1
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Long S, Cao W, Qiu Y, Deng R, Liu J, Zhang L, Dong R, Liu F, Li S, Zhao H, Li N, Li K. The appearance of cytoplasmic cytochrome C precedes apoptosis during Drosophila salivary gland degradation. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:157-172. [PMID: 37370257 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important process for organism development that functions to eliminate cell damage, maintain homeostasis, and remove obsolete tissues during morphogenesis. In mammals, apoptosis is accompanied by the release of cytochrome C (Cyt-c) from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. However, whether this process is conserved in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, remains controversial. In this study, we discovered that during the degradation of Drosophila salivary gland, the transcription of mitochondria apoptosis factors (MAPFs), Cyt-c, and death-associated APAF1-related killer (Dark) encoding genes are all upregulated antecedent to initiator and effector caspases encoding genes. The proteins Cyt-c and the active caspase 3 appear gradually in the cytoplasm during salivary gland degradation. Meanwhile, the Cyt-c protein colocates with mito-GFP, the marker indicating cytoplasmic mitochondria, and the change in mitochondrial membrane potential coincides with the appearance of Cyt-c in the cytoplasm. Moreover, impeding or promoting 20E-induced transcription factor E93 suppresses or enhances the staining of Cyt-c and the active caspase 3 in the cytoplasm of salivary gland, and accordingly decreases or increases the mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Our research provides evidence that cytoplasmic Cyt-c appears before apoptosis during Drosophila salivary gland degradation, shedding light on partial conserved mechanism in apoptosis between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyu Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruohan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renke Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haigang Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- ChemPartner PharmaTech Co., Ltd, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Boguś MI. The Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology and Physiology Accompanying Apoptosis in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) Immunocompetent Cells during Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales) Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10169. [PMID: 37373316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been shown to play an important role in apoptosis using mammalian cell lines. However, their role in insects is not fully understood; thus, more indepth studies of insect cell apoptosis are necessary. The present study investigates mitochondrial involvement during Conidiobolus coronatus-induced apoptosis in Galleria mellonella hemocytes. Previous research has shown that fungal infection could induce apoptosis in insect hemocytes. Our findings indicate that mitochondria undergo several morphological and physiological changes during fungal infection, e.g., loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, megachannel formation, disturbances in intracellular respiration, increased nonrespiratory oxygen consumption in mitochondria, decreased ATP-coupled oxygen consumption and increased non-ATP-coupled oxygen consumption, decreased extracellular and intracellular oxygen consumption, and increased extracellular pH. Our findings confirm that G. mellonella immunocompetent cells demonstrate Ca2+ overload in mitochondria, translocation of cytochrome c-like protein from mitochondrial to cytosol fraction, and higher activation of caspase-9-like protein after C. coronatus infection. Most importantly, several of the changes observed in insect mitochondria are similar to those accompanying apoptosis in mammalian cells, suggesting that the process is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, 04-872 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Frigo E, Tommasin L, Lippe G, Carraro M, Bernardi P. The Haves and Have-Nots: The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore across Species. Cells 2023; 12:1409. [PMID: 37408243 PMCID: PMC10216546 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The demonstration that F1FO (F)-ATP synthase and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) can form Ca2+-activated, high-conductance channels in the inner membrane of mitochondria from a variety of eukaryotes led to renewed interest in the permeability transition (PT), a permeability increase mediated by the PT pore (PTP). The PT is a Ca2+-dependent permeability increase in the inner mitochondrial membrane whose function and underlying molecular mechanisms have challenged scientists for the last 70 years. Although most of our knowledge about the PTP comes from studies in mammals, recent data obtained in other species highlighted substantial differences that could be perhaps attributed to specific features of F-ATP synthase and/or ANT. Strikingly, the anoxia and salt-tolerant brine shrimp Artemia franciscana does not undergo a PT in spite of its ability to take up and store Ca2+ in mitochondria, and the anoxia-resistant Drosophila melanogaster displays a low-conductance, selective Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channel rather than a PTP. In mammals, the PT provides a mechanism for the release of cytochrome c and other proapoptotic proteins and mediates various forms of cell death. In this review, we cover the features of the PT (or lack thereof) in mammals, yeast, Drosophila melanogaster, Artemia franciscana and Caenorhabditis elegans, and we discuss the presence of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and of other forms of cell death. We hope that this exercise may help elucidate the function(s) of the PT and its possible role in evolution and inspire further tests to define its molecular nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Frigo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (E.F.); (L.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Ludovica Tommasin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (E.F.); (L.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, I-33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Michela Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (E.F.); (L.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy; (E.F.); (L.T.); (M.C.)
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4
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Popovic R, Mukherjee A, Leal NS, Morris L, Yu Y, Loh SHY, Miguel Martins L. Blocking dPerk in the intestine suppresses neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:206. [PMID: 36949073 PMCID: PMC10033872 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by selective death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain and motor function impairment. Gastrointestinal issues often precede motor deficits in PD, indicating that the gut-brain axis is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. The features of PD include both mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). PINK1 is a mitochondrial kinase involved in the recycling of defective mitochondria, and PINK1 mutations cause early-onset PD. Like PD patients, pink1 mutant Drosophila show degeneration of DA neurons and intestinal dysfunction. These mutant flies also lack vital proteins due to sustained activation of the kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (dPerk), a kinase that induces the UPR. Here, we investigated the role of dPerk in intestinal dysfunction. We showed that intestinal expression of dPerk impairs mitochondrial function, induces cell death, and decreases lifespan. We found that suppressing dPerk in the intestine of pink1-mutant flies rescues intestinal cell death and is neuroprotective. We conclude that in a fly model of PD, blocking gut-brain transmission of UPR-mediated toxicity, is neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Popovic
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Lydia Morris
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yizhou Yu
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Ascoët S, Touchard A, Téné N, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Paquet F, Jouvensal L, Barassé V, Treilhou M, Billet A, Bonnafé E. The mechanism underlying toxicity of a venom peptide against insects reveals how ants are master at disrupting membranes. iScience 2023; 26:106157. [PMID: 36879819 PMCID: PMC9985030 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hymenopterans represent one of the most abundant groups of venomous organisms but remain little explored due to the difficult access to their venom. The development of proteo-transcriptomic allowed us to explore diversity of their toxins offering interesting perspectives to identify new biological active peptides. This study focuses on U9 function, a linear, amphiphilic and polycationic peptide isolated from ant Tetramorium bicarinatum venom. It shares physicochemical properties with M-Tb1a, exhibiting cytotoxic effects through membrane permeabilization. In the present study, we conducted a comparative functional investigation of U9 and M-Tb1a and explored the mechanisms underlying their cytotoxicity against insect cells. After showing that both peptides induced the formation of pores in cell membrane, we demonstrated that U9 induced mitochondrial damage and, at high concentrations, localized into cells and induced caspase activation. This functional investigation highlighted an original mechanism of U9 questioning on potential valorization and endogen activity in T. bicarinatum venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ascoët
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Campus Agronomique, BP316 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Nathan Téné
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Inserm U1239, NorDiC, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Inserm US51, HeRacLeS, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm U1239, NorDiC, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
- Inserm US51, HeRacLeS, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Françoise Paquet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron CS-80054, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Laurence Jouvensal
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron CS-80054, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Valentine Barassé
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Arnaud Billet
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- BTSB-UR 7417, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Universitaire Jean-François Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
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6
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De S, Kingan SB, Kitsou C, Portik DM, Foor SD, Frederick JC, Rana VS, Paulat NS, Ray DA, Wang Y, Glenn TC, Pal U. A high-quality Ixodes scapularis genome advances tick science. Nat Genet 2023; 55:301-311. [PMID: 36658436 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ixodes spp. and related ticks transmit prevalent infections, although knowledge of their biology and development of anti-tick measures have been hindered by the lack of a high-quality genome. In the present study, we present the assembly of a 2.23-Gb Ixodes scapularis genome by sequencing two haplotypes within one individual, complemented by chromosome-level scaffolding and full-length RNA isoform sequencing, yielding a fully reannotated genome featuring thousands of new protein-coding genes and various RNA species. Analyses of the repetitive DNA identified transposable elements, whereas the examination of tick-associated bacterial sequences yielded an improved Rickettsia buchneri genome. We demonstrate how the Ixodes genome advances tick science by contributing to new annotations, gene models and epigenetic functions, expansion of gene families, development of in-depth proteome catalogs and deciphering of genetic variations in wild ticks. Overall, we report critical genetic resources and biological insights impacting our understanding of tick biology and future interventions against tick-transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip De
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Chrysoula Kitsou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Shelby D Foor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Julia C Frederick
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Vipin S Rana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicole S Paulat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, USA.
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7
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Mitochondrial remodelling is essential for female germ cell differentiation and survival. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010610. [PMID: 36696418 PMCID: PMC9901744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells often possess immature mitochondria with few inner membrane invaginations, which increase as stem cells differentiate. Despite this being a conserved feature across many stem cell types in numerous organisms, how and why mitochondria undergo such remodelling during stem cell differentiation has remained unclear. Here, using Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs), we show that Complex V drives mitochondrial remodelling during the early stages of GSC differentiation, prior to terminal differentiation. This endows germline mitochondria with the capacity to generate large amounts of ATP required for later egg growth and development. Interestingly, impairing mitochondrial remodelling prior to terminal differentiation results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lipid bilayer stress, Protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK)-mediated activation of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) and germ cell death. Taken together, our data suggest that mitochondrial remodelling is an essential and tightly integrated aspect of stem cell differentiation. This work sheds light on the potential impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on stem and germ cell function, highlighting ER lipid bilayer stress as a potential major driver of phenotypes caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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8
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Kataoka T. Biological properties of the BCL-2 family protein BCL-RAMBO, which regulates apoptosis, mitochondrial fragmentation, and mitophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1065702. [PMID: 36589739 PMCID: PMC9800997 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1065702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in the regulation of cellular stress responses, including cell death. Damaged mitochondria are removed by fission and fusion cycles and mitophagy, which counteract cell death. BCL-2 family proteins possess one to four BCL-2 homology domains and regulate apoptosis signaling at mitochondria. BCL-RAMBO, also known as BCL2-like 13 (BCL2L13), was initially identified as one of the BCL-2 family proteins inducing apoptosis. Mitophagy receptors recruit the ATG8 family proteins MAP1LC3/GABARAP via the MAP1LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif to initiate mitophagy. In addition to apoptosis, BCL-RAMBO has recently been identified as a mitophagy receptor that possesses the LIR motif and regulates mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. In the 20 years since its discovery, many important findings on BCL-RAMBO have been increasingly reported. The biological properties of BCL-RAMBO are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kataoka
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan,Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan,*Correspondence: Takao Kataoka,
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9
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Baonza A, Tur-Gracia S, Pérez-Aguilera M, Estella C. Regulation and coordination of the different DNA damage responses in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993257. [PMID: 36147740 PMCID: PMC9486394 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved mechanisms that allow them to respond to DNA damage to preserve genomic integrity and maintain tissue homeostasis. These responses include the activation of the cell cycle checkpoints and the repair mechanisms or the induction of apoptosis that eventually will eliminate damaged cells. These “life” vs. “death” decisions differ depending on the cell type, stages of development, and the proliferation status of the cell. The apoptotic response after DNA damage is of special interest as defects in its induction could contribute to tumorigenesis or the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents such as radiotherapy. Multiples studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms that mediate the activation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR) and specifically the role of p53. However, much less is known about how the different cellular responses such as cell proliferation control and apoptosis are coordinated to maintain tissue homeostasis. Another interesting question is how the differential apoptotic response to DNA damage is regulated in distinct cell types. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism has been fundamental to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by genotoxic stress. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the cellular responses to ionizing radiation as the cause of DNA damage with special attention to apoptosis in Drosophila: how these responses are regulated and coordinated in different cellular contexts and in different tissues. The existence of intrinsic mechanisms that might attenuate the apoptotic pathway in response to this sort of DNA damage may well be informative for the differences in the clinical responsiveness of tumor cells after radiation therapy.
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10
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Keeping Cell Death Alive: An Introduction into the French Cell Death Research Network. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070901. [PMID: 35883457 PMCID: PMC9313292 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Nobel Prize award more than twenty years ago for discovering the core apoptotic pathway in C. elegans, apoptosis and various other forms of regulated cell death have been thoroughly characterized by researchers around the world. Although many aspects of regulated cell death still remain to be elucidated in specific cell subtypes and disease conditions, many predicted that research into cell death was inexorably reaching a plateau. However, this was not the case since the last decade saw a multitude of cell death modalities being described, while harnessing their therapeutic potential reached clinical use in certain cases. In line with keeping research into cell death alive, francophone researchers from several institutions in France and Belgium established the French Cell Death Research Network (FCDRN). The research conducted by FCDRN is at the leading edge of emerging topics such as non-apoptotic functions of apoptotic effectors, paracrine effects of cell death, novel canonical and non-canonical mechanisms to induce apoptosis in cell death-resistant cancer cells or regulated forms of necrosis and the associated immunogenic response. Collectively, these various lines of research all emerged from the study of apoptosis and in the next few years will increase the mechanistic knowledge into regulated cell death and how to harness it for therapy.
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11
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Huo Y, Song Z, Wang H, Zhang Z, Xiao N, Fang R, Zhang Y, Zhang L. GrpE is involved in mitochondrial function and is an effective target for RNAi-mediated pest and arbovirus control. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:377-390. [PMID: 35141960 PMCID: PMC9306519 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laodelphax striatellus is a sap-feeding pest and the main insect vector of rice stripe virus (RSV). There is an urgent need to identify molecular targets to control this insect pest and plant arboviruses. In this study, we identified a L. striatellus gene (named LsGrpE) encoding a GroP-E-like protein. We found that the LsGrpE protein localized to mitochondria. Using gene-specific dsRNA to interfere with the expression of LsGrpE led to a significant increase in insect mortality, and most of the surviving insects could not develop into adults. Further analyses revealed that LsGrpE deficiency caused mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited the insulin pathway, resulting in diabetes-like symptoms such as elevated blood sugar, inactive behaviour, developmental delay, and death. In addition, LsGrpE deficiency significantly reduced the RSV titre in surviving L. striatellus, and indirectly prevented viral vertical transmission by reducing the number of adults. We generated transgenic rice plants expressing LsGrpE-specific dsRNA, and the dsRNA was acquired by L. striatellus during feeding, resulting in increased insect mortality and the prevention of arboviral transmission. This study clarifies the function of LsGrpE and demonstrates that LsGrpE can be used as a molecular target of plant-generated dsRNA to resist this sap-feeding pest, a17nd therefore, its transmitted arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Haiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Na Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuman Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Tang F, Chen L, Gao H, Xiao D, Li X. m6A: An Emerging Role in Programmed Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:817112. [PMID: 35141221 PMCID: PMC8819724 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.817112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an active extinction process, including autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. m6A is a reversible RNA modification which undergoes methylation under the action of methylases (writers), and is demethylated under the action of demethylases (erasers). The RNA base site at which m6A is modified is recognized by specialized enzymes (readers) which regulate downstream RNA translation, decay, and stability. m6A affects many aspects of mRNA metabolism, and also plays an important role in promoting the maturation of miRNA, the translation and degradation of circRNA, and the stability of lncRNA. The regulatory factors including writers, erasers and readers promote or inhibit programmed cell death via up-regulating or down-regulating downstream targets in a m6A-dependent manner to participate in the process of disease. In this review, we summarize the functions of m6A with particular reference to its role in programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajuan Tang
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Gao
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Dongqiong Xiao, ; Xihong Li,
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Dongqiong Xiao, ; Xihong Li,
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Lubawy J, Chowański S, Adamski Z, Słocińska M. Mitochondria as a target and central hub of energy division during cold stress in insects. Front Zool 2022; 19:1. [PMID: 34991650 PMCID: PMC8740437 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature stress is one of the crucial factors determining geographical distribution of insect species. Most of them are active in moderate temperatures, however some are capable of surviving in extremely high as well as low temperatures, including freezing. The tolerance of cold stress is a result of various adaptation strategies, among others the mitochondria are an important player. They supply cells with the most prominent energy carrier—ATP, needed for their life processes, but also take part in many other processes like growth, aging, protection against stress injuries or cell death. Under cold stress, the mitochondria activity changes in various manner, partially to minimize the damages caused by the cold stress, partially because of the decline in mitochondrial homeostasis by chill injuries. In the response to low temperature, modifications in mitochondrial gene expression, mtDNA amount or phosphorylation efficiency can be observed. So far study also showed an increase or decrease in mitochondria number, their shape and mitochondrial membrane permeability. Some of the changes are a trigger for apoptosis induced via mitochondrial pathway, that protects the whole organism against chill injuries occurring on the cellular level. In many cases, the observed modifications are not unequivocal and depend strongly on many factors including cold acclimation, duration and severity of cold stress or environmental conditions. In the presented article, we summarize the current knowledge about insect response to cold stress focusing on the role of mitochondria in that process considering differences in results obtained in different experimental conditions, as well as depending on insect species. These differentiated observations clearly indicate that it is still much to explore. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Ge Y, Zhou M, Chen C, Wu X, Wang X. Role of AMPK mediated pathways in autophagy and aging. Biochimie 2021; 195:100-113. [PMID: 34838647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AMPK is an important kinase regulating energy homeostasis and also a key protein involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways. It plays a vitally regulatory role in cellular senescence. Activation of AMPK can delay or block the aging process, which is of great significance in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other aging related diseases, and provides a potential target for new indications such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, AMPK signaling pathway plays an important role in aging research. The in-depth study of AMPK activators will provide more new directions for the treatment of age-related maladies and the development of innovative drugs. Autophagy is a process that engulfs and degrades own cytoplasm or organelles. Thereby, meeting the metabolic demands and updating certain organelles of the cell has become a hotspot in the field of anti-aging in recent years. AMPK plays an important role between autophagy and senescence. In our review, the relationship among AMPK signaling, autophagy and aging will be clarified through the interaction between AMPK and mTOR, ULK1, FOXO, p53, SIRT1, and NF -κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Ge
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Cui Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530007, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China; Key Laboratory of University Cell Biology Yunnan Province, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China.
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Wang X, Zhao ZQ, Huang XM, Ding XY, Zhao CX, Li MW, Wu YC, Liu QN, Wang XY. Bmcas-1 plays an important role in response against BmNPV infection in vitro. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21793. [PMID: 33949719 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, as one kind of innate immune system, is involved in host response against pathogens innovation. Caspases play a vital role in the execution stage of host cell apoptosis. It has been reported that Bmcaspase-1 (Bmcas-1) has a close relationship with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection for its differentially expressed patterns after viral infection. However, its underlying response mechanism is still unclear. The significant differential expression of Bmcas-1 in different tissues of differentially resistant strains revealed its vital role in BmNPV infection. To further validate its role in BmNPV infection, budded virus (BV)-eGFP was analyzed after knockdown and overexpression of Bmcas-1 by small interfering RNA and the pIZT-mCherry vector, respectively. The reproduction of BV-eGFP obviously increased at 72 h after knockdown of Bmcas-1, and decreased after overexpression in BmN cells. Moreover, the conserved functional domain of Cas-1 among different species and the closed evolutionary relationship of Cas-1 in Lepidoptera hinted that Bmcas-1 might be associated with apoptosis, and this was also validated by the apoptosis inducer, Silvestrol, and the inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK. Therefore, Bmcas-1 plays an essential antiviral role by activating apoptosis, and this result lays a fundament for clarifying the molecular mechanism of silkworm in response against BmNPV infection and breeding of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Qin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Ming Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Yi Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang-Chun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu-Ning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Yang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Du X, Wang JM, Zhang DL, Wu T, Zeng XY, Jiang JY, Du ZX. AUF1 Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Thyroid Cancer via Downregulation of ZBTB2 and Subsequent TRIM58. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681736. [PMID: 34222000 PMCID: PMC8242192 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common type of thyroid cancer, is not yet fully understood. This limits the therapeutic options for approximately 7% of invasive PTC patients. The critical role of AUF1 in the progression of thyroid cancer was first reported in 2009, however, its molecular mechanism remained unclear. Our study used CRISPR/Cas 9 system to knockdown AUF1 in IHH4 and TPC1 cells. We noticed that the expression of TRIM58 and ZBTB2 were increased in the AUF1 knockdown IHH4 and TPC1 cells. When TRIM58 and ZBTB2 were inhibited by small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against TRIM58 (shTRIM58) and ZBTB2 (shZBTB2), respectively, the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of the AUF1-knockdown IHH4 and TPC1 cells were increased. In addition, two ZBTB2 binding sites (-719~-709 and -677~-668) on TRIM58 promoter and two AUF1 binding sites (1250-1256 and 1258-1265) on ZBTB2 3’-UTR were identified. These results suggested that AUF1 affecting thyroid cancer cells via regulating the expression of ZBTB2 and TRIM58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Mei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Da-Lin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Yi Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen-Xian Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Su ZH, Gao YH, Cheng S, Wen Y, Tang XD, Li MW, Wu YC, Wang XY. Identification of the in vitro antiviral effect of BmNedd2-like caspase in response to Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107625. [PMID: 34058216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the most serious pathogens in sericulture, and the underlying antiviral mechanism in silkworm is still unclear. Bombyx mori Nedd2-like caspase (BmNc) has been identified as a candidate antiviral gene from previous transcriptome data, since it is differentially expressed in the midgut of differentially resistant silkworm strains following BmNPV infection. However, the molecular mechanism by which BmNc responds to BmNPV is unknown. In this study, the relationship between BmNc and BmNPV was confirmed by its significantly different expression in different tissues of differentially resistant strains after BmNPV infection. Moreover, the antiviral role of BmNc was confirmed by the significantly higher fluorescence signals of BV-eGFP after knockdown of BmNc in BmN cells, and a reduced signal after overexpression. This was further verified by the capsid gene vp39 expression, DNA copy number, and GP64 protein level in the RNAi and overexpression groups. Furthermore, the antiviral phenomenon of BmNc was found to be associated with apoptosis. In brief, BmNc showed a relatively high expression level in the metamorphosis stages, and the effect of BmNc on BmNPV infection following RNAi and overexpression was eliminated after treatment with the inducer, Silvestrol, and the inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, respectively. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that BmNc is involved in anti-BmNPV infection via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The results provide valuable information for elucidating the molecular mechanism of silkworm resistance to BmNPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Yi-Han Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Shuang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Yan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Mu-Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Yang-Chun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Xue-Yang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
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Zhang J, Wang C, Kang K, Liu H, Liu X, Jia X, Yu K. Loganin Attenuates Septic Acute Renal Injury with the Participation of AKT and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:501-513. [PMID: 33603340 PMCID: PMC7886113 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s294266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Sepsis, a destructive inflammatory response syndrome, is the principal reason to induce death in the intensive care unit. Loganin has been proved to possess the property of anti-inflammation, antioxidant, neuroprotection, and sedation. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether Loganin could alleviate acute kidney injury (AKI) during sepsis and investigate the latent mechanisms. Methods Septic AKI models were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery in mice and given Loganin (20, 40, 80 mg/kg) by gavage. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated human kidney proximal tubular (HK2) cells incubated in Loganin (5, 10, 20 μ M) were used to explore the accurate mechanisms. Survival rate, renal function (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen), and renal pathological changes were detected in septic mice. Oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, and SOD), mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial calcium overload, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway activation in vivo and in vitro were determined by commercial kits and Western blot. Cell apoptosis, apoptotic-related protein (cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax) expression and protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro were measured by TUNEL staining and Western blot. Finally, AKT blockage by 10 μM LY294002 or Nrf2 inhibition by10 μ M ML385 were utilized to prove the involvement of AKT and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in AKI during sepsis. Results We found Loganin treatment (20, 40, 80 mg/kg) mitigated septic AKI reflected by elevated renal function and palliative pathological changes. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in the kidney and LPS-treated HK2 cells were also inhibited by Loganin administration, which was accompanied by AKT and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation. Besides, the protective effects of Loganin could be diminished by AKT or Nrf2 blockage, indicating the involvement of AKT and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Conclusion The results suggested that the protective effects of Loganin on AKI during sepsis might be mediated by AKT and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway signaling activation in kidney proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsong Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijiang Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China
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Identification and Functional Analysis of Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor-1 (Apaf-1) from Spodoptera litura. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010064. [PMID: 33450838 PMCID: PMC7828216 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) is an adaptor molecule, essential for activating initiator caspase and downstream effector caspases, which directly cause apoptosis. In fruit flies, nematodes, and mammals, Apaf-1 has been extensively studied. However, the structure and function of Apaf-1 in Lepidoptera remain unclear. This study identified a novel Apaf-1 from Spodoptera litura, named Sl-Apaf-1. Sl-Apaf-1 contains three domains: a CARD domain, as well as NOD and WD motifs, and is very similar to mammalian Apaf-1. Interference of Sl-apaf-1 expression in SL-1 cells blocked apoptosis induced by actinomycin D. Overexpression of Sl-apaf-1 significantly enhances apoptosis induced by actinomycin D in Sf9/SL-1/U2OS cells, suggesting that the function of Sl-Apaf-1 is evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, Sl-Apaf-1 could interact with Sl-caspase-5 (a homologue of mammalian caspase-9) and yielded a binding affinity of 1.37 × 106 M-1 according isothermal titration calorimetry assay. Initiator caspase (procaspase-5) of S. litura could be activated by Sl-Apaf-1 (without WD motif) in vitro, and the activated Sl-caspase-5 could cleave Sl-procaspase-1 (a homologue of caspase-3 in mammals), which directly caused apoptosis. This study demonstrates the key role of Sl-Apaf-1 in the apoptosis pathway, suggesting that the apoptosis pathway in Lepidopteran insects and mammals is conserved.
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Park YJ, Pang MG. Mitochondrial Functionality in Male Fertility: From Spermatogenesis to Fertilization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010098. [PMID: 33445610 PMCID: PMC7826524 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are structurally and functionally distinct organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), to provide energy to spermatozoa. They can also produce reactive oxidation species (ROS). While a moderate concentration of ROS is critical for tyrosine phosphorylation in cholesterol efflux, sperm–egg interaction, and fertilization, excessive ROS generation is associated with male infertility. Moreover, mitochondria participate in diverse processes ranging from spermatogenesis to fertilization to regulate male fertility. This review aimed to summarize the roles of mitochondria in male fertility depending on the sperm developmental stage (from male reproductive tract to female reproductive tract). Moreover, mitochondria are also involved in testosterone production, regulation of proton secretion into the lumen to maintain an acidic condition in the epididymis, and sperm DNA condensation during epididymal maturation. We also established the new signaling pathway using previous proteomic data associated with male fertility, to understand the overall role of mitochondria in male fertility. The pathway revealed that male infertility is associated with a loss of mitochondrial proteins in spermatozoa, which induces low sperm motility, reduces OXPHOS activity, and results in male infertility.
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Infection of Mammals and Mosquitoes by Alphaviruses: Involvement of Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122612. [PMID: 33291372 PMCID: PMC7762023 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, such as the chikungunya virus, are emerging and re-emerging viruses that pose a global public health threat. They are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, mainly mosquitoes, to humans and animals. Although alphaviruses cause debilitating diseases in mammalian hosts, it appears that they have no pathological effect on the mosquito vector. Alphavirus/host interactions are increasingly studied at cellular and molecular levels. While it seems clear that apoptosis plays a key role in some human pathologies, the role of cell death in determining the outcome of infections in mosquitoes remains to be fully understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on alphavirus-induced regulated cell death in hosts and vectors and the possible role they play in determining tolerance or resistance of mosquitoes.
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Wang XY, Ding XY, Chen QY, Zhang KX, Zhao CX, Tang XD, Wu YC, Li MW. Bmapaf-1 is Involved in the Response against BmNPV Infection by the Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090647. [PMID: 32971727 PMCID: PMC7563707 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Apaf-1 is involved in the apoptosis pathway and Bmapaf-1 showed a significant response to BmNPV infection in our previous transcriptome data. In this study, the underlying mechanism of Bmapaf-1 in response to BmNPV infection was studied. To preliminarily determine the relationship of Bmapaf-1 with BmNPV, the expression pattern of Bmapaf-1 was analyzed in different tissues of differentially resistant silkworm strains following virus infection. To further define the role of Bmapaf-1 in BmNPV infection, the alteration of BmNPV infection in BmN cells and the expression patterns of Bmcas-Nc and Bmcas-1 were analyzed following knockdown and overexpression of Bmapaf-1 using siRNA and the pIZT/V5-His-mCherry insect vector, respectively. Furthermore, to analyze whether Bmapaf-1 is involved in BmNPV infection by apoptosis, the inducer NSC348884 and inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK were used. Abstract Discovery of the anti-BmNPV (Bombyx mori nuclearpolyhedrovirus) silkworm strain suggests that some kind of antiviral molecular mechanism does exist but is still unclear. Apoptosis, as an innate part of the immune system, plays an important role in the response against pathogen infections and may be involved in the anti-BmNPV infection. Several candidate genes involved in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were identified from our previous study. Bombyx mori apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Bmapaf-1) was one of them, but the antiviral mechanism is still unclear. In this study, sequences of BmApaf-1 were characterized. It was found to contain a unique transposase_1 functional domain and share high CARD and NB-ARC domains with other species. Relatively high expression levels of Bmapaf-1 were found at key moments of embryonic development, metamorphosis, and reproductive development. Further, the significant difference in expression of Bmapaf-1 in different tissues following virus infection indicated its close relationship with BmNPV, which was further validated by RNAi and overexpression in BmN cells. Briefly, infection of budded virus with enhanced green fluorescent protein (BV-EGFP) was significantly inhibited at 72 h after overexpression of Bmapaf-1, which was confirmed after knockdown of Bmapaf-1 with siRNA. Moreover, the downstream genes of Bmapaf-1, including Bmnedd2-like caspase (BmNc) and Bmcaspase-1 (Bmcas-1), were upregulated after overexpression of Bmapaf-1 in BmN cells, which was consistent with the RNAi results. Furthermore, the phenomenon of Bmapaf-1 in response to BmNPV infection was determined to be related to apoptosis using the apoptosis inducer NSC348884 and inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK. Therefore, Bmapaf-1 is involved in the response against BmNPV infection by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. This result provides valuable data for clarifying the anti-BmNPV mechanism of silkworms and breeding of resistant silkworm strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-yang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Xin-yi Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
| | - Qian-ying Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
| | - Kai-xiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
| | - Chun-xiao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
| | - Xu-dong Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Yang-chun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-c.W.); (M.-w.L.)
| | - Mu-wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (X.-y.W.); (X.-y.D.); (Q.-y.C.); (K.-x.Z.); (C.-x.Z.); (X.-d.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-c.W.); (M.-w.L.)
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23
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Shu B, Zhang J, Veeran S, Zhong G. Pro-Apoptotic Function Analysis of the Reaper Homologue IBM1 in Spodoptera frugiperda. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082729. [PMID: 32326478 PMCID: PMC7215429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important type of programmed cell death, apoptosis plays a critical role in lepidopteran insects in response to various internal and external stresses. It is controlled by a network of genes such as those encoding the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. However, there are few studies on apoptosis-related genes in Spodoptera frugiperda. In this study, an orthologue to the Drosophila reaper gene, named Sf-IBM1, was identified from S. frugiperda, and a full-length sequence was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR (RACE-PCR). The expression pattern of Sf-IBM1 was determined in different developmental stages and various tissues. Apoptotic stimuli including azadirachtin, camptothecin, and ultraviolet radiation (UV) induced the expression of Sf-IBM1 at both transcript and protein levels. Overexpression of Sf-IBM1 induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells, and the Sf-IBM1 protein was localized in mitochondria. The apoptosis induced by Sf-IBM1 could be blocked by the caspase universal inhibitor carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK) and Sf-IAP1. Our results provide valuable information that should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular events that lead to apoptosis in lepidopterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benshui Shu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (S.V.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (S.V.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sethuraman Veeran
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (S.V.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Z.); (S.V.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8528-0308; Fax: +86-20-8528-0203
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24
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Pinal N, Calleja M, Morata G. Pro-apoptotic and pro-proliferation functions of the JNK pathway of Drosophila: roles in cell competition, tumorigenesis and regeneration. Open Biol 2020; 9:180256. [PMID: 30836847 PMCID: PMC6451367 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. It appears to be conserved in all animal species where it regulates important physiological functions involved in apoptosis, cell migration, cell proliferation and regeneration. In this review, we focus on the functions of JNK in Drosophila imaginal discs, where it has been reported that it can induce both cell death and cell proliferation. We discuss this apparent paradox in the light of recent findings and propose that the pro-apoptotic and the pro-proliferative functions are intrinsic properties of JNK activity. Whether one function or another is predominant depends on the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pinal
- Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Ginés Morata
- Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
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25
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The Bcl-2 Family: Ancient Origins, Conserved Structures, and Divergent Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010128. [PMID: 31940915 PMCID: PMC7022251 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis, the response to intracellular cell death stimuli, is regulated by the interplay of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family and their membrane interactions. Bcl-2 proteins mediate a number of processes including development, homeostasis, autophagy, and innate and adaptive immune responses and their dysregulation underpins a host of diseases including cancer. The Bcl-2 family is characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called Bcl-2 homology motifs, as well as a transmembrane region, which form the interaction sites and intracellular location mechanism, respectively. Bcl-2 proteins have been recognized in the earliest metazoans including Porifera (sponges), Placozoans, and Cnidarians (e.g., Hydra). A number of viruses have gained Bcl-2 homologs and subvert innate immunity and cellular apoptosis for their replication, but they frequently have very different sequences to their host Bcl-2 analogs. Though most mechanisms of apoptosis initiation converge on activation of caspases that destroy the cell from within, the numerous gene insertions, deletions, and duplications during evolution have led to a divergence in mechanisms of intrinsic apoptosis. Currently, the action of the Bcl-2 family is best understood in vertebrates and nematodes but new insights are emerging from evolutionarily earlier organisms. This review focuses on the mechanisms underpinning the activity of Bcl-2 proteins including their structures and interactions, and how they have changed over the course of evolution.
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26
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Cao M, Zhu B, Sun Y, Zhao X, Qiu G, Fu W, Jiang H. TBX3 deficiency accelerates apoptosis in cardiomyoblasts through regulation of P21 expression. Life Sci 2019; 239:117040. [PMID: 31704448 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect in newborns. There is increasing evidence that apoptosis and remodeling of the cardiomyoblasts are the major pathology of CHD. Previous research found that T-box transcription factor 3 (TBX3) was compulsory for the regulation of proliferation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cells. Hence, TBX3 might be involved in the treatment of CHD. The primary aim of this study was to study the effects of TBX3 on apoptosis in aged cardiomyoblasts and investigate the latent mechanism. In the present study, we found TBX3 knockdown induced proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyoblasts at passage 10 to 15. Apoptosis-inducing effects of TBX3 silence could be neutralized by silencing P21 using specific siRNA. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TBX3 in the heart tissues of sporadic type CHD donors were obviously down-regulated. In conclusion, we demonstrated that TBX3 deficiency accelerated apoptosis via directly regulating P21 expression in senescent cardiomyoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Cao
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Binlu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrong Qiu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Weineng Fu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Luo M, Yang ZQ, Huang JC, Wang YS, Guo B, Yue ZP. Genistein protects ovarian granulosa cells from oxidative stress via cAMP-PKA signaling. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:433-445. [PMID: 31579960 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Genistein is an isoflavone that has estrogen (E2 )-like activity and is beneficial for follicular development, but little is known regarding its function in oxidative stress (OS)-mediated granulosa cell (GC) injury. Here, we found that after exposure to H2 O2 , Genistein weakened the elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which were regarded as the biomarkers for OS, and rescued glutathione (GSH) content and GSH/GSSG ratio accompanying with a simultaneous increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, whereas addition of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 impeded the effects of Genistein on the levels of ROS and MDA. Further analysis evidenced that Genistein enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in H2 O2 -treated GCs, but this enhancement was attenuated by H89. Under OS, Genistein improved cell viability and lessened the apoptotic rate of GCs along with a reduction in the activity of Casp3 and levels of Bax and Bad messenger RNA (mRNA), while H89 reversed the above effects. Moreover, Genistein treatment caused an obvious elevation in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) followed by a decline in the levels of intracellular mitochondrial superoxide, but H89 inhibited the regulation of Genistein on MMP and mitochondrial superoxide. Supplementation of Genistein promoted the secretion of E2 and increased the expression of Star and Cyp19a1 mRNA, whereas suppressed the level of progesterone (P4 ) accompanied with a decline in the level of Hsd3b1 mRNA expression. H89 blocked the regulation of Genistein on the secretion of E2 and P4 , and alleviated the ascending of Star and Cyp19a1 elicited by Genistein. Collectively, Genistein protects GCs from OS via cAMP-PKA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhan-Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yu-Si Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhan-Peng Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
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28
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Chen H, Huang Y, Bai X, Yang P, Tarique I, Vistro WA, Gandahi NS, Fazlani SA, Chen Q. Apoptotic-like changes in epididymal spermatozoa of soft-shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis, during long-term storage at 4 ºC. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 205:134-143. [PMID: 31060923 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a physiological phenomenon that has been recognized as a cause of sperm death during cryopreservation in endothermic mammals. There is, however, no data on its role in sperm death during cooled storage in ectothermic animals. In this study, spermatozoa from the epididymis of soft-shelled turtle were investigated to identify the mechanism of spermatozoa apoptotic-like changes during storage at 4 °C. In this study, there was survival of spermatozoa for more than 40 Days when stored at 4 °C. During cooled storage, sperm kinematics was evaluated using CASA system. Values for all sperm motility variables decreased during the period of storage; while for velocity curvilinear (VCL) there was a further decrease after 20 Days of storage. Results from flow cytometry analysis indicated that there was a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic spermatozoa, but there was no change in the percentage of necrosis. Furthermore, the concentration of cellular ROS increased after 20 Days of storage at 4 °C. The results using JC-1 staining indicated there was a decrease in MMP of spermatozoa as the duration of storage at 4 °C increased. Nuclear fragmentation of spermatozoa was observed using TEM on Day 30 of storage. There were large amounts of pro-apoptotic cytochrome c (Cytc) and cleaved caspase-9/3 proteins detected using western blot analysis after 30 days of spermatozoa storage at 4 °C. These findings indicate ROS generation induces mitochondria damage after 20 days of storage at 4 °C, which can induce spermatozoa apoptotic-like changes during storage of soft-shelled turtle spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Noor Samad Gandahi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Sarfaraz Ali Fazlani
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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29
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The Role of Apoptotic Signaling in Axon Guidance. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040024. [PMID: 30340315 PMCID: PMC6316149 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigating growth cones are exposed to multiple signals simultaneously and have to integrate competing cues into a coherent navigational response. Integration of guidance cues is traditionally thought to occur at the level of cytoskeletal dynamics. Drosophila studies indicate that cells exhibit a low level of continuous caspase protease activation, and that axon guidance cues can activate or suppress caspase activity. We base a model for axon guidance on these observations. By analogy with other systems in which caspase signaling has non-apoptotic functions, we propose that caspase signaling can either reinforce repulsion or negate attraction in response to external guidance cues by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins. Over the course of an entire trajectory, incorrectly navigating axons may pass the threshold for apoptosis and be eliminated, whereas axons making correct decisions will survive. These observations would also explain why neurotrophic factors can act as axon guidance cues and why axon guidance systems such as Slit/Robo signaling may act as tumor suppressors in cancer.
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30
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Badinloo M, Nguyen E, Suh W, Alzahrani F, Castellanos J, Klichko VI, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Overexpression of antimicrobial peptides contributes to aging through cytotoxic effects in Drosophila tissues. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21464. [PMID: 29637607 PMCID: PMC6039247 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response tends to become hyperactive and proinflammatory in older organisms. We investigated connections between activity of the immune-related genes and aging using the Drosophila model. A hallmark of Drosophila immunity is the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP), whose expression is triggered via activation of the Toll and Imd immune pathways and regulated by NF-ĸB-like transcription factors, Dif/Dorsal and Relish. It was previously shown that overexpression of the upstream component of the immune pathways shortens lifespan via activation of the Relish-dependent immune response. Here we show that direct overexpression of the Relish target AMP genes broadly at high levels or in the fat body induced apoptosis, elicited depolarization of the mitochondria and significantly shortened lifespan. Underexpression of Relish in the fat body beginning in the second half of lifespan prevented overactivation of AMPs and extended longevity. Unlike infection-induced responses, the age-related increase in AMPs does not require the upstream recognition/transduction module of the Imd pathway. It does however require downstream elements, including Relish and Ird5, a component of the downstream IKK complex. Together, these results established causal links between high-level production of antimicrobial peptides and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Svetlana N. Radyuk
- Corresponding Author Svetlana N. Radyuk, PhD, 6501 Airline Rd, Room 113, Dallas, TX 75275, Tel: +1-214-768-2892, Fax: +1-214-768-3955,
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31
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Honey protects against wings posture error and molecular changes related to mitochondrial pathways induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation in adult Drosophila melanogaster. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 291:245-252. [PMID: 29964003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an investigation to evaluate the effects of Brazilian Pampa biome honey and its major phenolic compounds on the development of an erected wings posture phenotype and related mitochondrial aspects induced by Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were pre-treated for 3 days with a 10% honey solution and different concentrations of caffeic acid and ρ-coumaric acid and then submitted to hypoxia for 3 h. We observed that after reoxygenation, some flies acquired an erected wings posture and that this feature may be related to mortality. In addition, H/R induced down-regulation of ewg mRNA expression, which could be associated to the observed complex phenotype. H/R also caused a dysregulation in opa1-like, ldh and diap genes expression and reduced O2 fluxes in flie's mitochondria. Honey mitigated opa1-like mRNA expression changes provoked by H/R. Differently from honey, caffeic and ρ-coumaric acids displayed no protective effects. In conclusion, we report for the first time the protective effects of honey against complex phenotypes and mitochondrial changes induced by H/R in adult flies.
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Drosophila as a Model System to Study Cell Signaling in Organ Regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7359267. [PMID: 29750169 PMCID: PMC5884440 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7359267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a fascinating phenomenon that allows organisms to replace or repair damaged organs or tissues. This ability occurs to varying extents among metazoans. The rebuilding of the damaged structure depends on regenerative proliferation that must be accompanied by proper cell fate respecification and patterning. These cellular processes are regulated by the action of different signaling pathways that are activated in response to the damage. The imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster have the ability to regenerate and have been extensively used as a model system to study regeneration. Drosophila provides an opportunity to use powerful genetic tools to address fundamental problems about the genetic mechanisms involved in organ regeneration. Different studies in Drosophila have helped to elucidate the genes and signaling pathways that initiate regeneration, promote regenerative growth, and induce cell fate respecification. Here we review the signaling networks involved in regulating the variety of cellular responses that are required for discs regeneration.
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33
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Ren X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Mao L, Jiang H. Mitochondria response to camptothecin and hydroxycamptothecine-induced apoptosis in Spodoptera exigua cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 140:97-104. [PMID: 28755702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), a natural alkaloid extracted from Camptotheca acuminata Decne, exhibits potential insecticidal activities against various insect species. Our previous studies have showed that CPTs induced apoptosis in Spodoptera exigua Hübner cell line which is mediated preliminarily by the mitochondrial pathway. In this study, changes of mitochondrial morphologic and function were investigated to characterize mitochondrial responses in CPTs induced apoptosis. After incubation IOZCAS-Spex-II cells with CPT and HCPT, mitochondria exhibited obvious changes in the size, morphology and distribution, and ultrastructural alterations characterized by disruption of cristae and membrane. The typical characteristics of apoptosis, including chromatin condensation, nucleus shrivels, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were found. CPT and HCPT induced IOZCAS-Spex-II cell apoptosis accompanied with increased dramatically cytosolic Ca2+ and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in the dose and time-dependent pattern. Cytochrome c release induced by CPT and HCPT was partially reduced in the presence of CsA, which suggested that the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Taken together, these results suggested the role of mitochondria in regulation of insect cell apoptosis, which provided the basic information for illustrating the apoptosis pathway in insects and for using reasonably CPTs to control insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Mutants for Drosophila Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 3b Are Defective in Mitochondrial Function and Larval Cell Death. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:789-799. [PMID: 28104670 PMCID: PMC5345709 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.037366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The death of larval salivary gland cells during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster has been a key system for studying steroid controlled programmed cell death. This death is induced by a pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone that takes place at the end of the prepupal period. For many years, it has been thought that the ecdysone direct response gene Eip93F (E93) plays a critical role in initiating salivary gland cell death. This conclusion was based largely on the finding that the three “type” alleles of E93 cause a near-complete block in salivary gland cell death. Here, we show that these three mutations are in fact allelic to Idh3b, a nearby gene that encodes the β subunit of isocitrate dehydrogenase 3, a mitochondrial enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The strongest of the Idh3b alleles appears to cause a near-complete block in oxidative phosphorylation, as mitochondria are depolarized in mutant larvae, and development arrests early during cleavage in embryos from homozygous-mutant germline mothers. Idh3b-mutant larval salivary gland cells fail to undergo mitochondrial fragmentation, which normally precedes the death of these cells, and do not initiate autophagy, an early step in the cell death program. These observations suggest a close relationship between the TCA cycle and the initiation of larval cell death. In normal development, tagged Idh3b is released from salivary gland mitochondria during their fragmentation, suggesting that Idh3b may be an apoptogenic factor that functions much like released cytochrome c in mammalian cells.
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DRAM Is Involved in Regulating Nucleoside Analog-Induced Neuronal Autophagy in a p53-Independent Manner. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1988-1997. [PMID: 28265856 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) has not decreased the prevalence of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), a type of neurodegenerative disease, even though cART effectively inhibits virus colonization in the central nervous system. Therefore, anti-retroviral agents cannot be fully excluded from the pathogenesis of HAND. Our previous study reported that long-term nucleoside analogue (NA) exposure induced mitochondrial toxicity in the cortical neurons of HAND patients and mice, but the exact mechanism of NA-associated neurotoxicity has remained unclear. Alteration of autophagy can result in protein aggregation and the accumulation of dysfunctional organelles, which are hallmarks of some neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we first found increased autophagy in cortical autopsy specimens of AIDS patients. We then found that a low dose of NAs could stimulate autophagy in primary cultured neurons, while a high dose of NAs could induce only neuronal apoptosis. The level of NA-induced Bcl-2 and Bax expressions determined whether neuronal autophagy or apoptosis occurred. Furthermore, the level of NA-induced neuronal apoptosis correlated with the dysfunction of cellular DNA polymerase gamma. Damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM) overexpression was also involved in NA-induced neuronal autophagy. p53 played a role in the regulation of NA-induced neuronal apoptosis, but its role in NA-associated neuronal autophagy was uncertain. Our results suggest that DRAM is involved in the regulation of NA-induced neuronal autophagy in a p53-independent manner. Further research is needed to investigate the underlying mechanism.
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Pinto-Teixeira F, Konstantinides N, Desplan C. Programmed cell death acts at different stages of Drosophila neurodevelopment to shape the central nervous system. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2435-2453. [PMID: 27404003 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system development is a process that integrates cell proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is an evolutionary conserved mechanism and a fundamental developmental process by which the final cell number in a nervous system is established. In vertebrates and invertebrates, PCD can be determined intrinsically by cell lineage and age, as well as extrinsically by nutritional, metabolic, and hormonal states. Drosophila has been an instrumental model for understanding how this mechanism is regulated. We review the role of PCD in Drosophila central nervous system development from neural progenitors to neurons, its molecular mechanism and function, how it is regulated and implemented, and how it ultimately shapes the fly central nervous system from the embryo to the adult. Finally, we discuss ideas that emerged while integrating this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Pinto-Teixeira
- Department of Biology, New York University 1009 Silver Center 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE
| | - Nikolaos Konstantinides
- Department of Biology, New York University 1009 Silver Center 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University 1009 Silver Center 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, UAE
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Abstract
Recent work has strengthened Drosophila imaginal discs as a model system for regeneration studies. Evidence is accumulating that oxidative stress drives the cellular responses for repair and regeneration. Drosophila imaginal discs generate a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon damage that is necessary for the activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways. Moreover, these pathways are pivotal in the activation of regenerative growth. A hypothetical mechanism of how the ROS are initiated, and how repair and regeneration is activated is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florenci Serras
- a Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , Barcelona , Spain.,b Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Abstract
The mitochondrion descends from a bacterium that, about two billion years ago, became endosymbiotic. This organelle represents a Pandora’s box whose opening triggers cytochrome-c release and apoptosis of cells from multicellular animals, which evolved much later, about six hundred million years ago. BCL-2 proteins, which are critical apoptosis regulators, were recruited at a certain time point in evolution to either lock or unlock this mitochondrial Pandora’s box. Hence, particularly intriguing is the issue of when and how the “BCL-2 proteins–mitochondria–apoptosis” triptych emerged. This chapter explains what it takes from an evolutionary perspective to evolve a BCL-2-regulated apoptotic pathway, by focusing on the events occurring upstream of mitochondria.
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