Gene-Gene Interactions of Apolipoprotein Gene Polymorphic Variants in Adolescents with Essential Arterial Hypertension and Dyslipidemia

Association of Different Combinations of ALDH2 rs671, APOE rs429358, rs7412 Polymorphisms with Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Case-Control Study

Background

Hypertensive patients have a younger trend, and studies on the role of genetic factors in hypertension susceptibility have been inconsistent. Aldehyde dehydrogenases 2 (ALDH2) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) are involved in the pathophysiological processes of hypertension. To investigate the relationship of ALDH2 and APOE polymorphisms with hypertension in middle-aged (30-59 years old) and elderly (≥60 years old) persons.

Methods

Two thousand six hundred and ten hypertensive patients and 1921 controls were included (between 30 and 100 years old). The genotypes of common polymorphisms in APOE and ALDH2 genes (APOE rs429358, rs7412, and ALDH2 rs671) of the subjects were analyzed by polymerase-chain reaction (PCR)-microarray. Statistical analyses (Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, χ ² test, and logistic regression analysis) were performed with SPSS v21.0.

Results

There were 4531 participants (66.60 ± 12.10 years old) in this study, including 3057 (67.5%) males and 1474 (32.5%) females. There were no significant differences in distributions of ALDH2 rs671, APOE rs429358/rs7412 genotypes and alleles between hypertensive patients and controls. Persons with ALDH2 rs671 G/A or A/A genotype were less likely to have hypertension (G/A+A/A vs G/G: gender-, age-, smoking-, and drinking-adjusted OR 0.885, 95% CI 0.785-0.997, P=0.045), while ALDH2 rs671 A/A+APOE rs429358 or rs7412 wild-type genotype may decrease the risk of hypertension. In middle-aged group, ALDH2 rs671 G/A+APOE rs429358 T/C carriers (adjusted OR 0.547, 95% CI 0.350-0.856, P=0.008), and ALDH2 rs671 A/A+APOE rs7412 C/C genotypes (adjusted OR 0.567, 95% CI 0.361-0.891, P=0.014) were less likely to have hypertension. In elderly group, APOE rs7412 T/T carriers were more likely to have hypertension (rs671 T/T vs C/C: adjusted OR 4.755, 95% CI 1.075-21.027, P=0.040; rs671 T/T vs C/C or C/T: adjusted OR 4.734, 95% CI 1.071-20.928, P=0.040).

Conclusion

Polymorphism-polymorphism interactions of ALDH2 rs671 and APOE rs429358/rs7412 may effect on hypertension susceptibility. Different genotypes comparison shows different roles in middle-aged and elderly people, respectively.

Nutritional and genetic determinants of essential hypertension among adult respondents of the 2013 national nutrition survey, Philippines: a preliminary observational study

Preventive strategies for hypertension and its sequelae require an understanding of their predisposing conditions and recognition of at-risk individuals. Several factors, both genetic and nongenetic, are influential, and likely vary in their effects across ethnicities. This study aimed to identify dietary, lifestyle-related differences and genetic variants associated with hypertension in Filipinos. The study included 147 adult Filipino respondents of the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey living in the National Capital Region. Data on the socio-demographic profile and selected lifestyle factors were obtained via face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure, anthropometric and biochemical indicators of health were determined using standard procedures. Hypertension incidence was determined following American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline. Genotyping utilized the customized Illumina Golden Gate genotyping array, with subsequent allele and genotypic association analytics. Genetic variant effects were adjusted to clinical parameters via logistic regression. Between those with and without hypertension, there was relatively higher intake of dietary protein, fat but not carbohydrates in the latter (P<.05). Of note, other established risk factors for hypertension, such as high lipid levels and fasting blood sugar, were consistently frequently seen among hypertensive respondents. Of the gene markers, 3 SNPs (rs10492602 of APOC [3' UTR], rs12721054 of CYP2C19 [exon] and rs4244285 [intergenic between PCDH17-DIAPH3 locus]) remained significant after multivariable logistic regression. The study highlights that both nutrition and genetic information may contribute to hypertension among Filipinos. This could guide public health initiatives to identify Filipinos susceptible to hypertension and recommend control strategies in lowering its morbidity rate.

Apolipoprotein-AI and AIBP synergetic anti-inflammation as vascular diseases therapy: the new perspective

Vascular diseases (VDs) including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), atherosclerosis (AS) and coronary arterial diseases (CADs) contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality worldwide. Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) binding protein (AIBP) and Apo-AI negatively correlate with VDs. However, the mechanism by which AIBP and apo-AI regulate VDs still remains unexplained. Here, we provide an overview of the role of AIBP and apo-AI regulation of vascular diseases molecular mechanisms such as vascular energy homeostasis imbalance, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in VDs. In addition, the role of AIBP and apo-AI in endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle (VSMCs) and immune cells activation in the pathogenesis of VDs are explained. The in-depth understanding of AIBP and apo-AI function in the vascular system may lead to the discovery of VDs therapy.

Prognostic Risk Models for the Development of Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Adolescents with Essential Hypertension

We present prognostic risk models for structural and functional cardiovascular disorders in Caucasian adolescents (Russians) with essential hypertension aged 14-17 years (15.92±1.12) taking into account biochemical (catecholamines and cortisol) and genetic parameters (carriage of polymorphic variants of α2A-adrenergic receptor gene ARA2A (-1291С>G), norepinephrine transporter NET (-1287G>A), and D2-dopamine receptor DRD2 (-141C Ins/Del) and the data of psychological testing. Prognostically significant risk factors for increased specific peripheral vascular resistance and variability of daytime systolic BP were a combination of [CC+AA] genotypes of ADRA2A -1291C>G and NET -1287G>A polymorphisms, cortisol level, anxiety, and proneness to conflict. The combination of genotypes [CC+GG+II] of polymorphisms -1291C>G ADRA2A, -1287G>A NET and -141C Ins/Del DRD is prognostically significant, with the GG genotype NET being epistatic.

Predictive Models for the Risk of Dyslipidemia in Adolescents with Essential Arterial Hypertension

Predictive models of comorbidity, dyslipidemic disorders and essential arterial hypertension, in Russian adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean 15.48±1.53) were formulated with consideration for biochemical (lipid profiles) and genetic parameters (carrier state of gene polymorphic variants of apolipoprotein genes ApoA1 (-75G/A and +83C/T), ApoB (Ins/Del), ApoC3 (S1/S2), and ApoE (ε2/ε3/ε4). Significant prognostic risk factors for the mentioned comorbid pathologies were lipid metabolism parameters HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch, VLDL-Ch and carrier state of the +83T allele of the ApoA1 gene and Del allele of the ApoB gene. The obtained mathematical model is characterized by high predictive accuracy: the percentage of correct classification or the rate of correct assignment of each participant to the proper group was 96.33%.