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Klimenko A, Rodina EE, Silachev D, Begun M, Babenko VA, Benditkis AS, Kozlov AS, Krasnovsky AA, Khotimchenko YS, Katanaev VL. Chlorin Endogenous to the North Pacific Brittle Star Ophiura sarsii for Photodynamic Therapy Applications in Breast Cancer and Glioblastoma Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010134. [PMID: 35052813 PMCID: PMC8773836 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a powerful avenue for anticancer treatment. PDT relies on the use of photosensitizers—compounds accumulating in the tumor and converted from benign to cytotoxic upon targeted photoactivation. We here describe (3S,4S)-14-Ethyl-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid (ETPA) as a major metabolite of the North Pacific brittle stars Ophiura sarsii. As a chlorin, ETPA efficiently produces singlet oxygen upon red-light photoactivation and exerts powerful sub-micromolar phototoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines in vitro. In a mouse model of glioblastoma, intravenous ETPA injection combined with targeted red laser irradiation induced strong necrotic ablation of the brain tumor. Along with the straightforward ETPA purification protocol and abundance of O. sarsii, these studies pave the way for the development of ETPA as a novel natural product-based photodynamic therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Klimenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Elvira E. Rodina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Denis Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Maria Begun
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Anton S. Benditkis
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Anton S. Kozlov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Krasnovsky
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Yuri S. Khotimchenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Shakova FM, Kirova YI, Silachev DN, Romanova GA, Morozov SG. Protective Effects of PGC-1α Activators on Ischemic Stroke in a Rat Model of Photochemically Induced Thrombosis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:325. [PMID: 33806692 PMCID: PMC8002020 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological induction and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), a key regulator of ischemic brain tolerance, is a promising direction in neuroprotective therapy. Pharmacological agents with known abilities to modulate cerebral PGC-1α are scarce. This study focused on the potential PGC-1α-modulating activity of Mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate) and Semax (ACTH(4-7) analog) in a rat model of photochemical-induced thrombosis (PT) in the prefrontal cortex. Mexidol (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally, and Semax (25 μg/kg) was administered intranasally, for 7 days each. The expression of PGC-1α and PGC-1α-dependent protein markers of mitochondriogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis was measured in the penumbra via immunoblotting at Days 1, 3, 7, and 21 after PT. The nuclear content of PGC-1α was measured immunohistochemically. The suppression of PGC-1α expression was observed in the penumbra from 24 h to 21 days following PT and reflected decreases in both the number of neurons and PGC-1α expression in individual neurons. Administration of Mexidol or Semax was associated with preservation of the neuron number and neuronal expression of PGC-1α, stimulation of the nuclear translocation of PGC-1α, and increased contents of protein markers for PGC-1α activation. This study opens new prospects for the pharmacological modulation of PGC-1α in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima M. Shakova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Yuliya I. Kirova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, Bldg. 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A. Romanova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Sergey G. Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
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Filippenkov IB, Dergunova LV, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF. Neuroprotective Effects of Peptides in the Brain: Transcriptome Approach. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:279-287. [PMID: 32564732 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of studying the action mechanisms of drugs based on natural regulatory peptides is commonly recognized. Particular attention is paid to the peptide drugs that contribute to the restoration of brain functions after acute cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), which for many years continues to be one of the main problems and threats to human health. However, molecular genetic changes in the brain in response to ischemia, as well as the mechanisms of protective effects of peptides, have not been sufficiently studied. This limits the use of neuroprotective peptides and makes it difficult to develop new, more efficient drugs with targeted action on brain functions. Transcriptome analysis is a promising approach for studying the mechanisms of the damaging effects of cerebral ischemia and neuroprotective action of peptide drugs. Beside investigating the role of mRNAs in protein synthesis, the development of new neuroprotection strategies requires studying the involvement of regulatory RNAs in ischemia. Of greatest interest are microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are expressed predominantly in the brain. CircRNAs can interact with miRNAs and diminish their activity, thereby inhibiting miRNA-mediated repression of mRNAs. It has become apparent that analysis of the circRNA/miRNA/mRNA system is essential for deciphering the mechanisms of brain damage and repair. Here, we present the results of studies on the ischemia-induced changes in the activity of genes and peptide-mediated alterations in the transcriptome profiles in experimental ischemia and formulate the basic principles of peptide regulation in the ischemia-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Filippenkov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - L V Dergunova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - S A Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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Svishcheva MV, Mishina YS, Medvedeva OA, Bobyntsev II, Mukhina AY, Kalutskii PV, Andreeva LA, Myasoedov NF. Morphofunctional State of the Large Intestine in Rats under Conditions of Restraint Stress and Administration of Peptide ACTH (4-7)-PGP (Semax). Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 170:384-388. [PMID: 33459919 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of intraperitoneal administration ACTH(4-7)-PGP in doses of 5, 50, 150, and 450 μg/kg to Wistar male rats 12-15 min before modeling restraint stress on the morphofunctional state of the colon. In rats exposed to restraint stress, signs of atrophy and inflammatory reaction in the colon wall, changes in functional activity and number of mast cells, and increased serum level of corticosterone were observed. Administration of the peptide led to a decrease in corticosterone concentration, alleviated stress-induced pathomorphological changes, and promoted adaptation of the intestinal wall to stress. The positive effects of ACTH(4-7)-PGP can be determined by multifunctional nature of the physiological and pharmacological effects of the neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Svishcheva
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - Ye S Mishina
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - O A Medvedeva
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - I I Bobyntsev
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia.
| | - A Y Mukhina
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - P V Kalutskii
- Kursk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - L A Andreeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Composition of Colon Microbiota in Rats Treated with ACTH(4-7)-PGP Peptide (Semax) under Conditions of Restraint Stress. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:357-360. [PMID: 32737723 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of Semax on the state of intestinal microbiota in rats subjected to restraint stress. Semax was injected to Wistar male rats intraperitoneally in doses of 5, 50, 150, 450 μg/kg 12-15 min before modelling chronic restraint stress. It was found that stress exposure reduced the number of obligate bacteria in the colon microbiota, but increased the content of opportunistic microorganisms. Semax in doses of 50 and 150 μg/kg prevented the stress-induced changes in the composition of colon microbiota. The observed effects of Semax might be mediated by the central neurotropic effects as well as by binding to peripheral melanocortin receptors of the intestine.
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Dergunova LV, Filippenkov IB, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF. Pharmacotranscriptomics of peptide drugs with neuroprotective properties. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:754-769. [PMID: 32638434 DOI: 10.1002/med.21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a review of studies on the effects of peptides with neuroprotective properties on gene transcription in nerve cells. The few published works in this area clearly demonstrate massive changes in cell transcriptomes induced by peptides under normal conditions and under conditions of experimental brain ischemia. These changes significantly affect signaling and metabolic pathways, affecting various body systems and confirming the multiple target actions of peptides. The importance of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of these processes is shown, and we discuss the prospects of research for determining the main mechanisms of peptide regulation, which is necessary for the further development of drugs with targeted neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V Dergunova
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan B Filippenkov
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Limborska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai F Myasoedov
- Department of Chemistry of Physiologically Active Compounds, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH (4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia-Reperfusion in Rats. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060681. [PMID: 32580520 PMCID: PMC7350263 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia is the most common cause of impaired brain function. Biologically active peptides represent potential drugs for reducing the damage that occurs after ischaemia. The synthetic melanocortin derivative, ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax), has been used successfully in the treatment of patients with severe impairment of cerebral blood circulation. However, its molecular mechanisms of action within the brain are not yet fully understood. Previously, we used the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model to study the damaging effects of ischaemia-reperfusion on the brain transcriptome in rats. Here, using RNA-Seq analysis, we investigated the protective properties of the Semax peptide at the transcriptome level under tMCAO conditions. We have identified 394 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (>1.5-fold change) in the brains of rats at 24 h after tMCAO treated with Semax relative to saline. Following tMCAO, we found that Semax suppressed the expression of genes related to inflammatory processes and activated the expression of genes related to neurotransmission. In contrast, ischaemia-reperfusion alone activated the expression of inflammation-related genes and suppressed the expression of neurotransmission-related genes. Therefore, the neuroprotective action of Semax may be associated with a compensation of mRNA expression patterns that are disrupted during ischaemia-reperfusion conditions.
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Gusev EI, Martynov MY, Kostenko EV, Petrova LV, Bobyreva SN. [The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:61-68. [PMID: 29798983 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20181183261-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy of semax and timing of rehabilitation on the dynamics of plasma BDNF levels, motor performance, and Barthel index score in patients after ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and ten patients after IS (43 men, 67 women, mean age 58.0±9.7, Ме 63 years) were examined. All patients were divided into early (89±9 days) and late (214±22 days) rehabilitation groups. Each group was subdivided into semax+ and semax- subgroups. Standard regimen of semax included 2 courses (6000 mcg/day) for 10 days with 20 day interval. Plasma BDNF levels, motor performance on the British Medical Research Council scale and Barthel index were assessed in all groups. RESULTS Administration of semax, regardless of the timing of rehabilitation, increased BDNF plasma levels which remained high during the whole study period. In semax- subgroups high BDNF plasma levels were positively correlated with early rehabilitation. Administration of semax and high BDNF levels accelerated the improvement and ameliorated the final outcome of Barthel score index. There was a positive correlation between BDNF plasma levels and Barthel score, as well as a correlation between early rehabilitation and motor performance improvement. The correlation between BDNF plasma levels and Barthel score was modified by the timing of rehabilitation. CONCLUSION Early rehabilitation and administration of semax increase BDNF plasma level, speed functional recovery, and improve motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Gusev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russiа, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Yu Martynov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russiа, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Kostenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russiа, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Centre for Research and Practice in Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Petrova
- Moscow Centre for Research and Practice in Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Bobyreva
- Moscow Centre for Research and Practice in Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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The Connection Between Structure Modification and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Prolyl-Glycyl-Proline (PGP). Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Slominsky PA, Shadrina MI, Kolomin TA, Stavrovskaya AV, Filatova EV, Andreeva LA, Illarioshkin SN, Myasoedov NF. Peptides semax and selank affect the behavior of rats with 6-OHDA induced PD-like parkinsonism. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2017; 474:106-109. [PMID: 28702721 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496617030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common severe neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the synthetic regulatory peptides Semax (analog of an ACTH 4-10 fragment (ACTH4-10)) and Selank (analog of immunomodulatory taftsin) on behavior of rats with 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) induced PD-like parkinsonism. It was showed that both peptides did not affect motor activity of rats in elevated cross shaped maze and passive defensive behavior of the animals. At the same time, Selank decreased level of anxiety of rats with toxic damage of DA neurons in elevated cross shaped maze. Previously such effects of Selank were revealed in healthy rodents (rats and mice) with different models of psycho-emotional stress. Therefore, toxic damage of substantia nigra does not affect the response of the rat organism on this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M I Shadrina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Kolomin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E V Filatova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia.
| | - L A Andreeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Vyunova TV, Medvedeva EV, Andreeva LA, Dergunova LV, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF. A possible role of transthyretin in the biological mechanism of regulatory peptide neuroprotection. MOLECULAR GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416816030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kolomin T, Shadrina M, Slominsky P, Limborska S, Myasoedov N. A New Generation of Drugs: Synthetic Peptides Based on Natural Regulatory Peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/nm.2013.44035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Dmitrieva VG, Povarova OV, Skvortsova VI, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF, Dergunova LV. Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:71-9. [PMID: 19633950 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Consisting of a fragment of ACTH(4-7) and C-terminal PGP tripeptide, the polypeptide Semax is successfully used for acute stroke therapy. Previous experiments showed rapid induction of Bdnf, Ngf, and TrkB expression in intact rat hippocampus following Semax treatment. To investigate the mRNA expression of neurotrophins and their receptors after treatment with either Semax or PGP, the rat brains were analyzed at three time points following a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). We have shown for the first time that both Semax and PGP activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptors in the cortex of rats subjected to pMCAO. The profiles of transcription alteration under PGP and Semax treatment were partially overlapped. Semax enhanced the transcription of Bdnf, TrkC, and TrkA 3 h after occlusion, Nt-3 and Ngf 24 h after occlusion, and Ngf 72 h after occlusion. PGP enhanced the transcription of Bdnf and TrkC 3 h after pMCAO and Ngf, TrkB, TrkC, and TrkA 24 h after pMCAO. The analysis of the transcription alterations under PGP and Semax treatment in the cortex of rats without surgery, sham-operated rats and rats subjected to pMCAO revealed that Semax selectively affected the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptors in the ischemic rat cortex, whereas the influence of PGP was mainly unspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika G Dmitrieva
- Human Molecular Genetics Department, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, The Russian Federation.
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Modo M. Long-term survival and serial assessment of stroke damage and recovery - practical and methodological considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:52-68. [PMID: 22389748 DOI: 10.6030/1939-067x-2.2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impairments caused by stroke remain the main cause for adult disability. Despite a vigorous research effort, only 1 thrombolytic treatment has been approved in acute stroke (<3h). The limitations of preclinical studies and how these can be overcome have been the subject of various guidelines. However, often these guidelines focus on the acute stroke setting and omit long-term outcome measures, such as behaviour and neuroimaging. The considerations and practicalities of including the serial assessment of these approaches and their significance to establish therapeutic efficacy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, London, UK
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