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Hernández-Toledano DS, Vega L. Methylated dialkylphosphate metabolites of the organophosphate pesticide malathion modify actin cytoskeleton arrangement and cell migration via activation of Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110593. [PMID: 37270087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-cholinergic molecular targets of organophosphate (OP) compounds have recently been investigated to explain their role in the generation of non-neurological diseases, such as immunotoxicity and cancer. Here, we evaluated the effects of malathion and its dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites on the cytoskeleton components and organization of RAW264.7 murine macrophages as non-cholinergic targets of OP and DAPs toxicity. All OP compounds affected actin and tubulin polymerization. Malathion, dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), and dimethylphosphate (DMP) induced elongated morphologies and the formation of pseudopods rich in microtubule structures, and increased filopodia formation and general actin disorganization in RAW264.7 cells and slightly reduced stress fibers in the human fibroblasts GM03440, without significantly disrupting the tubulin or vimentin cytoskeleton. Exposure to DMTP and DMP increased cell migration in the wound healing assay but did not affect phagocytosis, indicating a very specific modification in the organization of the cytoskeleton. The induction of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell migration suggested the activation of cytoskeletal regulators such as small GTPases. We found that DMP slightly reduced Ras homolog family member A activity but increased the activities of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42) from 5 min to 2 h of exposure. Chemical inhibition of Rac1 with NSC23766 reduced cell polarization and treatment with DMP enhanced cell migration, but Cdc42 inhibition by ML-141 completely inhibited the effects of DMP. These results suggest that methylated OP compounds, especially DMP, can modify macrophage cytoskeleton function and configuration via activation of Cdc42, which may represent a potential non-cholinergic molecular target for OP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sebastián Hernández-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Hernandez-Toledano D, Vega L. The cytoskeleton as a non-cholinergic target of organophosphate compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109578. [PMID: 34265256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current organophosphate (OP) toxicity research now considers potential non-cholinergic mechanisms for these compounds, since the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cannot completely explain all the adverse biological effects of OP. Thanks to the development of new strategies for OP detection, some potential molecular targets have been identified. Among these molecules are several cytoskeletal proteins, including actin, tubulin, intermediate filament proteins, and associated proteins, such as motor proteins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and cofilin. in vitro, ex vivo, and some in vivo reports have identified alterations in the cytoskeleton following OP exposure, including cell morphology defects, cells detachments, intracellular transport disruption, aberrant mitotic spindle formation, modification of cell motility, and reduced phagocytic capability, which implicate the cytoskeleton in OP toxicity. Here, we reviewed the evidence indicating the cytoskeletal targets of OP compounds, including their strategies, the potential effects of their alterations, and their possible participation in neurotoxicity, embryonic development, cell division, and immunotoxicity related to OP compounds exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernandez-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Lee GH, Choi KC. Adverse effects of pesticides on the functions of immune system. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 235:108789. [PMID: 32376494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill unwanted fungi, weeds and insects. In many countries, there is currently concern regarding the adverse effects of pesticides on health. It has been reported that pesticides may cause cancer, respiratory diseases, organ diseases, system failures, nervous system disorders and asthma, which are closely connected with immune disorders. Therefore, this study reviewed the immunotoxicity of pesticides that are currently used or prohibited from being used, especially their effects on leukocytes such as T cells, B cells, NK cells and macrophages. These immune cells play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immune systems to protect hosts. Pesticides are known to have possible toxicological modes of action to induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in living organisms. According to previous studies, pesticides such as atrazine (ATR), organophophorus (OP) compounds, carbamates, and pyrethroids were shown to inhibit the survival and growth of leukocytes by inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest and interfering with the specific immunological functions of each type of immune cells. These results suggest the immunotoxicity of pesticides toward specific immune cells. To substantiate the overall immunocompromised effects of pesticides, there is a need to collect and thoroughly analyze additional information regarding other immunological toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hwi Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Dalbó J, Filgueiras LA, Mendes AN. Effects of pesticides on rural workers: haematological parameters and symptomalogical reports. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:2569-2582. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018247.19282017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Exposure to pesticides by the rural population is increasing worldwide. Pesticides can induce the development of different diseases such as cancer and diseases of the central nervous system. This study analysed the clinical symptoms and haematological changes of a rural population in Conceição do Castelo, Espirito Santo, Brazil. For evaluation of symptomatology exposure to pesticides, 142 rural workers were interviewed. Of these, 22 workers were selected for haematological tests randomly as to evaluate haematological changes during the period of exposure to pesticides. Haematological analyses showed that erythrocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular (VCM) volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are in accordance with the reference intervals in haematology. Variations in the concentrations of rods and neutrophils indicates that exposure to pesticides increases the amount of those cells. Haematological disorders in rural workers exposed to pesticides can be correlated with reported symptoms. The results described in this study are relevant to the health public and reinforce the concern about the indiscriminate use of pesticides.
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Covantes-Rosales CE, Trujillo-Lepe AM, Díaz-Reséndiz KJG, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramón GH, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Girón-Pérez MI. Phagocytosis and ROS production as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes by exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:189-195. [PMID: 30291982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are broad-spectrum insecticides. One of the commonly used OPs is diazinon (DZN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effect of DZN on phagocytic parameters of blood leukocytes using the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus as a study model. For this purpose, fish were exposed in vivo to 0.97, 1.95 and 3.97 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Our results indicated that phagocytic active cells decreased in fish exposed in vivo to 0.97 and 1.95 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Regarding ROS production, H2O2 and O2- levels were higher on fish exposed to 1.95 mg/L for 6 and 24 h, while H2O2 production increased at 0.97 mg/L for 24 h. From this we can conclude that phagocytic parameters are sensitive to assess the effect of acute intoxication with organophosphorus pesticides on Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Covantes-Rosales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A M Trujillo-Lepe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - K J G Díaz-Reséndiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - P C Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Role of α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors of B Cells in the Immunotoxic Effect of Organophosphorus Compounds. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:779-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Helali I, Ferchichi S, Maaouia A, Aouni M, Harizi H. Modulation of macrophage functionality induced in vitro by chlorpyrifos and carbendazim pesticides. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:745-50. [PMID: 27429139 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1181124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is the first defense against pathogens; however, it is very sensitive and can be impacted on by agrochemicals such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides widely present in the environment. To understand how pesticides can affect immune cell function in vitro, this study investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and carbendazim (CBZ), the most commonly used pesticides worldwide, on murine immune cell (i.e. macrophage) functions, including lysosomal enzyme activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and nitric oxide (NO) production by isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. This study showed for the first time that CPF and CBZ dose-relatedly reduced macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-induced production of IL-1β, TNFα and NO. In general, the effects caused by CPF appeared more pronounced than those by CBZ. Collectively, these results demonstrated that CPF and CBZ exhibited marked immunomodulatory effects and could act as potent immunosuppressive factors in vitro. This inhibition of macrophage pro-inflammatory function may be an integral part of the underlying mode of action related to pesticide-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Helali
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Saiida Ferchichi
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Amal Maaouia
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Hedi Harizi
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
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Djaldetti M, Bessler H. High temperature affects the phagocytic activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2015; 75:482-6. [PMID: 26067609 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1052550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability for engulfment of pathogens and inert particles is the key hallmark of the phagocytic cells. Phagocytes play a significant role in the modulation of local or extended inflammation. Since fever activates a number of factors linked with the immune response it was the goal of this study to examine the in vitro effect of hyperthermia on the phagocytic capacity, the number of phagocytic cells and the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at 37 and 40°C. METHODS PBMC were incubated with 0.8 μm polysterene latex beads, for 2 hours at 37 and 40°C. The number of phagocytic cells, and that of latex particles internalized by each individual cell was counted with a light microscope. In addition, the percentage of viable cells and the number of active metabolic cells was evaluated. RESULTS A temperature of 40°C significantly increased the number of phagocytic cells and the phagocytic index by 41 and 37% respectively, as compared to cells incubated at 37°C. While the number of vital cells (trypan blue test) did not differ statistically at both temperatures, the number of active metabolic cells (XTT test) after 2 h of incubation at 40°C was 17% higher as compared with that at 37°C. However, the number of active metabolic cells after 24 h of incubation at 40°C was 51% lower compared with cells incubated at 37°C. CONCLUSIONS The increased phagocytic capacity of human peripheral blood monocytes at high temperature further enlightens the immunomodulatory effect of fever in the immune responses during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Djaldetti
- Laboratory for Immunology and Hematology Research, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital,Petah-Tiqva, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University , Ramat-Aviv , Israel
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Chapman S, Yaakov G, Egoz I, Rabinovitz I, Raveh L, Kadar T, Gilat E, Grauer E. Sarin-induced brain damage in rats is attenuated by delayed administration of midazolam. Neurotoxicology 2015; 49:132-8. [PMID: 25976749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sarin poisoned rats display a hyper-cholinergic activity including hypersalivation, tremors, seizures and death. Here we studied the time and dose effects of midazolam treatment following nerve agent exposure. Rats were exposed to sarin (1.2 LD50, 108 μg/kg, im), and treated 1 min later with TMB4 and atropine (TA 7.5 and 5 mg/kg, im, respectively). Midazolam was injected either at 1 min (1 mg/kg, im), or 1 h later (1 or 5 mg/kg i.m.). Cortical seizures were monitored by electrocorticogram (ECoG). At 5 weeks, rats were assessed in a water maze task, and then their brains were extracted for biochemical analysis and histological evaluation. Results revealed a time and dose dependent effects of midazolam treatment. Rats treated with TA only displayed acute signs of sarin intoxication, 29% died within 24h and the ECoG showed seizures for several hours. Animals that received midazolam within 1 min survived with only minor clinical signs but with no biochemical, behavioral, or histological sequel. Animals that lived to receive midazolam at 1h (87%) survived and the effects of the delayed administration were dose dependent. Midazolam 5 mg/kg significantly counteracted the acute signs of intoxication and the impaired behavioral performance, attenuated some of the inflammatory response with no effect on morphological damage. Midazolam 1mg/kg showed only a slight tendency to modulate the cognitive function. In addition, the delayed administration of both midazolam doses significantly attenuated ECoG compared to TA treatment only. These results suggest that following prolonged seizure, high dose midazolam is beneficial in counteracting adverse effects of sarin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Guy Yaakov
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Inbal Egoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ishai Rabinovitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Lily Raveh
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Kadar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eran Gilat
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ettie Grauer
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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Hulse EJ, Davies JOJ, Simpson AJ, Sciuto AM, Eddleston M. Respiratory complications of organophosphorus nerve agent and insecticide poisoning. Implications for respiratory and critical care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1342-54. [PMID: 25419614 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1150ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compound poisoning is a major global public health problem. Acute OP insecticide self-poisoning kills over 200,000 people every year, the majority from self-harm in rural Asia. Highly toxic OP nerve agents (e.g., sarin) are a significant current terrorist threat, as shown by attacks in Damascus during 2013. These anticholinesterase compounds are classically considered to cause an acute cholinergic syndrome with decreased consciousness, respiratory failure, and, in the case of insecticides, a delayed intermediate syndrome that requires prolonged ventilation. Acute respiratory failure, by central and peripheral mechanisms, is the primary cause of death in most cases. However, preclinical and clinical research over the last two decades has indicated a more complex picture of respiratory complications after OP insecticide poisoning, including onset of delayed neuromuscular junction dysfunction during the cholinergic syndrome, aspiration causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the involvement of solvents in OP toxicity. The treatment of OP poisoning has not changed over the last 50 years. However, a better understanding of the multiple respiratory complications of OP poisoning offers additional therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth J Hulse
- 1 Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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