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Gholizadeh H, Cheng S, Kourmatzis A, Xing H, Traini D, Young PM, Ong HX. Application of Micro-Engineered Kidney, Liver, and Respiratory System Models to Accelerate Preclinical Drug Testing and Development. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:150. [PMID: 35447710 PMCID: PMC9025644 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing novel drug formulations and progressing them to the clinical environment relies on preclinical in vitro studies and animal tests to evaluate efficacy and toxicity. However, these current techniques have failed to accurately predict the clinical success of new therapies with a high degree of certainty. The main reason for this failure is that conventional in vitro tissue models lack numerous physiological characteristics of human organs, such as biomechanical forces and biofluid flow. Moreover, animal models often fail to recapitulate the physiology, anatomy, and mechanisms of disease development in human. These shortfalls often lead to failure in drug development, with substantial time and money spent. To tackle this issue, organ-on-chip technology offers realistic in vitro human organ models that mimic the physiology of tissues, including biomechanical forces, stress, strain, cellular heterogeneity, and the interaction between multiple tissues and their simultaneous responses to a therapy. For the latter, complex networks of multiple-organ models are constructed together, known as multiple-organs-on-chip. Numerous studies have demonstrated successful application of organ-on-chips for drug testing, with results comparable to clinical outcomes. This review will summarize and critically evaluate these studies, with a focus on kidney, liver, and respiratory system-on-chip models, and will discuss their progress in their application as a preclinical drug-testing platform to determine in vitro drug toxicology, metabolism, and transport. Further, the advances in the design of these models for improving preclinical drug testing as well as the opportunities for future work will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Gholizadeh
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; hanieh.mohammad-gholizadeh-@hdr.mq.edu.au (H.G.); (D.T.)
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia;
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia;
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia;
| | - Agisilaos Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Hanwen Xing
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Daniela Traini
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; hanieh.mohammad-gholizadeh-@hdr.mq.edu.au (H.G.); (D.T.)
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia;
| | - Paul M. Young
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia;
- Department of Marketing, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; hanieh.mohammad-gholizadeh-@hdr.mq.edu.au (H.G.); (D.T.)
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia;
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3D In Vitro Human Organ Mimicry Devices for Drug Discovery, Development, and Assessment. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6187048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have shown significant advancement as complex in vitro humanized systems have substituted animal trials and 2D in vitro studies. 3D humanized platforms mimic the organs of interest with their stimulations (physical, electrical, chemical, and mechanical). Organ-on-chip devices, including in vitro modelling of 3D organoids, 3D microfabrication, and 3D bioprinted platforms, play an essential role in drug discovery, testing, and assessment. In this article, a thorough review is provided of the latest advancements in the area of organ-on-chip devices targeting liver, kidney, lung, gut, heart, skin, and brain mimicry devices for drug discovery, development, and/or assessment. The current strategies, fabrication methods, and the specific application of each device, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, are presented for each reported platform. This comprehensive review also provides some insights on the challenges and future perspectives for the further advancement of each organ-on-chip device.
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Comparison of 2D and 3D cell cultures of colorectal adenocarcinoma as models for drug screening. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Transcriptome Guided Drug Combination Suppresses Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:656-660. [PMID: 30903492 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
One of actively developing trends in modern pharmacology is the use of the transcriptome analysis for drug repositioning. We have previously detected two molecular markers of relapses in patients with malignant breast tumors: ELOVL5 and IGFBP6. Poor prognosis is associated with low expression of these markers. Here we analyze the effects of simvastatin and a new potential proteasome inhibitor K7174 inducing expression of IGFBP6 and EVOVL5 on the proliferation of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and DU4475. Compound K7174 potentiates the inhibitory effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of DU4475 cells characterized by low expression of ELOVL5-IGFBP6 pair, but not on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells with high expression of these markers.
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Poloznikov AA, Nikulin SV, Zakhariants AA, Khristichenko AY, Hushpulian DM, Gazizov IN, Tishkov VI, Gazaryan IG. "Branched Tail" Oxyquinoline Inhibitors of HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase: Early Evaluation of Toxicity and Metabolism Using Liver-on-a-chip. Drug Metab Lett 2019; 13:45-52. [PMID: 30488807 DOI: 10.2174/1872312813666181129100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Branched tail" oxyquinolines, and adaptaquin in particular, are potent HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors showing promising results in in vivo hemorrhagic stroke models. The further improvement of the potency resulted in identification of a number of adaptaquin analogs. Early evaluation of toxicity and metabolism is desired right at the step of lead selection. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to characterize the toxicity and metabolism of adaptaquin and its new improved analogs. METHOD Liver-on-a-chip technology with differentiated HepaRG cells followed by LC-MS detection of the studied compounds and metabolites of the P450 substrate-inhibitor panel for CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. RESULTS The optimized adaptaquin analogs show no toxicity up to a 100-fold increased range over EC50. The drugs are metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 as shown with the use of the cytochrome P450 substrate-inhibitor panel designed and optimized for preclinical evaluation of drugs' in vitro biotransformation on a 3D human histotypical cell model using "liver-on-a-chip" technology. Activation of CYP2B6 with the drugs tested has been observed. A scheme for adaptaquin oxidative conversion is proposed. CONCLUSION The optimized adaptaquin analogs are suitable for further preclinical trials. Activation of CYP2B6 with adaptaquin and its variants points to a potential increase in Tylenol toxicity if administered together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Poloznikov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Healthcare Ministry of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
- National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva, 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Nikulin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Arpenik A Zakhariants
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Y Khristichenko
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Healthcare Ministry of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry M Hushpulian
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Healthcare Ministry of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ildar N Gazizov
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Tishkov
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
- Innovation and High Technologies MSU Ltd., Tsymlyanskaya 16, Moscow 109599, Russian Federation
| | - Irina G Gazaryan
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Healthcare Ministry of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
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Ivashchenko DV, Rudik AV, Poloznikov AA, Nikulin SV, Smirnov VV, Tonevitsky AG, Bryun EA, Sychev DA. Which cytochrome P450 metabolizes phenazepam? Step by step in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2018; 33:65-73. [PMID: 29727298 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenazepam (bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine) is the original Russian benzodiazepine tranquilizer belonging to 1,4-benzodiazepines. There is still limited knowledge about phenazepam's metabolic liver pathways and other pharmacokinetic features. METHODS To determine phenazepam's metabolic pathways, the study was divided into three stages: in silico modeling, in vitro experiment (cell culture study), and in vivo confirmation. In silico modeling was performed on the specialized software PASS and GUSAR to evaluate phenazepam molecule affinity to different cytochromes. The in vitro study was performed using a hepatocytes' cell culture, cultivated in a microbioreactor to produce cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. The culture medium contained specific cytochrome P450 isoforms inhibitors and substrates (for CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6) to determine the cytochrome that was responsible for phenazepam's metabolism. We also measured CYP3A activity using the 6-betahydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio in patients. RESULTS According to in silico and in vitro analysis results, the most probable metabolizer of phenazepam is CYP3A4. By the in vivo study results, CYP3A activity decreased sufficiently (from 3.8 [95% CI: 2.94-4.65] to 2.79 [95% CI: 2.02-3.55], p=0.017) between the start and finish of treatment in patients who were prescribed just phenazepam. CONCLUSIONS Experimental in silico and in vivo studies confirmed that the original Russian benzodiazepine phenazepam was the substrate of CYP3A4 isoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Ivashchenko
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia V Rudik
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bldg., Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Poloznikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky lane, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation;National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva, 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russian Federation;SRC "Bioclinicum", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Nikulin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky lane, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation;National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva, 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russian Federation;SRC "Bioclinicum", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy V Smirnov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutsky lane, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation;National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva, 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russian Federation;SRC "Bioclinicum", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Eugeniy A Bryun
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Research Practical Center of Narcology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy A Sychev
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Abstract
Small-molecule drug discovery can be viewed as a challenging multidimensional problem in which various characteristics of compounds - including efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety - need to be optimized in parallel to provide drug candidates. Recent advances in areas such as microfluidics-assisted chemical synthesis and biological testing, as well as artificial intelligence systems that improve a design hypothesis through feedback analysis, are now providing a basis for the introduction of greater automation into aspects of this process. This could potentially accelerate time frames for compound discovery and optimization and enable more effective searches of chemical space. However, such approaches also raise considerable conceptual, technical and organizational challenges, as well as scepticism about the current hype around them. This article aims to identify the approaches and technologies that could be implemented robustly by medicinal chemists in the near future and to critically analyse the opportunities and challenges for their more widespread application.
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Elasticity-based development of functionally enhanced multicellular 3D liver encapsulated in hybrid hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:67-79. [PMID: 28966094 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro liver models provide three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironments in combination with tissue engineering technology and can perform more accurate in vivo mimicry than two-dimensional models. However, a human cell-based, functionally mature liver model is still desired, which would provide an alternative to animal experiments and resolve low-prediction issues on species differences. Here, we prepared hybrid hydrogels of varying elasticity and compared them with a normal liver, to develop a more mature liver model that preserves liver properties in vitro. We encapsulated HepaRG cells, either alone or with supporting cells, in a biodegradable hybrid hydrogel. The elastic modulus of the 3D liver dynamically changed during culture due to the combined effects of prolonged degradation of hydrogel and extracellular matrix formation provided by the supporting cells. As a result, when the elastic modulus of the 3D liver model converges close to that of the in vivo liver (≅ 2.3 to 5.9 kPa), both phenotypic and functional maturation of the 3D liver were realized, while hepatic gene expression, albumin secretion, cytochrome p450-3A4 activity, and drug metabolism were enhanced. Finally, the 3D liver model was expanded to applications with embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes and primary human hepatocytes, and it supported prolonged hepatocyte survival and functionality in long-term culture. Our model represents critical progress in developing a biomimetic liver system to simulate liver tissue remodeling, and provides a versatile platform in drug development and disease modeling, ranging from physiology to pathology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We provide a functionally improved 3D liver model that recapitulates in vivo liver stiffness. We have experimentally addressed the issues of orchestrated effects of mechanical compliance, controlled matrix formation by stromal cells in conjunction with hepatic differentiation, and functional maturation of hepatocytes in a dynamic 3D microenvironment. Our model represents critical progress in developing a biomimetic liver system to simulate liver tissue remodeling, and provides a versatile platform in drug development and disease modeling, ranging from physiology to pathology. Additionally, recent advances in the stem-cell technologies have made the development of 3D organoid possible, and thus, our study also provides further contribution to the development of physiologically relevant stem-cell-based 3D tissues that provide an elasticity-based predefined biomimetic 3D microenvironment.
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