1
|
Tedesco G, Santarosa M, Maestro R. Beyond self‑eating: Emerging autophagy‑independent functions for the autophagy molecules in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:57. [PMID: 38606507 PMCID: PMC11087037 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that controls organelle quality, removes misfolded or abnormally aggregated proteins and is part of the defense mechanisms against intracellular pathogens. Autophagy contributes to the suppression of tumor initiation by promoting genome stability, cellular integrity, redox balance and proteostasis. On the other hand, once a tumor is established, autophagy can support cancer cell survival and promote epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition. A growing number of molecules involved in autophagy have been identified. In addition to their key canonical activity, several of these molecules, such as ATG5, ATG12 and Beclin‑1, also exert autophagy‑independent functions in a variety of biological processes. The present review aimed to summarize autophagy‑independent functions of molecules of the autophagy machinery and how the activity of these molecules can influence signaling pathways that are deregulated in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tedesco
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I-33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Manuela Santarosa
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I-33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Roberta Maestro
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I-33081 Aviano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Autophagy/Mitophagy Regulated by Ubiquitination: A Promising Pathway in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041112. [PMID: 36831455 PMCID: PMC9954143 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for organismal development, maintenance of energy homeostasis, and quality control of organelles and proteins. As a selective form of autophagy, mitophagy is necessary for effectively eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria. Both autophagy and mitophagy are linked with tumor progression and inhibition. The regulation of mitophagy and autophagy depend upon tumor type and stage. In tumors, mitophagy has dual roles: it removes damaged mitochondria to maintain healthy mitochondria and energy production, which are necessary for tumor growth. In contrast, mitophagy has been shown to inhibit tumor growth by mitigating excessive ROS production, thus preventing mutation and chromosomal instability. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are important modifications that regulate autophagy. Multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs modulate the activity of the autophagy and mitophagy machinery, thereby influencing cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic association between cancer development and autophagy/mitophagy activities regulated by the ubiquitin modification of autophagic proteins. In addition, we discuss the function of multiple proteins involved in autophagy/mitophagy in tumors that may represent potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin YQ, Liu SY, Lv ML, Sun WL. Ambra1 in cancer: implications for clinical oncology. Apoptosis 2022; 27:720-729. [PMID: 35994214 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy protein 1 (Ambra1) is well known to mediate the autophagy process and promote the formation of autophagosomes. In addition, Ambra1 is involved in the execution of apoptosis. A growing number of studies have revealed that this protein modifies the sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs by controlling the balance between autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, Ambra1 is a key factor in regulating the cell cycle, proliferation, invasion and migration. Therefore, it plays a key role in tumorigenesis and progression. Moreover, Ambra1 is highly expressed in a variety of cancers and is closely related to the prognosis of patients. Thus, it appears that Ambra1 has multiple roles in tumorigenesis and progression, which may have implications for clinical oncology. The present review focuses on recent advances in the study of Ambra1, especially the role of the protein in tumorigenesis, progression and effects on anticancer drug sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Qin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cahuzac M, Langlois P, Péant B, Fleury H, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. Pre-activation of autophagy impacts response to olaparib in prostate cancer cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:251. [PMID: 35318456 PMCID: PMC8940895 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays an essential role in DNA repair and is targeted by anticancer therapies using PARP inhibitors (PARPi) such as olaparib. PARPi treatment in prostate cancer (PC) is currently used as a monotherapy or in combination with standard therapies (hormonotherapy) in clinical trials for patients with DNA damage response mutation. Unfortunately, 20% of these patients did not respond to this new treatment. This resistance mechanism in PC is still not well understood. Here, we report that autophagy affects differently the response of PC cell lines to olaparib depending on its activation status. Pre-activation of autophagy before olaparib resulted in an increase of DNA repair activity by homologous recombination (HR) to repair double-strand breaks induced by olaparib and enhanced cell proliferation. When autophagy was activated after olaparib treatment, or completely inhibited, PC cells demonstrated an increased sensitivity to this PARPi. This autophagy-mediated resistance is, in part, regulated by the nuclear localization of sequestrosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62). Decrease of SQSTM1/p62 nuclear localization due to autophagy pre-activation leads to an increase of filamin A (FLNA) protein expression and BRCA1/Rad51 recruitment involved in the HR pathway. Our results reveal that autophagy basal levels may in part determine amenability to PARPi treatment. Pre-activation of autophagy mediates resistance to olaparib by decreasing nuclear SQSTM1/p62, which increases homologous recombination-mediated repair through filamin A expression and BRCA1/Rad51 recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cahuzac
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Langlois
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Péant
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hubert Fleury
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Franzese O, Torino F, Giannetti E, Cioccoloni G, Aquino A, Faraoni I, Fuggetta MP, De Vecchis L, Giuliani A, Kaina B, Bonmassar E. Abscopal Effect and Drug-Induced Xenogenization: A Strategic Alliance in Cancer Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910672. [PMID: 34639014 PMCID: PMC8509363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current state of cancer treatment is still far from being satisfactory considering the strong impairment of patients' quality of life and the high lethality of malignant diseases. Therefore, it is critical for innovative approaches to be tested in the near future. In view of the crucial role that is played by tumor immunity, the present review provides essential information on the immune-mediated effects potentially generated by the interplay between ionizing radiation and cytotoxic antitumor agents when interacting with target malignant cells. Therefore, the radiation-dependent abscopal effect (i.e., a biological effect of ionizing radiation that occurs outside the irradiated field), the influence of cancer chemotherapy on the antigenic pattern of target neoplastic cells, and the immunogenic cell death (ICD) caused by anticancer agents are the main topics of this presentation. It is widely accepted that tumor immunity plays a fundamental role in generating an abscopal effect and that anticancer drugs can profoundly influence not only the host immune responses, but also the immunogenic pattern of malignant cells. Remarkably, several anticancer drugs impact both the abscopal effect and ICD. In addition, certain classes of anticancer agents are able to amplify already expressed tumor-associated antigens (TAA). More importantly, other drugs, especially triazenes, induce the appearance of new tumor neoantigens (TNA), a phenomenon that we termed drug-induced xenogenization (DIX). The adoption of the abscopal effect is proposed as a potential therapeutic modality when properly applied concomitantly with drug-induced increase in tumor cell immunogenicity and ICD. Although little to no preclinical or clinical studies are presently available on this subject, we discuss this issue in terms of potential mechanisms and therapeutic benefits. Upcoming investigations are aimed at evaluating how chemical anticancer drugs, radiation, and immunotherapies are interacting and cooperate in evoking the abscopal effect, tumor xenogenization and ICD, paving the way for new and possibly successful approaches in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- School of Medicine, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (O.F.); (G.C.); (A.A.); (I.F.); (L.D.V.)
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (E.G.)
| | - Elisa Giannetti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (E.G.)
| | - Giorgia Cioccoloni
- School of Medicine, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (O.F.); (G.C.); (A.A.); (I.F.); (L.D.V.)
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | - Angelo Aquino
- School of Medicine, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (O.F.); (G.C.); (A.A.); (I.F.); (L.D.V.)
| | - Isabella Faraoni
- School of Medicine, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (O.F.); (G.C.); (A.A.); (I.F.); (L.D.V.)
| | - Maria Pia Fuggetta
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Liana De Vecchis
- School of Medicine, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (O.F.); (G.C.); (A.A.); (I.F.); (L.D.V.)
| | - Anna Giuliani
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Enzo Bonmassar
- School of Medicine, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (O.F.); (G.C.); (A.A.); (I.F.); (L.D.V.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.F.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Antonioli M, Pagni B, Vescovo T, Ellis R, Cosway B, Rollo F, Bordoni V, Agrati C, Labus M, Covello R, Benevolo M, Ippolito G, Robinson M, Piacentini M, Lovat P, Fimia GM. HPV sensitizes OPSCC cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy through E7-mediated degradation of AMBRA1. Autophagy 2021; 17:2842-2855. [PMID: 33172332 PMCID: PMC8526016 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1847444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is an increasing world health problem with a more favorable prognosis for patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive tumors compared to those with HPV-negative OPSCC. How HPV confers a less aggressive phenotype, however, remains undefined. We demonstrated that HPV-positive OPSCC cells display reduced macroautophagy/autophagy activity, mediated by the ability of HPV-E7 to interact with AMBRA1, to compete with its binding to BECN1 and to trigger its calpain-dependent degradation. Moreover, we have shown that AMBRA1 downregulation and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy sensitized HPV-negative OPSCC cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. Importantly, semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis in primary OPSCCs confirmed that AMBRA1 expression is reduced in HPV-positive compared to HPV-negative tumors. Collectively, these data identify AMBRA1 as a key target of HPV to impair autophagy and propose the targeting of autophagy as a viable therapeutic strategy to improve treatment response of HPV-negative OPSCC.Abbreviations: AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; CDDP: cisplatin (CDDP); FFPE: formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE); HNC: head and neck cancers (HNC); HPV: human papillomavirus (HPV); hrHPV: high risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV); OCSCC: oral cavity squamous carcinomas (OCSSC); OPSCC: oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC); OS: overall survival (OS); qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RB1: RB transcriptional corepressor 1; ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pagni
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vescovo
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Rob Ellis
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- AMLo Biosciences Ltd, the Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Benjamin Cosway
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Francesca Rollo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie Labus
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- AMLo Biosciences Ltd, the Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Renato Covello
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Benevolo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | - Max Robinson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University and Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Penny Lovat
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute and Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- AMLo Biosciences Ltd, the Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Holah NS, El-Dien MMS, Mahmoud SF. Expression of Autophagy Markers Beclin1 and LC3B in Prostatic Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Case-Control Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 17:75-84. [PMID: 35096092 PMCID: PMC8794562 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2021.530887.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Prostatic carcinoma represents the second most common cancer diagnosed in men worldwide after lung cancer and the fourth common male malignancy in Egypt. Autophagy is a natural process that has both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive activities. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Beclin1 and LC3B in prostatic carcinoma. METHODS This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 110 prostate biopsies divided into three groups (55 prostatic carcinomas, 45 pure benign prostatic hyperplasias (BPH), and 10 BPH with adjacent prostatic carcinoma) retrieved from the archive of the Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, in the period between 2017 and 2020. All biopsies were stained for Beclin1 and LC3B antibodies. RESULTS There was a highly significant association between higher Beclin1 and LC3B immunoreactivity score and Gleason score (score 8 and 9) (P=0.002 and 0.000, respectively). Moreover, there was a highly significant direct association between Beclin1 and LC3B expression (r=0.52, P=0.000). Also, there was a significant stepwise increase in Beclin1 positivity among the three studied groups starting from BPH to prostatic carcinoma passing through cases of BPH with neighboring tumor (P=0.000). CONCLUSION From the results obtained in the present study, autophagy markers Beclin1 and LC3B showed upregulation in prostatic carcinoma. Moreover, both were associated with poor prognostic factors. So, it might be necessary to control autophagy flux in prostatic carcinoma. This might be one of the future therapeutic targets for the management of prostatic carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanis S Holah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Serag El-Dien
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Shereen F Mahmoud
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang J, Li Y, Xia S, Li J, Yang Q, Ding K, Zhang H. Sequestosome 1/p62: A multitasker in the regulation of malignant tumor aggression (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:77. [PMID: 34414460 PMCID: PMC8425587 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 is an adapter protein mainly involved in the transportation, degradation and destruction of various proteins that cooperates with components of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. Numerous studies have shown that SQSTM1/p62 functions at multiple levels, including involvement in genetic stability or modification, post-transcriptional regulation and protein function. As a result, SQSTM1/p62 is a versatile protein that is a critical core regulator of tumor cell genetic stability, autophagy, apoptosis and other forms of cell death, malignant growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and chemoradiotherapeutic response, and an indicator of patient prognosis. SQSTM1/p62 regulates these processes via its distinct molecular structure, through which it participates in a variety of activating or inactivating tumor-related and tumor microenvironment-related signaling pathways, particularly positive feedback loops and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related pathways. Therefore, functioning as a proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in various types of cancer and tumor-associated microenvironments, SQSTM1/p62 is capable of promoting or retarding malignant tumor aggression, giving rise to immeasurable effects on tumor occurrence and development, and on patient treatment and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Tang
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Shuli Xia
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jinfan Li
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu J, Yuan B, Cao J, Luo H, Gu S, Zhang M, Ding R, Zhang L, Zhou F, Hung MC, Xu P, Lin X, Jin J, Feng XH. AMBRA1 promotes TGF-β signaling via non-proteolytic polyubiquitylation of Smad4. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5007-5020. [PMID: 34362797 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is pro-metastatic in advanced cancers and its biological activities are mainly mediated by the Smad family of proteins. Smad4 is the central signal transducer and transcription factor in the TGF-β pathway, yet the underlying mechanisms that govern transcriptional activities of Smad4 are not fully understood. Here, we show that AMBRA1, a member of the DDB1 and CUL4-associated factor (DCAF) family of proteins, serves as the substrate receptor for Smad4 in the CUL4-RING (CRL4) ubiquitin ligase complex. The CRL4-AMBRA1 ubiquitin ligase mediates non-proteolytic polyubiquitylation of Smad4 to enhance its transcriptional functions. Consequently, AMBRA1 potentiated TGF-β signaling and critically promoted TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Mouse models of breast cancer demonstrated that AMBRA1 promotes metastasis. Collectively, these results show that CRL4-AMBRA1 facilitates TGF-β-driven metastasis by increasing Smad4 polyubiquitylation, suggesting AMBRA1 may serve as a new therapeutic target in metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Bo Yuan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University
| | - Jin Cao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Hongjie Luo
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Shuchen Gu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University
| | - Ran Ding
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University
| | | | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu W, Dong Y, Cui Q, Wang Y, Yang X, Cai X, Zhang M. High Expression of Citron Kinase Contributes to the Development of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:628547. [PMID: 34305997 PMCID: PMC8292831 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.628547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the role and potential regulatory mechanism of citron kinase (CIT) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Citron kinase (CIT) expression in ESCC tissues was analyzed based on the microarray dataset GSE20347, and CIT expression in ESCC cell lines was analyzed. Eca-109 cells were lentivirally transfected with shRNA-CIT (LV-shCIT) to knock down CIT, followed by investigation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nude mouse xenograft experiments were performed to evaluate the tumorigenicity of CIT-knockdown Eca-109 cells. Microarray analysis of Eca-109 cells transfected with LV-shCIT or LV-shNC and subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were performed to identify CIT-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways. Furthermore, the expression of key DEGs was validated using the clinical samples of ESCC. Results Citron kinase (CIT) was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of CIT suppressed Eca-109 cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, CIT knockdown significantly reduced tumorigenicity of Eca-109 cells in vivo. Microarray and IPA analysis showed that signaling by the Rho family GTPases pathway was significantly activated, and CIT intrinsically interacted with the protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 (PRKAA1), sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), and interleukin 6 (IL6). Notably, the expression levels of PRKAA1 and SQSTM1 were upregulated in ESCC tissues, while the IL6 expression was downregulated. Conclusion Our findings confirm that CIT functions as an oncogene in ESCC. CIT may contribute to ESCC development by upregulating PRKAA1 and SQSTM1 as well as downregulating IL6. Citron kinase may serve as a promising therapeutic target for ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Lu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital and Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Cui
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital and Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwen Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyue Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agarwal V, Yadav SS, Kumar S, Mehta N, Talwar G, Qadri J, Sarwar S. Evaluating the role of extracellular vesicles as a biomarker under transmission electron microscope in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia patients. Urologia 2021; 89:210-215. [PMID: 34024220 DOI: 10.1177/03915603211018677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To our knowledge, EVs (extracellular vesicles) are heterogenous encapsulated nanoparticles generated by the biological cells. EVs can be found in blood, urine and tissue of origin. They contain DNAs, RNAs, proteins specific to the cell of origin. It has been found that in PCa, increase in number of EVs can modulate phenotype and function of the recipient cells. METHODS This prospective randomized double-blind pilot study was conducted in the SMS Medical College, Jaipur in collaboration with All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. For morphometric analysis, the number of extracellular vesicles per micrograph were counted under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS Out of 16 patients taken in our study, six were in group 1 (BPH group) and 10 were in group 2 (PCa group). The mean number of EVs was significantly higher in the cells of group 2 in comparison to the group 1. Among the PCa patients, mean number of EVs were 25, 30, 35, 43, 46 for the Gleason score 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 respectively. In our study the mean number of EVs in the newly diagnosed PCa group was less as compared to the CSPC and CRPC group. CONCLUSIONS EVs are membrane bound particles shed regularly from the cells in the extracellular milieu under normal physiological and pathological conditions. In our study the number of EVs were more in the PCa cells in comparison with the BPH cells and among the PCa cells they bear a positive correlation with the Gleason score, thus EVs have the potential to become a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibhore Agarwal
- Urology Resident, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sher Singh Yadav
- Urology Department, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Nishkarsh Mehta
- Urology Resident, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Javed Qadri
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Cells use mitophagy to remove dysfunctional or excess mitochondria, frequently in response to imposed stresses, such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Mitochondrial cargo receptors (MCR) induced by these stresses target mitochondria to autophagosomes through interaction with members of the LC3/GABARAP family. There are a growing number of these MCRs, including BNIP3, BNIP3L, FUNDC1, Bcl2-L-13, FKBP8, Prohibitin-2, and others, in addition to mitochondrial protein targets of PINK1/Parkin phospho-ubiquitination. There is also an emerging link between mitochondrial lipid signaling and mitophagy where ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and cardiolipin have all been shown to promote mitophagy. Here, we review the upstream signaling mechanisms that regulate mitophagy, including components of the mitochondrial fission machinery, AMPK, ATF4, FoxOs, Sirtuins, and mtDNA release, and address the significance of these pathways for stress responses in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In particular, we focus on how mitophagy modulators intersect with cell cycle control and survival pathways in cancer, including following ECM detachment and during cell migration and metastasis. Finally, we interrogate how mitophagy affects tissue atrophy during cancer cachexia and therapy responses in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan P Poole
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Weng SW, Liu TT, Eng HL, You HL, Huang WT. Autophagy Plays a Role in the CUL4A-Related Poor Prognosis of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:602714. [PMID: 34257560 PMCID: PMC8262180 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.602714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CUL4A regulate the termination of autophagy in a physical process. However, the relationship between CUL4A and autophagy in cancer is unclear. We retrospectively investigated 99 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) cases. Whole sections were used for immunohistochemical analysis for p62, and LC3B expression. Q-score was defined as the sum of the labeling intensity and proportion. The cut-off point for immunoreactivity was set. CUL4A was overexpressed in cell lines and autophagy reflux was compared after manipulation. The iCCA cases with CUL4A overexpression had significantly higher prevalence of intact activated autophagy (42.4 vs. 15.2%; p = 0.003), which was significantly associated with advance tumor stage (34.1% vs. 15.4%; p = 0.032), less extensive necrosis (8.3 vs. 49.3%; p < 0.001), and shortened disease-free survival (mean, 19.6 vs. 65.5 months, p = 0.015). In vitro, iCCA cells with CUL4A overexpression significantly increased LC3II level as compared to the cells under basal condition. Although both cell types showed intact autophagy with increased LC3II expression after bafilomycin A1 treatment, the accumulation of LC3II was higher in CUL4A-overexpressing cells. CUL4A overexpression increased the proliferation of cells as compared with control cells. After treatment with bafilomycin A1, proliferation was inhibited in both cell types, but the effects were more prominent in the cells overexpressing CUL4A. CUL4A promotes autophagy, and exhibits significantly higher autophagic flux which affects the proliferation of iCCA cells; these effects correlated with advance tumor stage and poor prognosis. Thus, targeting autophagy may be potentially therapeutic in iCCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wen Weng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hock-Liew Eng
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang M, Jing J, Li H, Liu J, Yuan Y, Sun L. The expression characteristics and prognostic roles of autophagy-related genes in gastric cancer. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10814. [PMID: 33604190 PMCID: PMC7866901 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is an evolutionally highly conserved process, accompanied by the dynamic changes of various molecules, which is necessary for the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components. The aim of the study was to identify the role of autophagy-related (ATG) genes in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer (GC). Methods Data from Oncomine dataset was used for the differential expression analysis between cancer and normal tissues. The association of ATG genes expression with clinicopathologic indicators was evaluated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Moreover, using the TCGA datasets, the prognostic role of ATG genes was assessed. A nomogram was further built to assess the independent prognostic factors. Results The expression of autophagy-related genes AMBRA1, ATG4B, ATG7, ATG10, ATG12, ATG16L2, GABARAPL2, GABARAPL1, ULK4 and WIPI2 showed differences between cancer and normal tissues. After verification, ATG14 and ATG4D were significantly associated with TNM stage. ATG9A, ATG2A, and ATG4D were associated with T stage. VMP1 and ATG4A were low-expressed in patients without lymph node metastasis. No gene in autophagy pathway was associated with M stage. Further multivariate analysis suggested that ATG4D and MAP1LC3C were independent prognostic factors for GC. The C-index of nomogram was 0.676 and the 95% CI was 0.628 to 0.724. Conclusion Our study provided a comprehensive illustration of ATG genes expression characteristics in GC. Abnormal expressions of the ubiquitin-like conjugated system in ATG genes plays a key role in the occurrence of GC. ATG8/LC3 sub-system may play an important role in development and clinical outcome of GC. In the future, it is necessary to further elucidate the alterations of specific ATG8/LC3 forms in order to provide insights for the discovery, diagnosis, or targeting for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caspase-3 knockout inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration related to injury but accelerates degeneration related to aging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19324. [PMID: 31852919 PMCID: PMC6920379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 40% of people under 30 and over 90% of people 55 or older suffer from moderate-to-severe levels of degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) disease in their lumbar spines. Surgical treatments are sometimes effective; however, the treatment of back pain related to IVD degeneration is still a challenge; therefore, new treatments are necessary. Apoptosis may be important in IVD degeneration because suppressing cell apoptosis inside the IVD inhibits degeneration. Caspase-3, the primary effector of apoptosis, may be a key treatment target. We analyzed caspase-3’s role in two different types of IVD degeneration using caspase-3 knockout (Casp-3 KO) mice. Casp-3 KO delayed IVD degeneration in the injury-induced model but accelerated it in the age-induced model. Our results suggest that this is due to different pathological mechanisms of these two types of IVD degeneration. Apoptosis was suppressed in the IVD cells of Casp-3 KO mice, but cellular senescence was enhanced. This would explain why the Casp-3 KO was effective against injury-induced, but not age-related, IVD degeneration. Our results suggest that short-term caspase-3 inhibition could be used to treat injury-induced IVD degeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ambra1 induces autophagy and desensitizes human prostate cancer cells to cisplatin. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20170770. [PMID: 29101240 PMCID: PMC6706594 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), the second most mortal cancer from developed countries, presents a high level of chemoresistance. There is emerging evidence underscores the critical role of autophagy in the onset, progression, and chemoresistance of PCa. In the present study, we investigated the possible role of a novel autophagy regulator, activating molecule in beclin1-regulated autophagy1 (Ambra1), a novel ATG gene in the sensitivity or PCa cells to cisplatin. We explored the regulation by the Ambra1 manipulation on the induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human PCa DU145 cells in the presence of cisplatin, via up- or down-regulating Ambra1 expression. In addition, we examined the colony forming of DU145 cells post cisplatin treatment and Ambra1 manipulation. Our results demonstrated that the Ambra1 up-regulation reduced, whereas Ambra1 knockdown increased the cisplatin-induced apoptosis, caspase 3 cleavage, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Interestingly, we also found significant autophagy induction in the cisplatin-treated DU145 cells, with increased autophagic vesicles, up-regulated autophagy-related markers. However, the cisplatin-induced autophagy was up-regulated by the Ambra1 overexpression or was down-regulated by the Ambra1 knockdown. In addition, the colony forming was also positively regulated by Ambra1 in DU145 cells post cisplatin treatment. In conclusion, Ambra1 negatively regulates the cisplatin-induced apoptosis and the cisplatin-mediated growth reduction in DU145 cells, in association with the Ambra1-mediated autophagy promotion. It implies that Ambra1-mediated autophagy might be an important mechanism underlining the sensitivity reduction of PCa cells.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mitophagy in Cancer: A Tale of Adaptation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050493. [PMID: 31121959 PMCID: PMC6562743 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
:In the past years, we have learnt that tumors co-evolve with their microenvironment, and that the active interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells plays a pivotal role in cancer initiation, progression and treatment response. Among the players involved, the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions have been shown to be crucial for both cancer and stromal cells. This is perhaps not surprising, considering that mitochondria in both cancerous and non-cancerous cells are decisive for vital metabolic and bioenergetic functions and to elicit cell death. The central part played by mitochondria also implies the existence of stringent mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, where a specialized autophagy pathway (mitophagy) ensures the selective removal of damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria. Although the molecular underpinnings of mitophagy regulation in mammalian cells remain incomplete, it is becoming clear that mitophagy pathways are intricately linked to the metabolic rewiring of cancer cells to support the high bioenergetic demand of the tumor. In this review, after a brief introduction of the main mitophagy regulators operating in mammalian cells, we discuss emerging cell autonomous roles of mitochondria quality control in cancer onset and progression. We also discuss the relevance of mitophagy in the cellular crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment and in anti-cancer therapy responses.
Collapse
|
18
|
TRPM2 mediates distruption of autophagy machinery and correlates with the grade level in prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1297-1311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
19
|
Zhu L, Wang Y, He J, Tang J, Lv W, Hu J. Cytoplasmic SQSTM1/ P62 Accumulation Predicates a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Malignant Tumor. J Cancer 2018; 9:4072-4086. [PMID: 30410612 PMCID: PMC6218778 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: SQSTM1/p62, as an autophagy marker, is a key molecule involved in the autophagy process. Recent studies have demonstrated that p62 has a close relationship with tumorigenesis and progression, but the impact of p62 on patients' survival has not been comprehensively understood. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the expression level of p62 in tumor cells and the prognostic role of p62 expression in various malignant tumors. Methods: We searched PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Embase, Ovid and Web of Science databases and identified 30 eligible studies containing 14,072 patients to include in the meta-analysis. The p62 mRNA and protein expression profiles in various tumor tissues and normal tissues were presented according to the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). We also tested the association between p62 mRNA level and patients' survival based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Results: The expression levels of p62 mRNA and protein varied in different tissues. The p62 proteins were elevated and mainly located in the cytoplasm in some types of tumor compared with the normal tissues. The pooled results indicated that p62 overexpression in tumor tissues was associated with a worse prognosis. In the subgroup analysis, a significant relationship was observed between cytoplasmic p62 accumulation and both overall survival (HR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.03-2.27, P < 0.05) and disease-specific survival (HR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.15-2.24, P < 0.01). The relationship between p62 and worse survival was more evident in early stage tumors. P62 mRNA expression had no significant effect on the patient's survival except of liver cancer. Conclusions: The findings of this meta-analysis highlight the role of p62 as a useful prognostic biomarker for some types of tumor according to different clinicopathologic features, which may contribute to the selection of effective treatment methods for different malignant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing He
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim JH, Lee H, Shin EA, Kim DH, Choi JB, Kim SH. Implications of Bcl-2 and its interplay with other molecules and signaling pathways in prostate cancer progression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:911-920. [PMID: 28816549 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1369044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among several genetic alterations involved in the progression of prostate cancer, B cell lymphoma gene number 2 (BCL-2) is an important target molecule in the progression of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) after androgen ablation or castration. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of BCL-2 in prostate cancer progression remains elusive and controversial. In the current review, we discuss the critical role of BCL-2 in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer with experimental evidences on the BCL-2 molecular networks in AIPC and androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) and subsequently suggest perspective research targeting BCL-2. Areas covered: This review focused on the molecular implications of BCL-2 in association with other molecules and signaling pathways involved in the progression and carcinogenesis of prostate cancer. Expert opinion: BCL-2 plays a pivotal role in the progression of AIPC than in ADPC since androgen represses BCL-2. BCL-2 acts as a pro-survival molecule in association with androgen-related signaling in the progression of ADPC, while BCL-2 upregulation, PTEN loss, PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation are primarily involved in AIPC. To identify more effective prostate cancer therapy, further mechanistic studies are required with BCL-2 inhibitors in AIPC and ADPC, considering a multi-target therapy against BCL-2 and its related signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ha Kim
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- b Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Jhin Baek Choi
- b Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science , Kyung Hee University , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- a Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qu B, Yao L, Ma HL, Chen HL, Zhang Z, Xie J. Prognostic significance of autophagy-related proteins expression in resected human gastric adenocarcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:37-43. [PMID: 28224423 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world and one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death. Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged intracellular organelles. However, the mechanism and guiding significance of autophagy in the development and progression of GC have remained to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the clinicopathological significances and prognostic values of autophagy-related proteins AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 in GC. Quantum dots based immunofluorescence histochemistry (QDs-IHC) was performed to observe the expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins in the tissue microarrays including 163 specimens of GC and 20 noncancerous gastric tissues. Simultaneously, AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins were detected by Western blotting in the 10 fresh GC and corresponding normal gastric tissues. The results showed that the expression levels of both AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins were higher in GC tissues than in noncancerous gastric tissues by QDs-IHC and Western blotting (P<0.05). High AMBRA1 expression was detected in 90 of 163 (55.2%) GCs and high Beclin-1 expression was detected in 83 of 163 (50.9%) GCs. High AMBRA1 expression was closely related to depth of invasion, and lymph nodes metastasis (P<0.05). High expression of Beclin-1 protein was correlated with tumor grade (P<0.05). Positive correlation was observed between AMBRA1 and Beclin-1. Survival analysis indicated the high expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin- 1 was an independent factor in predicting poor overall survival (OS) of GC patients. These findings suggest the high expression of AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 proteins is significantly correlated with GC progression. High AMBRA1 and Beclin-1 expression heralds worse outcome of GC patients, suggesting a novel candidate prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qu
- Department of General Surgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China
| | - Hua-Ling Ma
- Department of Pathology, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China
| | - Hong-Lei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China.
| | - Jiang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, 430080, China.
| |
Collapse
|