferes with the pathogen's anti-apoptotic effect on host cells. This highlights the dependency of the pathogen on a functional MDM2-p53 axis and lends support to a potentially pro-carcinogenic effect of chlamydial infection.
Collapse
|