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Zhu G, Liu X, Feng J, Deng Y, Li Y, Ma Q, Chen L, Su Y, Ping A, Xie F, Wang T, Lv L. Effect of age and sex on hematological and biochemical parameters in Chinese rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) anesthetized with ketamine. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:384-391. [PMID: 37807223 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rhesus monkeys are increasingly used in biomedical research, which makes their hematological and biochemical parameters increasingly important in preclinical research. Since age and sex can influence blood parameters, establishing reference intervals for such parameters based on age and sex becomes along with identifying the effect of age and sex on those parameters. METHODS A total of 1385 healthy Chinese rhesus monkeys (548 males and 837 females) anesthetized with ketamine were selected and segregated by age (six groups) and sex. A total of 21 hematological and 26 biochemical parameters were measured, and the effects of age and sex were analyzed. RESULTS We established baseline indices for hematological and biochemical parameters based on age and sex, separately, and observed significant impacts of age, sex, and age-sex interactions on blood parameters. Among different age groups, significant differences were found in WBC, NEUT%, LYM%, EO%, LYM#, EO#, MCV, RDW-CV, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, TP, Alb, GLB, A/G, ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, GGT, BUN, Cre, GLU, CK, TRIG, LDL, HCY, IL-6 FOL, Vit B12, VIT D-T, PTH, and AMH. Additionally, significant differences were observed in RBC, HGB, HCT, MPV, Alb, BUN, Cre, GLU, CHOL, TRIG, HDL, LDL, HCY, and VIT D-T between the two sexes. An age-sex interaction exerted a significant effect on WBC, NEUT#, MCV, MCHC, PDW, GLB, ALP, Cre, CHOL, TRIG, HDL, LDL, HCY, IL-6, Vit B12, VIT D-T. However, neither age, sex, and age-sex interactions exerted significant effects on MO%, MOMO#, MCH, RDW-SD, CRP, and CT. CONCLUSION Our study investigated the blood parameters of rhesus monkeys to provide a reference basis for rhesus monkey-related scientific experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohong Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuedan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yijiang Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qionglin Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Gejiu, China
| | - Lilin Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yulin Su
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - An Ping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Longbao Lv
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Turner PV, Bayne K. Research Animal Behavioral Management Programs for the 21st Century. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1919. [PMID: 37370429 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral management programs have been developed commonly for research dogs and primates but rarely has program consideration been expanded to include all research species worked with. This is necessary to reduce animal stress and promote natural behaviors, which can promote good animal welfare and result in more robust and reproducible scientific data. We describe the evolution of consideration for research animal needs and define an umbrella-based model of research animal behavioral management programs, which may be used for all research species. In addition to developing a more comprehensive program, we emphasize the need for regular welfare assessments to determine whether the program is working cohesively and whether any aspects require modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Turner
- Global Animal Welfare & Training, Charles River, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Hasegawa Y, Kim DHJ, Zhang Z, Taha AY, Capitanio JP, Hogrefe CE, Bauman MD, Golub MS, Van de Water J, VandeVoort CA, Walker CK, Slupsky CM. Calorie restriction and pravastatin administration during pregnancy in obese rhesus macaques modulates maternal and infant metabolism and infant brain and behavioral development. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1146804. [PMID: 37255938 PMCID: PMC10225656 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1146804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal obesity has been associated with a higher risk of pregnancy-related complications in mothers and offspring; however, effective interventions have not yet been developed. We tested two interventions, calorie restriction and pravastatin administration, during pregnancy in a rhesus macaque model with the hypothesis that these interventions would normalize metabolic dysregulation in pregnant mothers leading to an improvement in infant metabolic and cognitive/social development. Methods A total of 19 obese mothers were assigned to either one of the two intervention groups (n = 5 for calorie restriction; n = 7 for pravastatin) or an obese control group (n = 7) with no intervention, and maternal gestational samples and postnatal infant samples were compared with lean control mothers (n = 6) using metabolomics methods. Results Gestational calorie restriction normalized one-carbon metabolism dysregulation in obese mothers, but altered energy metabolism in her offspring. Although administration of pravastatin during pregnancy tended to normalize blood cholesterol in the mothers, it potentially impacted the gut microbiome and kidney function of their offspring. In the offspring, both calorie restriction and pravastatin administration during pregnancy tended to normalize the activity of AMPK in the brain at 6 months, and while results of the Visual Paired-Comparison test, which measures infant recognition memory, was not significantly impacted by either of the interventions, gestational pravastatin administration, but not calorie restriction, tended to normalize anxiety assessed by the Human Intruder test. Conclusions Although the two interventions tested in a non-human primate model led to some improvements in metabolism and/or infant brain development, negative impacts were also found in both mothers and infants. Our study emphasizes the importance of assessing gestational interventions for maternal obesity on both maternal and offspring long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Danielle H J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Casey E Hogrefe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Mari S Golub
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Judy Van de Water
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Catherine A VandeVoort
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cheryl K Walker
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Turner PV. Moving Beyond the Absence of Pain and Distress: Focusing on Positive Animal Welfare. ILAR J 2020; 60:366-372. [PMID: 33119093 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, researchers, veterinarians, animal ethics committees, and regulators have focused on minimizing pain and distress as a primary goal of refinement when working with animals in science. More recent publications as well as a shift in animal ethics and public opinion have emphasized promotion of positive affective states, culminating in the concept of positive animal welfare. Robust measures are required to know when positive animal welfare states are occurring, and a number of measures are proposed and discussed. Regardless of whether there are newer methods available that focus exclusively on measuring positive affective states, consistent consideration of research animal behavioral programs, refinement, and adopting periodic stand-alone animal welfare assessments for all species involved will help to push the care and practices of research animals towards an increased focus on positive animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Turner
- Charles River Laboratories Inc, Global Animal Welfare & Training, Charles River, Wilmington, Massachusetts, USA
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Introducing Therioepistemology: the study of how knowledge is gained from animal research. Lab Anim (NY) 2017; 46:103-113. [PMID: 28328885 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This focus issue of Lab Animal coincides with a tipping point in biomedical research. For the first time, the scale of the reproducibility and translatability crisis is widely understood beyond the small cadre of researchers who have been studying it and the pharmaceutical and biotech companies who have been living it. Here we argue that an emerging literature, including the papers in this focus issue, has begun to congeal around a set of recurring themes, which themselves represent a paradigm shift. This paradigm shift can be characterized at the micro level as a shift from asking "what have we controlled for in this model?" to asking "what have we chosen to ignore in this model, and at what cost?" At the macro level, it is a shift from viewing animals as tools (the furry test tube), to viewing them as patients in an equivalent human medical study. We feel that we are witnessing the birth of a new discipline, which we term Therioepistemology, or the study of how knowledge is gained from animal research. In this paper, we outline six questions that serve as a heuristic for critically evaluating animal-based biomedical research from a therioepistemological perspective. These six questions sketch out the broad reaches of this new discipline, though they may change or be added to as this field evolves. Ultimately, by formalizing therioepistemology as a discipline, we can begin to discuss best practices that will improve the reproducibility and translatability of animal-based research, with concomitant benefits in terms of human health and animal well-being.
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Luginbuhl KM, Schaal JL, Umstead B, Mastria EM, Li X, Banskota S, Arnold S, Feinglos M, D’Alessio D, Chilkoti A. One-week glucose control via zero-order release kinetics from an injectable depot of glucagon-like peptide-1 fused to a thermosensitive biopolymer. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:0078. [PMID: 29062587 PMCID: PMC5650111 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) receptor is a useful treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes because of pleiotropic effects, including the regulation of islet hormones and the induction of satiety. However, the native ligand for the GLP1 receptor has a short half-live owing to enzymatic inactivation and rapid clearance. Here, we show that a subcutaneous depot formed after a single injection of GLP1 recombinantly fused to a thermosensitive elastin-like polypeptide results in zero-order release kinetics and circulation times of up to 10 days in mice and 17 days in monkeys. The optimized pharmacokinetics leads to 10 days of glycemic control in three different mouse models of diabetes, as well as to the reduction of glycosylated hemoglobin levels and weight gain in ob/ob mice treated once weekly for 8 weeks. Our results suggest that the optimized GLP1 formulation could enhance therapeutic outcomes by eliminating peak-and-valley pharmacokinetics and improving overall safety and tolerability. The design principles that we established should be broadly applicable for improving the pharmacological performance of other peptide and protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M. Luginbuhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Schaal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Bret Umstead
- PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
| | - Eric M. Mastria
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Xinghai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Samagya Banskota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Susan Arnold
- PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
| | - Mark Feinglos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - David D’Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Graham ML, Schuurman HJ. Validity of animal models of type 1 diabetes, and strategies to enhance their utility in translational research. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:221-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Graham ML, Prescott MJ. The multifactorial role of the 3Rs in shifting the harm-benefit analysis in animal models of disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:19-29. [PMID: 25823812 PMCID: PMC4441106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethics on animal use in science in Western society is based on utilitarianism, weighing the harms and benefits to the animals involved against those of the intended human beneficiaries. The 3Rs concept (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) is both a robust framework for minimizing animal use and suffering (addressing the harms to animals) and a means of supporting high quality science and translation (addressing the benefits). The ambiguity of basic research performed early in the research continuum can sometimes make harm-benefit analysis more difficult since anticipated benefit is often an incremental contribution to a field of knowledge. On the other hand, benefit is much more evident in translational research aimed at developing treatments for direct application in humans or animals suffering from disease. Though benefit may be easier to define, it should certainly not be considered automatic. Issues related to model validity seriously compromise experiments and have been implicated as a major impediment in translation, especially in complex disease models where harms to animals can be intensified. Increased investment and activity in the 3Rs is delivering new research models, tools and approaches with reduced reliance on animal use, improved animal welfare, and improved scientific and predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Graham
- University of Minnesota, Department of Surgery, St. Paul, MN, USA; University of Minnesota, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Mark J Prescott
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
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