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Verçoza BRF, Bernardo RR, de Oliveira LAS, Rodrigues JCF. Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:893-903. [PMID: 37674544 PMCID: PMC10477971 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of green superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) produced with coconut water for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Optical and electron microscopy techniques were used to evaluate the effects on cell proliferation, infectivity percentage, and ultrastructure. SPIONs were internalized by both parasite stages, randomly distributed in the cytosol and located mainly in membrane-bound compartments. The selectivity index for intracellular amastigotes was more than 240 times higher compared to current drugs used to treat the disease. The synthesized SPIONs showed promising activity against Leishmania and can be considered a strong candidate for a new therapeutic approach for treating leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno Renato Farias Verçoza
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, NUMPEX-Bio, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, n. 19593, km 104.5, 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - Robson Roney Bernardo
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, NUMPEX-Bio, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, n. 19593, km 104.5, 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Nanotecnologia, NUMPEX-Nano, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, n. 19593, km 104.5, 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luiz Augusto Sousa de Oliveira
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, NUMPEX-Bio, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, n. 19593, km 104.5, 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Nanotecnologia, NUMPEX-Nano, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, n. 19593, km 104.5, 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - Juliany Cola Fernandes Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biologia, NUMPEX-Bio, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, n. 19593, km 104.5, 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
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Ashby EC, Havens JL, Rollosson LM, Hardin J, Schulz D. Chemical Inhibition of Bromodomain Proteins in Insect-Stage African Trypanosomes Perturbs Silencing of the Variant Surface Glycoprotein Repertoire and Results in Widespread Changes in the Transcriptome. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0014723. [PMID: 37097159 PMCID: PMC10269879 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00147-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by the tsetse fly to both humans and animals, where it causes a fatal disease called African trypanosomiasis. While the parasite lacks canonical DNA sequence-specific transcription factors, it does possess histones, histone modifications, and proteins that write, erase, and read histone marks. Chemical inhibition of chromatin-interacting bromodomain proteins has previously been shown to perturb bloodstream specific trypanosome processes, including silencing of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes and immune evasion. Transcriptomic changes that occur in bromodomain-inhibited bloodstream parasites mirror many of the changes that occur as parasites developmentally progress from the bloodstream to the insect stage. We performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) time courses to determine the effects of chemical bromodomain inhibition in insect-stage parasites using the compound I-BET151. We found that treatment with I-BET151 causes large changes in the transcriptome of insect-stage parasites and also perturbs silencing of VSG genes. The transcriptomes of bromodomain-inhibited parasites share some features with early metacyclic-stage parasites in the fly salivary gland, implicating bromodomain proteins as important for regulating transcript levels for developmentally relevant genes. However, the downregulation of surface procyclin protein that typically accompanies developmental progression is absent in bromodomain-inhibited insect-stage parasites. We conclude that chemical modulation of bromodomain proteins causes widespread transcriptomic changes in multiple trypanosome life cycle stages. Understanding the gene-regulatory processes that facilitate transcriptome remodeling in this highly diverged eukaryote may shed light on how these mechanisms evolved. IMPORTANCE The disease African trypanosomiasis imposes a severe human and economic burden for communities in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite that causes the disease is transmitted to the bloodstream of a human or ungulate via the tsetse fly. Because the environments of the fly and the bloodstream differ, the parasite modulates the expression of its genes to accommodate two different lifestyles in these disparate niches. Perturbation of bromodomain proteins that interact with histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped (chromatin) causes profound changes in gene expression in bloodstream-stage parasites. This paper reports that gene expression is also affected by chemical bromodomain inhibition in insect-stage parasites but that the genes affected differ depending on life cycle stage. Because trypanosomes diverged early from model eukaryotes, an understanding of how trypanosomes regulate gene expression may lend insight into how gene-regulatory mechanisms evolved. This could also be leveraged to generate new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C. Ashby
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, USA
| | | | | | - Johanna Hardin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pomona College, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Danae Schulz
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, USA
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Elawad MA, Elkhalifa MEM, Hamdoon AAE, Salim LHM, Ahmad Z, Ayaz M. Natural products derived steroids as potential anti-leishmanial agents; disease prevalence, underlying mechanisms and future perspectives. Steroids 2023; 193:109196. [PMID: 36764565 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infection caused by protozoan parasites from the genus leishmania and is among the most neglected tropical diseases. It is highly prevalent disease, affecting about 350 million population worldwide. Only limited number of anti-leishmanial agents are approved for clinical use till now and they are associated with side effects and have limited efficacy. Subsequently, natural products based discovery of more safe and effective drugs against leishmania is under scientific consideration. Various studies reported the efficacy of natural products against intracellular and extracellular forms of leishmania species. This work is aimed to evaluate current literature focused on the anti-leihmanial efficacy of steroidal moieties from natural products and their mechanism of action. Compounds including steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids and phytosterols were found to exhibit considerable anti-leishmanial efficacy. For instance, steroidal saponin, (25R)-spirost-5-en-3b-ol,3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-[a-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-glucopyranoside isolated from A. paradoxum has completely eradicated Leishmania major promastigotes at 50 µg mL-1 dose. Spirostanic saponins isolated from Solanum paniculatum L. were effective against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. Turgidosterones isolated from Panicum turgidum exhibited high leishmanicidal potentials against Leishmania donovani promastigotes with IC50 of 4.95-8.03 µg mL-1 and even better activity against amastigotes exhibiting an IC50 of 4.50-9.29 µg mL-1. Likewise, racemoside-A from Asparagus racemosus was found effective against an antimonial sensitive (AG83) and antimonial resistant (GE1F8R) strains of the L. donovani. Moreover, steroidal alkaloids including hookerianamide-1, hookerianamide-H, hookerianamide-J, hookerianamide-K, dehydrosarsalignone, vagenine-A, sarcovagine-C, holaphylline, saracodine, holamine, 15-α hydroxyholamine, holacurtin, N-desmethyl holacurtine and elasticine has exhibited time and dose-dependent efficacy against various strains of leishmania. β-sitosterol was found active against multiple strains of leishmania. These compounds mainly exhibit their therapeutic efficacy via liberation of ROS, mitochondrial depolarization, morphological and ultra-structural changes, accumulation of lipid droplets, depletion of non-protein thiols and triggering apoptotic pathways. In conclusion, leishmaniasis is a major health problem in many countries. Plants-derived steroids moieties have reveled efficacy against leishmaniasis and is a source of lead compounds. Further detailed molecular studies are warranted for the discovery of more effective and safe anti-leishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ahmed Elawad
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Modawy Elnour Modawy Elkhalifa
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Alashary Adam Eisa Hamdoon
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Liga Hasan Mohammed Salim
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Facutly of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Facutly of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
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Rodriguez ME, Tekiel V, Campo VA. In vitro evaluation of Resveratrol as a potential pre-exposure prophylactic drug against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:54-64. [PMID: 36099853 PMCID: PMC9474288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease or American trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, is an endemic disease in Latin America, which has spread worldwide in the past years. The drugs presently used for treatment have shown limited efficacy due to the appearance of resistant parasites and severe side effects. Some of the most recent studies on anti-parasitic drugs have been focused on protein acetylation, a reversible reaction modulated by Acetyl Transferases (KATs) and Deacetylases (KDACs). We have previously reported the anti-parasite activity of resveratrol (RSV), an activator of KDACs type III (or sirtuins), and showed that this drug can reduce the growth of T. cruzi epimastigotes and the infectivity of trypomastigotes. Since RSV is now widely used in humans due to its beneficial effects as an antioxidant, it has become an attractive candidate as a repurposing drug. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of this drug to protect three different types of host cells from parasite infection. RSV treatment before parasite infection reduced the percentage of infected cells by 50-70% depending on the cell type. Although the mammalian cell lines tested showed different sensitivity to RSV, apoptosis was not significantly affected, showing that RSV was able to protect cells from infection without the activation of this process. Since autophagy has been described as a key process in parasite invasion, we also monitored this process on host cells pretreated with RSV. The results showed that, at the concentrations and incubation times tested, autophagy was not induced in any of the cell types evaluated. Our results show a partial protective effect of RSV in vitro, which justifies extending studies to an in vivo model to elucidate the mechanism by which this effect occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanina A. Campo
- Corresponding author. IIB: Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Development of hetero-triaryls as a new chemotype for subtype-selective and potent Sirt5 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114594. [PMID: 35853430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other sirtuins (NAD+-dependent class III lysine deacylases), inhibition of Sirt5 is poorly investigated, yet. Our present work is based on the recently identified Sirt5 inhibitor balsalazide, an approved drug with negligible bioavailability after oral administration. After gaining first insights into its structure-activity relationship in previous work, we were able to now develop heteroaryl-triaryls as a novel chemotype of drug-like, potent and subtype-selective Sirt5 inhibitors. The unfavourable azo group of the lead structure was modified in a systematic and comprehensive manner, leading us to a few open-chained and, most importantly, five-membered heteroaromatic substitutes (isoxazole CG_209, triazole CG_220, pyrazole CG_232) with very encouraging in vitro activities (IC50 on Sirt5 in the low micromolar range, <10 μM). These advanced inhibitors were free of cytotoxicity and showed favourable pharmacokinetic properties, as confirmed by permeability into mitochondria using live cell imaging experiments. Furthermore, results from calculations of the relative free binding affinities of the analogues compared to balsalazide as reference compound agreed well with the trends for inhibitory activities obtained in the in vitro experiments. Therefore, this method can be used to predict the affinity of closely related future potential Sirt5 inhibitors. Encouraged by our findings, we employed chemoproteomic selectivity profiling to confirm Sirt5 as main target of balsalazide and one of its improved analogues. An immobilised balsalazide-analogue specifically pulled down Sirt5 from whole cell lysates and competition experiments identified glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) and nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NME4) as potential off-targets, once again confirming the selectivity of the novel balsalazide-derived Sirt5 inhibitors. In summary, a combination of targeted chemical synthesis, biological work, and computational studies led to a new generation of tailored Sirt5 inhibitors, which represent valuable chemical tools for the investigation of the physiological role of Sirt5, but could also serve as advanced lead structures for drug candidates for systemic use.
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6
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Nanoarchitecture of the ventral disc of Giardia intestinalis as revealed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and helium ion microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:251-265. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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de Oliveira Santos J, Zuma AA, de Souza W, Motta MCM. Tubastatin A, a deacetylase inhibitor, as a tool to study the division, cell cycle and microtubule cytoskeleton of trypanosomatids. Eur J Protistol 2021; 80:125821. [PMID: 34144311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan of great medical interest since it is the causative agent of Chagas disease, an endemic condition in Latin America. This parasite undergoes epigenetic events, such as phosphorylation, methylation and acetylation, which play a role in several cellular processes including replication, transcription and gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are involved in chromatin compaction and post-translational modifications of cytoplasmic proteins, such as tubulin. Tubastatin A (TST) is a specific HDAC6 inhibitor that affects cell growth and promotes structural modifications in cancer cells and parasites. In the present study, we demonstrated that T. cruzi epimastigote cell proliferation and viability are reduced after 72 h of TST treatment. The results obtained through different microscopy methodologies suggest that this inhibitor impairs the polymerization dynamics of cytoskeleton microtubules, generating protozoa displaying atypical morphology and cellular patterns that include polynucleated parasites. Furthermore, the microtubules of treated protozoa were more intensely acetylated, especially at the anterior portion of the cell body. A cell cycle analysis demonstrated an increase in the number of trypanosomatids in the G2/M phase. Together, our results suggest that TST should be explored as a tool to study trypanosomatid cell biology, including microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics, and as an antiparasitic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, 21491-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia e Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens - CENABIO, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Araujo Zuma
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, 21491-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia e Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens - CENABIO, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, 21491-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia e Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens - CENABIO, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina M Motta
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, 21491-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia e Núcleo de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens - CENABIO, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil.
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Manjula R, Anuja K, Alcain FJ. SIRT1 and SIRT2 Activity Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:585821. [PMID: 33597872 PMCID: PMC7883599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+ dependent histone deacetylases (HDAC) that play a pivotal role in neuroprotection and cellular senescence. SIRT1-7 are different homologs from sirtuins. They play a prominent role in many aspects of physiology and regulate crucial proteins. Modulation of sirtuins can thus be utilized as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Neurological diseases have distinct clinical manifestations but are mainly age-associated and due to loss of protein homeostasis. Sirtuins mediate several life extension pathways and brain functions that may allow therapeutic intervention for age-related diseases. There is compelling evidence to support the fact that SIRT1 and SIRT2 are shuttled between the nucleus and cytoplasm and perform context-dependent functions in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). In this review, we highlight the regulation of SIRT1 and SIRT2 in various neurological diseases. This study explores the various modulators that regulate the activity of SIRT1 and SIRT2, which may further assist in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, we analyze the structure and function of various small molecules that have potential significance in modulating sirtuins, as well as the technologies that advance the targeted therapy of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Manjula
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kumari Anuja
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Francisco J. Alcain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Silva DKC, Teixeira JS, Moreira DRM, da Silva TF, Barreiro EJDL, de Freitas HF, Pita SSDR, Teles ALB, Guimarães ET, Soares MBP. In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Effectiveness of LASSBio-1386, an N-Acyl Hydrazone Derivative Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor, Against Leishmania amazonensis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590544. [PMID: 33390966 PMCID: PMC7772393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are group of neglected diseases with worldwide distribution that affect about 12 million people. The current treatment is limited and may cause severe adverse effects, and thus, the search for new drugs more effective and less toxic is relevant. We have previously investigated the immunomodulatory effects of LASSBio-1386, an N-acylhydrazone derivative. Here we investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of LASSBio-1386 against L. amazonensis. LASSBio-1386 inhibited the proliferation of promastigotes of L. amazonensis (EC50 = 2.4 ± 0.48 µM), while presenting low cytotoxicity to macrophages (CC50 = 74.1 ± 2.9 µM). In vitro incubation with LASSBio-1386 reduced the percentage of Leishmania-infected macrophages and the number of intracellular parasites (EC50 = 9.42 ± 0.64 µM). Also, in vivo treatment of BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis resulted in a decrease of lesion size, parasitic load and caused histopathological alterations, when compared to vehicle-treated control. Moreover, LASSBio-1386 caused ultrastructural changes, arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase and did not alter the membrane mitochondrial potential of L. amazonensis. Aiming to its possible molecular interactions, we performed docking and molecular dynamics studies on Leishmania phosphodiesterase B1 (PDB code: 2R8Q) and LASSBio-1386. The computational analyses suggest that LASSBio-1386 acts against Leishmania through the modulation of leishmanial PDE activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that LASSBio-1386 is a promising candidate for the development of new leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahara Keyse Carvalho Silva
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Histopatologia, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jessicada Silva Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Histopatologia, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diogo Rodrigo Magalhães Moreira
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandes da Silva
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jesus de Lacerda Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Modelagem Molecular (LaBiMM), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva da Rocha Pita
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Modelagem Molecular (LaBiMM), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - André Lacerda Braga Teles
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular Medicinal e Toxicológica, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elisalva Teixeira Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Núcleo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Histopatologia, Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Senai de Inovação em Sistemas Avançados em Saúde, Senai/Cimatec, Salvador, Brazil
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Pramanik PK, Chakraborti S, Bagchi A, Chakraborti T. Bioassay-based Corchorus capsularis L. leaf-derived β-sitosterol exerts antileishmanial effects against Leishmania donovani by targeting trypanothione reductase. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20440. [PMID: 33235245 PMCID: PMC7686382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a major neglected tropical disease, affects millions of individuals worldwide. Among the various clinical forms, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the deadliest. Current antileishmanial drugs exhibit toxicity- and resistance-related issues. Therefore, advanced chemotherapeutic alternatives are in demand, and currently, plant sources are considered preferable choices. Our previous report has shown that the chloroform extract of Corchorus capsularis L. leaves exhibits a significant effect against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. In the current study, bioassay-guided fractionation results for Corchorus capsularis L. leaf-derived β-sitosterol (β-sitosterolCCL) were observed by spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC–MS). The inhibitory efficacy of this β-sitosterolCCL against L. donovani promastigotes was measured (IC50 = 17.7 ± 0.43 µg/ml). β-SitosterolCCL significantly disrupts the redox balance via intracellular ROS production, which triggers various apoptotic events, such as structural alteration, increased storage of lipid bodies, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, externalization of phosphatidylserine and non-protein thiol depletion, in promastigotes. Additionally, the antileishmanial activity of β-sitosterolCCL was validated by enzyme inhibition and an in silico study in which β-sitosterolCCL was found to inhibit Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase (LdTryR). Overall, β-sitosterolCCL appears to be a novel inhibitor of LdTryR and might represent a successful approach for treatment of VL in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sajal Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Angshuman Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapati Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Identification of the subtype-selective Sirt5 inhibitor balsalazide through systematic SAR analysis and rationalization via theoretical investigations. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112676. [PMID: 32858418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report here an extensive structure-activity relationship study of balsalazide, which was previously identified in a high-throughput screening as an inhibitor of Sirt5. To get a closer understanding why this compound is able to inhibit Sirt5, we initially performed docking experiments comparing the binding mode of a succinylated peptide as the natural substrate and balsalazide with Sirt5 in the presence of NAD+. Based on the evidence gathered here, we designed and synthesized 13 analogues of balsalazide, in which single functional groups were either deleted or slightly altered to investigate which of them are mandatory for high inhibitory activity. Our study confirms that balsalazide with all its given functional groups is an inhibitor of Sirt5 in the low micromolar concentration range and structural modifications presented in this study did not increase potency. While changes on the N-aroyl-β-alanine side chain eliminated potency, the introduction of a truncated salicylic acid part minimally altered potency. Calculations of the associated reaction paths showed that the inhibition potency is very likely dominated by the stability of the inhibitor-enzyme complex and not the type of inhibition (covalent vs. non-covalent). Further in-vitro characterization in a trypsin coupled assay determined that the tested inhibitors showed no competition towards NAD+ or the synthetic substrate analogue ZKsA. In addition, investigations for subtype selectivity revealed that balsalazide is a subtype-selective Sirt5 inhibitor, and our initial SAR and docking studies pave the way for further optimization.
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12
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Targeting histone acetylation/deacetylation in parasites: an update (2017–2020). Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 57:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sousa JKT, Antinarelli LMR, Mendonça DVC, Lage DP, Tavares GSV, Dias DS, Ribeiro PAF, Ludolf F, Coelho VTS, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Perin L, Oliveira BA, Alvarenga DF, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Brandão GC, Nobre V, Pereira GR, Coimbra ES, Coelho EAF. A chloroquinoline derivate presents effective in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity against Leishmania species that cause tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2019; 73:101966. [PMID: 31362122 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of new therapeutics to treat leishmaniasis is desirable, since available drugs are toxic and present high cost and/or poor availability. Therefore, the discovery of safer, more effective and selective pharmaceutical options is of utmost importance. Efforts towards the development of new candidates based on molecule analogs with known biological functions have been an interesting and cost-effective strategy. In this context, quinoline derivatives have proven to be effective biological activities against distinct diseases. In the present study, a new chloroquinoline derivate, AM1009, was in vitro tested against two Leishmania species that cause leishmaniasis. The present study analyzed the necessary inhibitory concentration to preclude 50% of the Leishmania promastigotes and axenic amastigotes (EC50 value), as well as the inhibitory concentrations to preclude 50% of the murine macrophages and human red blood cells (CC50 and RBC50 values, respectively). In addition, the treatment of infected macrophages and the inhibition of infection using pre-treated parasites were also investigated, as was the mechanism of action of the molecule in L. amazonensis. To investigate the in vivo therapeutic effect, BALB/c mice were infected with L. amazonensis and later treated with AM1009. Parasitological and immunological parameters were also evaluated. Clioquinol, a known antileishmanial quinoline derivate, and amphotericin B (AmpB), were used as molecule and drug controls, respectively. Results in both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed a better and more selective action of AM1009 to kill the in vitro parasites, as well as in treating infected mice, when compared to results obtained using clioquinol or AmpB. AM1009-treated animals presented significantly lower average lesion diameter and parasite burden in the infected tissue and organs evaluated in this study, as well as a more polarized antileishmanial Th1 immune response and low renal and hepatic toxicity. This result suggests that AM1009 should be considered a possible therapeutic target to be evaluated in future studies for treatment against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K T Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana M R Antinarelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora V C Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A F Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinicio T S Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luísa Perin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bianka A Oliveira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Física e Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Informática, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis F Alvarenga
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Física e Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Informática, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geraldo C Brandão
- Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vandack Nobre
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Pereira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Física e Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Informática, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Afrin F, Khan I, Hemeg HA. Leishmania-Host Interactions-An Epigenetic Paradigm. Front Immunol 2019; 10:492. [PMID: 30967861 PMCID: PMC6438953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases, for which no vaccines exist. Chemotherapy is hampered by limited efficacy coupled with development of resistance and other side effects. Leishmania parasites elude the host defensive mechanisms by modulating their surface proteins as well as dampening the host's immune responses. The parasites use the conventional RNA polymerases peculiarly under different environmental cues or pressures such as the host's milieu or the drugs. The mechanisms that restructure post-translational modifications are poorly understood but altered epigenetic histone modifications are believed to be instrumental in influencing the chromatin remodeling in the parasite. Interestingly, the parasite also modulates gene expression of the hosts, thereby hijacking or dampening the host immune response. Epigenetic factor such as DNA methylation of cytosine residues has been incriminated in silencing of macrophage-specific genes responsible for defense against these parasites. Although there is dearth of information regarding the epigenetic alterations-mediated pathogenesis in these parasites and the host, the unique epigenetic marks may represent targets for potential anti-leishmanial drug candidates. This review circumscribes the epigenetic changes during Leishmania infection, and the epigenetic modifications they enforce upon the host cells to ensure a safe haven. The non-coding micro RNAs as post-transcriptional regulators and correlates of wound healing and toll-like receptor signaling, as well as prognostic biomarkers of therapeutic failure and healing time are also explored. Finally, we highlight the recent advances on how the epigenetic perturbations may impact leishmaniasis vaccine development as biomarkers of safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Afrin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inbesat Khan
- Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
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Costa MS, Gonçalves YG, Teixeira SC, Nunes DCDO, Lopes DS, da Silva CV, da Silva MS, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Von Poelhsitz G, Yoneyama KAG. Increased ROS generation causes apoptosis-like death: Mechanistic insights into the anti-Leishmania activity of a potent ruthenium(II) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 195:1-12. [PMID: 30861423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Some metallodrugs that exhibit interesting biological activity contain transition metals such as ruthenium, and have been extensively exploited because of their antiparasitic potential. In previous study, we reported the remarkable anti-Leishmania activity of precursor cis-[RuIICl2(dppm)2], where dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, and new ruthenium(II) complexes, cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC10H13)(dppm)2]PF6 (bbato), cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7S)(dppm)2]PF6 (mtbato) and cis-[RuII(η2-O2CC7H7O2)(dppm)2]PF6 (hmxbato) against some Leishmania species. In view of the promising activity of the hmxbato complex against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes, the present work investigated the possible parasite death mechanism involved in the action of this hmxbato and its precursor. We report, for the first time, that hmxbato and precursor promoted an increase in reactive oxygen species production, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, DNA fragmentation, formation of a pre-apoptotic peak, alterations in parasite morphology and formation of autophagic vacuoles. Taken together, our results suggest that these ruthenium complexes cause parasite death by apoptosis. Thus, this work provides relevant knowledge on the activity of ruthenium(II) complexes against L. (L.) amazonensis. Such information will be essential for the exploitation of these complexes as future candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina de Oliveira Nunes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular (LECC), Centro de Toxinas, Resposta imune e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Osteoimunologia e Imunologia dos Tumores, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Von Poelhsitz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Gadelha APR, Bravim B, Vidal J, Reignault LC, Cosme B, Huber K, Bracher F, de Souza W. Alterations on growth and cell organization of Giardia intestinalis trophozoites after treatment with KH-TFMDI, a novel class III histone deacetylase inhibitor. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:130-142. [PMID: 30665874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia trophozoites have developed resistance mechanisms to currently available compounds, leading to treatment failures. In this context, the development of new additional agents is mandatory. Sirtuins, which are class III NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, have been considered important targets for the development of new anti-parasitic drugs. Here, we evaluated the activity of KH-TFMDI, a novel 3-arylideneindolin-2-one-type sirtuin inhibitor, on G. intestinalis trophozoites. This compound decreased the trophozoite growth presenting an IC50 value lower than nicotinamide, a moderately active inhibitor of yeast and human sirtuins. Light and electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of multinucleated cell clusters suggesting that the cytokinesis could be compromised in treated trophozoites. Cell rounding, concomitantly with the folding of the ventro-lateral flange and flagella internalization, was also observed. These cells eventually died by a mechanism which lead to DNA/nuclear damage, formation of multi-lamellar bodies and annexin V binding on the parasite surface. Taken together, these data show that KH-TFMDI has significant effects against G. intestinalis trophozoites proliferation and structural organization and suggest that histone deacetylation pathway should be explored on this protozoon as target for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula R Gadelha
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Bravim
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Vidal
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lissa Catherine Reignault
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cosme
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kilian Huber
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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An overview of Sirtuins as potential therapeutic target: Structure, function and modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:48-77. [PMID: 30342425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin (Yeast Silent Information RegulatorsⅡ, Sir2) was first discovered in the 1970s. Because of its function by removing acetylated groups from histones in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), waves of research have assessed the potential of Sirtuin as a therapeutic target. The Sirtuin family, which is widely distributed throughout the nature, has been divided into seven human isoforms (Sirt1-Sirt7). They are thought to be closely related to some aging diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, and tumors. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the structure, function and modulators of Sirtuins, which is expected to be beneficial to relevant studies.
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Isobenzofuranone derivative JVPH3, an inhibitor of L. donovani topoisomerase II, disrupts mitochondrial architecture in trypanosomatid parasites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11940. [PMID: 30093616 PMCID: PMC6085290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) bearing unusual mitochondrion of trypanosomatid parasites offers a new paradigm in chemotherapy modality. Topoisomerase II of Leishmania donovani (LdTopII), a key enzyme associated with kDNA replication, is emerging as a potential drug target. However, mode of action of LdTopII targeted compounds in the parasites at sub-cellular level remains largely unknown. Previously, we reported that an isobenzofuranone derivative, namely 3,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-7-hydroxyisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (JVPH3), targets LdTopII and induces apoptosis-like cell death in L. donovani. Here, we elucidate the phenotypic changes and the events occurring at sub-cellular level caused by JVPH3 in L. donovani. In addition, we have evaluated the cytotoxicity and ultrastructural alterations caused by JVPH3 in two brazilian trypanosomatid pathogens viz. L. amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite killing these parasites, JVPH3 caused significantly different phenotypes in L. donovani and L. amazonensis. More than 90% population of parasites showed altered morphology. Mitochondrion was a major target organelle subsequently causing kinetoplast network disorganization in Leishmania. Altered mitochondrial architecture was evident in 75–80% Leishmania population being investigated. Quantification of mitochondrial function using JC-1 fluorophore to measure a possible mitochondrial membrane depolarization further confirmed the mitochondrion as an essential target of the JVPH3 corroborating with the phenotype observed by electron microscopy. However, the impact of JVPH3 was lesser on T. cruzi than Leishmania. The molecule caused mitochondrial alteration in 40% population of the epimastigotes being investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the proliferation pattern and ultrastructural alterations caused in Brazilian kinetoplastid pathogens by a synthetic LdTopII inhibitor previously established to have promising in vivo activity against Indian strain of L. donovani.
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Histone deacetylases as targets for antitrypanosomal drugs. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO325. [PMID: 30271613 PMCID: PMC6153458 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa comprise several species that are causative agents of important diseases. These diseases are distributed throughout the world and include leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and sleeping sickness, malaria and toxoplasmosis. Treatment is based on drugs that were developed many years ago, which have side effects and produce resistant parasites. One approach for the development of new drugs is the identification of new molecular targets. We summarize the data on histone deacetylases, a class of enzymes that act on histones, which are closely associated with DNA and its regulation. These enzymes may constitute new targets for the development of antiparasitic protozoa drugs. Although several protozoan species are mentioned, members of the Trypanosomatidae family are the main focus of this short review. Parasitic protozoa comprise species that are causative agents of important diseases distributed throughout the world. The available drugs for treatment were developed many years ago, might cause side effects and produce resistant parasites. The identification of new molecular targets is required for the development of new drugs. Histone deacetylases act on histones, are closely associated with DNA and thus may constitute new targets for antiparasitic therapy, especially that against trypanosomatid protozoa.
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Teixeira de Macedo Silva S, Visbal G, Lima Prado Godinho J, Urbina JA, de Souza W, Cola Fernandes Rodrigues J. In vitro antileishmanial activity of ravuconazole, a triazole antifungal drug, as a potential treatment for leishmaniasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:2360-2373. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Teixeira de Macedo Silva
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Visbal
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseane Lima Prado Godinho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio A Urbina
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliany Cola Fernandes Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa UFRJ-Xerém, Divisão Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vijayakumar S, Das P. Recent progress in drug targets and inhibitors towards combating leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2018; 181:95-104. [PMID: 29452111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lesihmaniasis is one of the major neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite of the genus Leishmania. The disease has more than one clinical forms and the visceral form is considered fatal. With the lack of potential vaccine, chemotherapy is the major treatment source considered for the control of the disease in the infected people. Drugs including amphotericin B and miltefosine are widely used for the treatment, however, development of resistance by the parasite towards the administered drug and high-toxicity of the drug are of major concern. Hence, more attention has been shown on identifying new targets, effective inhibitors, and better drug delivery system against the disease. This review deals with recent studies on drug targets and exploring their essentiality for the survival of Leishmania. Further, new inhibitors for those targets, novel anti-leishmanial peptides and vaccines against leishmaniasis were discussed. We believe that this pool of information will ease the researchers to gain knowledge and help in choosing right targets and design of new inhibitors against Leishmaniasis.
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