Association of eNOS and MCP-1 Genetic Variants with Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy Susceptibility: A Case-Control and Meta-Analysis Study

Contribution of Endothelial Dysfunction to Cancer Susceptibility and Progression: A Comprehensive Narrative Review on the Genetic Risk Component

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a challenging clinical obstacle in oncological settings, marked by elevated incidence rates and resulting morbidity and mortality. In the context of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT), endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a crucial role in promoting a pro-thrombotic environment as endothelial cells lose their ability to regulate blood flow and coagulation. Moreover, emerging research suggests that this disorder may not only contribute to CAT but also impact tumorigenesis itself. Indeed, a dysfunctional endothelium may promote resistance to therapy and favour tumour progression and dissemination. While extensive research has elucidated the multifaceted mechanisms of ED pathogenesis, the genetic component remains a focal point of investigation. This comprehensive narrative review thus delves into the genetic landscape of ED and its potential ramifications on cancer progression. A thorough examination of genetic variants, specifically polymorphisms, within key genes involved in ED pathogenesis, namely eNOS, EDN1, ACE, AGT, F2, SELP, SELE, VWF, ICAM1, and VCAM1, was conducted. Overall, these polymorphisms seem to play a context-dependent role, exerting both oncogenic and tumour suppressor effects depending on the tumour and other environmental factors. In-depth studies are needed to uncover the mechanisms connecting these DNA variations to the pathogenesis of malignant diseases.

Association between nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy: An updated meta-analysis

Polymorphisms located within NOS3 gene have been investigated as susceptibility variants for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a large number of studies. However, these previous articles yielded inconsistent results and we aimed at elucidating the impact of NOS3 variants on DN risk in T2DM by conducting an updated systematic data synthesis. A total of 36 studies (12,807 participants) were selected for qualitative data synthesis, while 33 records with 11,649 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis demonstrated the association of minor alleles of rs2070744 and rs1799983 with an increased susceptibility to DN (P < 0.001 and P = 0.015 for allelic model, respectively). For both of these variants, a significant effect of subgrouping according to ethnicity was found. Rs869109213 displayed an association with DN susceptibility, with pooled effect measures indicating a predisposing effect of the minor allele a (Prec = 0.002, ORrec = 1.960, 95%CI 1.288-2.983; Paavs. bb = 0.001, ORaavs. bb = 2.014, 95%CI 1.316-3.083). These findings support the effects of NOS3 variants on the risk of developing DN in T2DM.

Determination of the Roles of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase 4VNTR (4a/b), G894T, T786C Gene Variations in the Bladder Cancer Development

The aim of this study is to determine the roles of eNOS gene variations in BCA development. Our study included 91 patients diagnosed with BCA and 91 healthy controls. eNOS 4VNTR (4a/b), T786C and G894T gene variations genotype distributions were determined by PCR and RFLP methods. The significant difference was determined between these groups in terms of eNOS T786C and eNOS G894T gene variations genotype distributions (p < 0.05). TT genotype for G894T gene variation and CC genotype for T786C gene variation were detected higher in patients. The CC genotype of T786C gene variation was detected significantly higher in male patients than in male controls (p < 0.05). In addition, aa-TT, ab-TT, bb-TT haplotypes of 4VNTR (4a/b)-G894T gene variations, aa-CC, ab-CC, bb-CC haplotypes of 4VNTR (4a/b)-T786C gene variations and TT-TT, TT-CC, TT-CT, GG-CC, GT-CC haplotypes of G894T-T786C gene variations were observed in patient group more than control group. The significant difference was detected between these groups in terms of eNOS (G894T-T786C) haplotypes (p < 0.05). In our study, eNOS T786C and eNOS G894T gene variations were determined important genetic risk factor in the Thrace population of Turkey.

Association between the MCP-1 -2518 A > G (rs1024611) polymorphism and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Studies evaluating the association between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) -2518 A > G (rs1024611) polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) are contradictory. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment and more reliable estimation of the relationship between the MCP-1 rs1024611 polymorphism and T2DM and DN risk.

METHODS

Eligible articles were retrieved from the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The effect summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained to calculate the summary effect size. Heterogeneity was analyzed by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Publication bias was tested using funnel plots and Egger's test.

RESULTS

In total, sixteen studies were included. Thirteen studies involving 2,363 patients with T2DM and 4,650 healthy controls found no significant association between the MCP-1 rs1024611 polymorphism and T2DM in the overall population. Ethnicity stratification found an association between the GG + GA genotype and decreased T2DM risk in Caucasians (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66-0.93, P = 0.006; PQ = 0.372). No significant risks were found in the Asian population for any genetic models. Seven studies found an association between the GG + GA genotype and DN risk in the Asian population (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.11-1.71, P = 0.004, PQ = 0.222). No significant risks were found in the Caucasian population with any genetic models. There were no statistically significant differences in genotype distribution between patients with T2DM and DN in Asians or Caucasians. Meta-regression revealed that genotyping method was a major driver of heterogeneity in five genetic models (GG + GA vs. AA: P = 0.032; GG vs. GA + AA: P = 0.028; GG vs. AA: P = 0.035; GG vs. GA: P = 0.041; G vs. A: P = 0.041).

CONCLUSION

The MCP-1 rs1024611 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to T2DM in Caucasians and DN in Asians. Larger, well-designed cohort studies are needed in the future to verify this association.

Genomic profile of diabetic retinopathy in a north indian cohort

BACKGROUND

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. Being a complex disease, it is important to delineate the genetic and environmental factors that influence the susceptibility to DR in a population. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the role of genetic and lifestyle risk factors associated with DR susceptibility in a North-Indian population.

METHODS

A total of 848 subjects were enrolled, comprising of DR cases (n = 414) and healthy controls (n = 434). The Sequenom MassARRAY technology was used to perform target genome analysis of 111 SNPs across 57 candidate genes and 14 intergenic region SNPs that are involved in the metabolic pathways associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and DR. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were determined and compared among cases and controls. Logistic regression models were used to determine genotype-phenotype and phenotype-phenotype correlations.

RESULTS

The strongest association was observed with TCF7L2 rs12255372 T allele [p < 0.0001; odds ratio (OR) = 1.81 (1.44-2.27)] and rs11196205 C allele [p < 0.0008; OR = 1.62 (1.32-1.99)]. Genotype-phenotype and phenotype-phenotype correlations were found in the present study.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides strong evidence of association between the TCF7L2 variants and DR susceptibility.

The Predisposition for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are diseases caused by the interaction of genetic and non-genetic factors. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the association between six common genetic polymorphisms and T2DM and MetS in males. A total of 120 T2DM, 75 MetS, and 120 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. ACE ID, eNOS 4a/b, ATR1 A1166C, OXTR (A>G), SOD1 +35A/C, CAT-21A/T gene polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR or PCR-RFLP techniques. T2DM was diagnosed at an earlier age compared to MetS (54 vs 55 years old, p=0.0003) and the difference was greater in carriers of the OXTR G allele (54 vs 56 years old, p=0.0002) or both OXTR G and eNOS b alleles (54 vs 56, p=0.00016). The SOD1 AA genotype (O.R.=0.11, p=0.0006) and the presence of both ACE I and OXTR1 A (O.R.=0.39, p=0.0005) alleles revealed to be protective for T2DM. SOD1 AA and AC genotypes were protective factors for triglyceride (p=0.0002 and p=0.0005, respectively) and HDL cholesterol (p=0.0002 and p=0.0004, respectively) levels in T2DM patients. ACE DD was identified more frequently in hypertensive T2DM patients (O.R.=3.77, p=0.0005) and in those who reported drinking alcohol (p=0.0001) comparing to HC and T2DM patients who did not drink alcohol, respectively. We observed that T2DM patients who reported drinking alcohol had an increased frequency of ACE DD and eNOS bb (p<0.0001), or ACE DD and OXTR G (p<0.0001) compared to non-drinkers. No gene polymorphisms were associated with MetS.

Associations between the polymorphisms of main components in PI3K/Akt pathway and risk of diabetic kidney disease: A meta-analysis

AIMS

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe microvascular complication frequently associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relevance of PI3K/Akt pathway polymorphisms and DKD susceptibility by a meta-analysis.

METHODS

Case-control studies related to the relationship between PI3K/Akt pathway polymorphisms and DKD risk were searched from Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, SINOMED, CNKI, and Wanfang databases. Statistical analysis and heterogeneity test were conducted by Review Manager 5.4.

RESULTS

Totally, 52 eligible studies were enrolled, including seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for four genes in the PI3K/AKT pathway (GNB3: rs5443; eNOS: rs1799983, rs869109213, rs2070744; IL-6: rs1800795, rs1800796; TNFα: rs1800629). The "M" allele of eNOS rs1799983 was related to the increased risk of DKD under random effects model, especially in Asian population (Overall:M vs. W: I2  = 75%, OR = 1.29, 95%CI 1.07-1.56; MM + WM vs. WW: I2  = 75%, OR = 1.50, 95%CI 1.21-1.86). The "M" allele of eNOS rs869109213 was implicated with higher prevalence of DKD under random effects model, especially in Asian population (Overall:M vs. W: I2  = 63%, OR = 1.43, 95%CI 1.22-1.68; MM + WM vs. WW: I2  = 50%, OR = 1.36, 95%CI 1.16-1.58; MM vs. WM + WW: I2  = 59%, OR = 2.20, 95%CI 1.41-3.43). The "M" allele of eNOS rs2070744 was implicated with higher prevalence of DKD under random effects model, especially in Indian population (Overall: M vs. W: I2  = 47%, OR = 1.35, 95%CI 1.15-1.59; MM + WM vs. WW: I2  = 45%, OR = 1.32, 95%CI 1.07-1.62; MM vs. WM + WW: I2  = 65%, OR = 2.29, 95%CI 1.39-3.77). The "M" allele of IL-6 rs1800796 was predominately associated with higher DKD risks under random effects model, especially in Asian population (Overall: M versus W: I2  = 23%, OR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.21-1.84; MM + WM vs. WW: I2  = 1%, OR = 1.43, 95%CI 1.15-1.77; MM + WM vs. WW: I2  = 71%, OR = 2.77, 95%CI 1.09-7.06).

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis indicated that polymorphisms in the PI3K/Akt pathway in eNOS rs1799983, rs869109213, rs2070744, and IL-6 rs1800796 were related to the increased risk of DKD.

Impact of the MCP-1-2518A>G polymorphism on COVID-19 severity in the Iranian population: A case-control study

As a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the host's immune system is disrupted, and chemokines and cytokines are intensified to eliminate the virus, resulting in cytokine storm syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients with COVID-19 have been observed to have elevated levels of MCP-1, a chemokine associated with the severity of the disease. In some diseases, polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the MCP-1 gene correspond to serum levels and disease severity. An attempt was made in this study to assess the relationship between MCP-1 G-2518A and serum MCP-1 levels in Iranian COVID-19 patients and the severity of the disease. In this study, patients were randomly sampled from outpatients on the first day of diagnosis and from inpatients on the first day of their hospitalization. Patients were classified into the outpatient (without symptoms or with mild symptoms) and inpatient (with moderate, severe, and critical symptoms) groups. The serum level of MCP-1 was measured by ELISA and the frequency of MCP-1 G-2518A gene polymorphism genotypes in COVID-19 patients was checked by the RFLP-PCR method. Participants with COVID-19 infection had a higher rate of underlying diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease than the control group (P-value < 0.001). Also, the frequency of these factors in inpatients was significantly higher compared to outpatients (P-value < 0.001). Additionally, the level of MCP-1 in serum was significantly different with an average of 11.90 in comparison to 2.98 in the control group (P-value, 0.05), which is attributed to elevated serum levels among patients in hospitals with an average of 11.72 in comparison to 2.98 in the control group. Compared with outpatients, inpatients had a higher frequency of the G allele of the MCP-1-2518 polymorphism (P-value < 0.05), while a notable difference was observed in the serum level of MCP-1 in COVID-19 patients with the MCP-1-2518 AA genotype in the whole group in comparison to the control group (P-value: 0.024). Totally, the results showed that a high frequency of the G allele is related to hospitalization and poor outcome in COVID-19 cases.

Recent Progress in Genetics and Epigenetics Research on Diabetic Nephropathy in Malaysia

Diabetic nephropathy is a multifactorial disease. Gene susceptibility, as well as environmental exposure, plays an important role in disease progression. Malaysia is reported to be among the world's second-fastest-growing rates of kidney failure. Diabetic nephropathy has become the main cause of end-stage renal disease in Malaysia. This article is aimed at reviewing genetic studies conducted among diabetic nephropathy patients in the Malaysian population. This review was conducted by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases to identify all relevant papers published in English from March 2022 to April 2022, using the following keywords: diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease, and Malaysia. The case-control study among diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy showed a significant association with diabetic nephropathy in CNDP1, NOS3, and MnSOD genes. In the ethnic subgroup analysis, significant differences for diabetic nephropathy in terms of diabetes duration (≥10 years) were observed for CCL2 rs3917887, CCR5 rs1799987, ELMO1 rs74130, and IL8 rs4073. The IL8 rs4073 was associated only with the Indians, while the CCR5 rs1799987 was associated with the Chinese. In Malays, SLC12A3 Arg913Gln polymorphism and ICAM1 K469E (A/G) polymorphism were found to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. Studies on gene-environment interactions have suggested significant genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, waist circumference, and sex for eNOS rs2070744, PPARGC1A rs8192678, KCNQ1 rs2237895, and KCNQ1 rs2283228 with kidney disease. The genetic variants' contributions differed across ethnic groups. Therefore, a study to validate the genetic variants that are found to be associated with different ethnicities in Malaysia may be important in future studies.

Prognostic Value of Serum Interleukin-6, NF-κB plus MCP-1 Assay in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy

Objective

To assess the prognostic value of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1) assay in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Methods

From May 2019 to March 2020, 104 patients with diabetic nephropathy treated in our institution assessed for eligibility were recruited and assigned at a ratio of 1 : 1 to either the observation group ([urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER)] of 30 mg-300 mg/24 h) or the research group ([UAER] >300 mg/24 h). IL-6, MCP-1, renal function indices, and NF-κB levels were determined, and their correlation with DN was analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to analyze the predictive value of combined detection of IL-6, MCP-1, and NF-κB in the prognosis of patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Results

The eligible patients with UAER of 30 mg-300 mg/24 h were associated with significantly higher levels of IL-6, MCP-1, NF-κB, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) versus those with UAER >300 mg/24 h (P < 0.05). During the follow-up, a total of 38 patients progressed to end-stage renal diseases. Eligible patients with end-stage renal diseases showed significantly higher serum IL-6, MCP-1, and NF-κB levels versus those without end-stage renal diseases (P < 0.05). Serum IL-6, MCP-1, and NF-κB are independent risk factors for the occurrence of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The AUCs of IL-6, MCP-1, and NF-κB for predicting the prognosis of patients with diabetic nephropathy were 0.562, 0.634, and 0.647, respectively, and the AUC of the three combined detection for predicting the prognosis of patients with diabetic nephropathy was 0.889.

Conclusion

Serum IL-6, NF-κB, and MCP-1 levels are closely related to renal injury and poor prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy, and the combined assay is valuable for assessing patients' condition and prognosis.

Evaluation of Association Studies and Meta-Analyses of eNOS Polymorphisms in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk

Background: Numerous studies reported the associations between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) polymorphisms (4b/a VNTR (rs869109213), G894T (rs1799983) and T786C (rs2070744)) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. However, the conclusions were incongruent. Moreover, since no published meta-analyses were performed, a key issue regarding false-positive results needs to be addressed. Furthermore, four new articles have been published on these issues. Therefore, an updated meta-analysis was conducted to further explore these associations.

Objectives: To investigate the association between eNOS 4b/a, G894T and T786C polymorphisms and T2DM risk.

Methods: Studies were searched by using the PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Medline, Embase, International Statistical Institute (ISI) and the China Wanfang databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the associations using five genetic models. Furthermore, the false-positive report probability (FPRP), Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP), and the Venice criteria were employed to assess the credibility of statistically significant associations.

Results: Overall, the eNOS 4b/a polymorphism was associated with a significantly decreased T2DM risk in Asians (bb vs. aa: OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.23–0.84; ab + bb vs. aa: OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.24–0.86; bb vs. aa + ab: OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.59–0.91; b vs. a: OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.57–0.88); the eNOS G894T polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased T2DM risk in Asians (GT vs. GG: OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.15–2.01; GT + TT vs. GG: OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.15–2.01; T vs. G: OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.09–1.76); the eNOS T786C polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased T2DM risk in Indian (TC vs. TT: OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.27–2.94; TC + CC vs. TT: OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.26–3.36; C vs. T: OR = 1.90, 95%CI = 1.17–3.08). However, when a sensitivity analysis was performed after excluding low quality and Hardy–Weinberg Disequilibrium (HWD) studies, no significant association was found for the eNOS G894T polymorphism. After credibility assessment, we identified “less-credible positive results” for the statistically significant associations in the current meta-analysis.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this article suggests that all substantial relationships between eNOS 4b/a, G894T, and T786C polymorphisms and T2DM risk are most likely due to false positive results rather than real connections or biological variables.

Monocyte Chemotactic Proteins Mediate the Effects of Hyperglycemia in Chondrocytes: In Vitro Studies

Chemokines are secreted by a large variety of cells. They are involved in controlling cell trafficking, maturation, and differentiation. However, the specific responses and effects of chemokines on specific skeletal cell types under high glucose conditions have not been investigated. Chondrocytes play an important role in osteoarthritis and fracture healing. Delayed fracture healing is one of the major health complications caused by diabetes, so the goal of this study was to evaluate the response of several chemokines to high glucose conditions in chondrocyte cells and analyze their role in the catabolic effect of hyperglycemia. ATDC5 chondrocytes were cultured in normal and high glucose media, and mRNA expression levels of several chemokines and chondrocyte differentiation markers were quantified. Bindarit, a specific inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCPs), was used to determine the role of MCPs in mediating the effects of high glucose conditions in chondrocyte cells. High glucose treatment upregulated the expression of three Mcps, as well as the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) and Osteocalcin (Oc). Furthermore, bindarit treatment downregulated Mmp13 and Oc but upregulated Collagen 2 (Col2) mRNA levels in chondrocytes treated with high glucose. Moreover, treatment of chondrocytes with ascorbic acid reduced the effect of high glucose conditions on the expression of chemokines and Mmps. These data together suggest that MCPs mediate the catabolic effect of high glucose in chondrocytes.

Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease driven by traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Genome-wide association combined with clonal lineage tracing and clinical trials have demonstrated that innate and adaptive immune responses can promote or quell atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, that are associated with the inflammatory response, have been implicated within atherosclerosis such as NLRP3 inflammasome, toll-like receptors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, which are of importance for atherosclerosis development and regression. Targeting inflammatory pathways, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and its regulated inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, could represent an attractive new route for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on cellular participants and key inflammatory signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss the preclinical studies targeting these key pathways for atherosclerosis, the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes, and the effects of quelling inflammation and atherosclerosis in the clinic.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 predicts the development of diabetic nephropathy

AIM

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a devastating complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, screening strategies in order to prevent its development and/or retard its progression are of paramount importance. We investigated if monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was associated with new onset microalbuminuria-the earliest sign of the albuminuric phenotype of DN- in patients with type 2 DM and normoalbuminuria.

METHODS

We measured MCP-1 in serum and urine samples from patients of the Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes Microalbuminuria Prevention (ROADMAP) study and its Observational Follow-up (OFU) cohort. A case control design was used with inclusion of 172 patients who developed microalbuminuria (MA) and of 188 well matched controls who remained normoalbuminuric.

RESULTS

The median duration of follow-up for the ROADMAP cohorts was 6.5 years, whereas the mean time until occurrence of MA was 53.2 months. In the multivariate analysis, serum and urine MCP-1 remained significant predictors of new onset MA. The risk for MA increased continuously with increasing serum and urine MCP-1 levels but reached statistical significance only in the highest quartiles. The risk associations were stronger with serum MCP-1.

CONCLUSIONS

MCP-1 is a marker and possibly a mediator of early diabetic nephropathy. Further prospective studies are necessary to test whether diabetic patients with elevated MCP-1 levels would benefit from specific therapeutic interventions.

Association of NOS3 (rs 2070744) and SOD2Val16Ala (rs4880) gene polymorphisms with increased risk of ESRD among Egyptian patients

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney Failure (CKD), particularly End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), may be serious ill-health related to a high death rate. Uremic syndrome leads to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. Our study aimed at identifying the association of NOS3 (rs 2070744) and SOD2 Val16Ala (rs4880) gene polymorphisms within ESRD Egyptian patients.

METHODS

This work was conducted on 100 ESRD and 16 CKD Egyptian patients who were compared to 100 healthy controls. DNA was genotyped for these variants using the (T-ARMS-PCR) technique.

RESULTS

ESRD patients showed a significant association of the genotype of NOS3 gene polymorphism compared with healthy controls (P = 0.032). In the contrast, the present study revealed that no statistically significant differences were found among the CKD, ESRD, and control groups as regards the SOD2 genotypes (P = 0.064).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated a significant association between NOS3 (rs 2070744) gene polymorphism and increased risk of ESRD and CKD among Egyptian patients.