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Qiu Y, Xu D, Lei P, Li S, Xu H. Engineering functional homopolymeric amino acids: from biosynthesis to design. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:310-325. [PMID: 37775417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Homopolymeric amino acids (HPAs) are a class of microbial polymers that can be classified into two categories: anionic and cationic HPAs. Notable examples include γ-poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) that have wide-ranging applications in medicine, food, and agriculture. The primary method of manufacture is through microbial synthesis. In recent decades significant efforts have been made to enhance the production of HPAs, specifically focusing on γ-PGA and ε-PL. We comprehensively review current advances in understanding the synthetic mechanisms as well as metabolic engineering and fermentation process techniques to improve the production of HPAs. In addition, we discuss the major challenges and solutions associated with desired structure regulation of HPAs and the development of novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Delei Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 99 South Third Ring Road, Changshu 215500, PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Nanjing Shineking Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210061, PR China.
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Wang Y, Wang L, Hu Y, Qin J, Yu B. Design and optimization of ε-poly-l-lysine with specific functions for diverse applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129513. [PMID: 38262828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a natural homo-poly(amino acid) which can be produced by microorganisms. With the advantages in broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, ε-PL has been widely used as a preservative in the food industry. Different molecular architectures endow ε-PL and ε-PL-based materials with versatile applications. However, the microbial synthesis of ε-PL is currently limited by low efficiencies in genetic engineering and molecular architecture modification. This review presents recent advances in ε-PL production and molecular architecture modification of microbial ε-PL, with a focus on the current challenges and solutions for the improvement of the productivity and diversity of ε-PL. In addition, we highlight recent examples where ε-PL has been applied to expand the versability of edible films and nanoparticles in various applications. Commercial production and the challenges and future research directions in ε-PL biosynthesis are also discussed. Currently, although the main use of ε-PL is as a food preservative, ε-PL and ε-PL-based polymers have shown excellent application potential in biomedical fields. With the development of synthetic biology, the design and synthesis of ε-PL with a customized molecular architecture are possible in the near future. ε-PL-based polymers with specific functions will be a new trend in biopolymer manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yangfan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayang Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhu X, Ma X, Gao C, Mu Y, Pei Y, Liu C, Zou A, Sun X. Fabrication of CuO nanoparticles composite ε-polylysine-alginate nanogel for high-efficiency management of Alternaria alternate. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1208-1222. [PMID: 36375663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) has a good potential as a green fungicide, high concentration is usually required during its controlling of plant disease. On the other hand, same problems also appeared in the study of CuONP based nano pesticides. In this manuscript, a new composite alginate nanogel (ALGNP) that containing CuONP and ε-PL was fabricated via in situ reduction of CuONP in nanogel and ε-PL surface coating. Based on the chelation of amide bond of ε-PL and Cu2+ released by CuONP, the synergy effect between Cu2+ and ε-PL layer of the nanogel make the nanogel (CuONP@ALGNP@PL) performed high anti-fungal activity under low Cu2+ and ε-PL concentration (Cu concentration was 40.09 μg/mL, ε-PL concentration was 11.90 μg/mL). Study showed that the nanogel could more significantly destroy the fungal cell membrane than CuONP@ALGNP and ALGNP@PL, also better than commercial fungicide CuCaSO4 (Cu concentration was 120 μg/mL). Furthermore, CuONP@ALGNP@PL could seriously affect the spore production, spore germination rate and bud tube elongation length of Alternaria alternate. Moreover, CuONP@ALGNP@PL also inhibit Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Fusarium graminearum. These results showed that composite of CuONP and ε-PL based on nanogel can decrease the raw materials application amount, and achieve a high disease controlling ability, which provides a new perspective for preventing fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changdan Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanling Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuehong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Aihong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Li S, Mao Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Meng J, Liu X, Bai Y, Guo Y. Recent advances in microbial ε-poly-L-lysine fermentation and its diverse applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 35710433 PMCID: PMC9205021 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring homo-polyamide biopolymer, ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) consists of 25-35 L-lysine residues with amide linkages between α-carboxyl groups and ε-amino groups. ɛ-PL exhibits several useful properties because of its unusual structure, such as biodegradability, water solubility, no human toxicity, and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities; it is widely applied in the fields of food, medicine, clinical chemistry and electronics. However, current industrial production of ε-PL is only performed in a few countries. Based on an analysis of the physiological characteristics of ε-PL fermentation, current advances that enhance ε-PL fermentation, from strain improvement to product isolation are systematically reviewed, focusing on: (1) elucidating the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism of ε-PL synthesis; (2) enhancing biosynthetic performance through mutagenesis, fermentation optimization and metabolic engineering; and (3) understanding and improving the biological activity and functional properties of ε-PL. Finally, perspectives on engineering and exploiting ε-PL as a source material for the production of various advanced materials are also discussed, providing scientific guidelines for researchers to further improve the ε-PL fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunren Mao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jinhao Meng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunxia Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Biotechnological production and application of epsilon-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL): biosynthesis and its metabolic regulation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:123. [PMID: 35637397 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is an unusual biopolymer composed of L-lysine produced by several microorganisms, especially by the genus Streptomyces. Due to its excellent antimicrobial activity, good water solubility, high safety, and biodegradable nature, ε-PL with a GRAS status has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In the past years, studies have focused on the biotechnological production of ɛ-PL, the biosynthetic mechanism of microbial ɛ-PL, and its application. To provide new perspectives from recent advances, the review introduced the methods for the isolation of ɛ-PL producing strains and the biosynthetic mechanism of microbial ɛ-PL. We summarized the strategies for the improvement of ɛ-PL producing strains, including physical and chemical mutagenesis, ribosome engineering and gene engineering, and compared the different metabolic regulation strategies for improving ɛ-PL production, including medium optimization, nutrient supply, pH control, and dissolved oxygen control. Then, the downstream purification methods of ɛ-PL and its recent applications in food and medicine industries were introduced. Finally, we also proposed the potential challenges and the perspectives for the production of ε-PL.
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Chang SL, Zhao QS, Li H, Wang XD, Wang LW, Zhao B. Effect of pectin on epsilon-polylysine purification: Study on preparation, physicochemical property, and bioactivity of pectin-epsilon-polylysine complex. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wang L, Zhang C, Zhang J, Rao Z, Xu X, Mao Z, Chen X. Epsilon-poly-L-lysine: Recent Advances in Biomanufacturing and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:748976. [PMID: 34650962 PMCID: PMC8506220 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.748976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is a naturally occurring poly(amino acid) of varying polymerization degree, which possesses excellent antimicrobial activity and has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. To provide new perspectives from recent advances, this review compares several conventional and advanced strategies for the discovery of wild strains and development of high-producing strains, including isolation and culture-based traditional methods as well as genome mining and directed evolution. We also summarize process engineering approaches for improving production, including optimization of environmental conditions and utilization of industrial waste. Then, efficient downstream purification methods are described, including their drawbacks, followed by the brief introductions of proposed antimicrobial mechanisms of ε-PL and its recent applications. Finally, we discuss persistent challenges and future perspectives for the commercialization of ε-PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueming Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhonggui Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xusheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Chang SL, Li H, Liu JN, Zhao MX, Tan MH, Xu PW, Wang XD, Wang LW, Yuan XF, Zhao QS, Zhao B. Effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the quality of epsilon-poly-L-lysine products. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Takehara M, Saimura M, Inaba H, Kato Y, Muro S, Matsunaga T, Yamanaka K. Characterization of an L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid polymer with comb-like structure isolated from a poly(ε-L-lysine)-producing Streptomyces sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3145-3157. [PMID: 33846822 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymers of basic amino acids function as polycationic compounds under physiological conditions and exhibit intriguing biological properties, such as antimicrobial and antiviral activities, immunopotentiating ability, and DNA-binding activity. Poly(ε-L-lysine) (ε-PL) produced by some strains of Streptomyces spp. is a cationic homopolymer of L-lysine linking between ε-amino and α-carboxylic acid functional groups and has been used as a food preservative based on its biocompatibility and biodegradability. An ε-PL-producing strain of Streptomyces sp. USE-33 was found to secrete a novel polycationic substance into its culture broth along with ε-PL. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, accompanied by NMR titration studies, revealed that the secreted substance was poly[β-(L-diaminopropionyl-L-diaminopropionic acid)], PAP, characterized by an isopeptide backbone linking between the β-amino and α-carboxylic acid groups of L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (L-Dpr) with pendent L-Dpr residues. PAP had a molecular weight of 500 to 1400, and copolymers composed of the two amino acids L-Dpr and L-lysine were not detected in the producer strain USE-33. The strain coproduced high levels of the two poly(amino acid)s in the presence of glycerol, citrate, and ammonium sulfate at pH 4.0 in a two-stage cultivation procedure. PAP exhibited strong inhibitory activities against several yeasts and weaker activities against bacteria than ε-PL. PAP may share a number of biological functions with ε-PL, and the use of PAP along with ε-PL has potential as a specific and advanced material for technical applications in various fields.Key points• Novel cationic poly(amino acid) was found in an ε-PL-producing Streptomyces species.• The l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid polymer was characterized by a comb-like structure.• The novel poly(amino acid), PAP, exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Takehara
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Saimura
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Haruka Inaba
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Shogo Muro
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Matsunaga
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamanaka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
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Packaging of beef fillet with active chitosan film incorporated with ɛ-polylysine: An assessment of quality indices and shelf life. Meat Sci 2021; 176:108475. [PMID: 33684807 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the effect on packaged beef fillets (1 × 5 × 8 cm) of using active chitosan film (1%) was investigated. The fillets were stored at 4 °C for 12 days, and the film contained ɛ-polylysine (ɛ-PL) (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% w/w). Chemical, microbiological, sensory properties, and quality indices of the fillets were investigated. Added to these factors was an assessment of the influence of ɛ-polylysine incorporation on the optical, structural, barrier, and mechanical specifications (elongation at break and tensile strength) of chitosan films. Based on the findings, a significant difference among the corresponding values to thickness, color, water vapor permeability (WVP), and mechanical specifications between the treated films by ɛ-PL and untreated films were noted. In addition, higher values of thickness and tensile strength were correlated with ɛ-PL added active chitosan films while compared with control samples. Additionally, no significant differences regarding the proximate composition (including protein, moisture, and fat) among beef fillet samples were observed. In this regard, due to significantly lower levels of pH, TVB-N, and TBARS ɛ-PL in enriched films, this technique demonstrated some protective effects on beef fillets. Another observation was that lower levels of the total viable count, coliform, mold, yeasts, and higher sensory properties were significantly associated with samples with added ɛ-PL (0.9%). Therefore, adding ɛ-PL into chitosan films could be introduced as an effective technique to extend the shelf life of beef fillets and maintain their quality indices during refrigerated storage.
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Li S, Yao Y, Hu S, Chen J. Short-Chain Poly(γ-diaminobutanoic acid), A Poly(amino acid) Produced by a Marine Bacteria Bacillus pumilus. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1142-1149. [PMID: 33608775 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One marine bacteria Bacillus pumilus was isolated using allura red as ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) secretion indicator. But actually the product was identified as poly-γ-L-diaminobutanoic acid (γ-PAB) by ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, not coproduced with ε-PL. The polymerization degree of γ-PAB was 4-22, namely short-chain γ-PAB, compared with that in S. celluloflavus, and it exhibited stronger inhibitory activities against yeasts than long-chain γ-PAB but weaker activities against bacteria. The fermentative behavior of B. pumilus was investigated, and the γ-PAB production was 38.6 mg/L in shake flask and was enhanced to 284.2 mg/L in 5-L bioreactor by a pH control strategy. Interestingly, the suitable pH for B. pumilus to produce γ-PAB was 4.8, different from 4.0 for current Streptomyces strains, which suggests a potential new metabolic mechanism in B. pumilus as a novel γ-PAB producer. No studies on short-chain γ-PAB production in bacteria have been reported previously and we considered that this is a new discovery in the field of homopolymer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China.
| | - Yao Yao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Shengjie Hu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Junru Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong, China
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Metabolomic and genomic profiles of Streptomyces albulus with a higher ε-polylysine production through ARTP mutagenesis. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Alirezalu K, Hesari J, Yaghoubi M, Khaneghah AM, Alirezalu A, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM. Combined effects of ε-polylysine and ε-polylysine nanoparticles with plant extracts on the shelf life and quality characteristics of nitrite-free frankfurter-type sausages. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108318. [PMID: 32980722 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ɛ-polylysine (ɛ-PL) or ɛ-polylysine nanoparticle (ɛ-PLN) combined with plants extracts (including green tea, olive leaves and stinging nettle extracts) were used as nitrite replacers in frankfurter-type sausages. The sausage samples were wrapped in polyethylene bags (in vacuum conditions) and their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties were evaluated during 45 days of refrigerated storage. The results showed that the incorporation of ɛ-polylysine had no significant effects on proximate composition of sausages. However, ɛ-PL and ɛ-PLN sausages had significantly (P < 0.05) lower lightness, redness and higher yellowness compared to control samples. At the end of storage, sausages formulated with ɛ-PLN had significantly (P < 0.05) higher contents of phenolic compounds and lowest TBARS values. Microbiological counts also indicated that ɛ-PLN displayed significantly higher inhibitory effects. Higher sensory indices were obtained in ɛ-PLN sausages. Based on the obtained results, ɛ-PLN was effective to improve frankfurter-type sausages shelf life. Therefore, these ingredients could be useful for frankfurter-type sausages production as nitrite replacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Alirezalu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Javad Hesari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Yaghoubi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abolfazl Alirezalu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense 32900, Spain
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense 32900, Spain; Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Antimicrobial activity of Epsilon-Poly-L-lysine against phytopathogenic bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11324. [PMID: 32647256 PMCID: PMC7347836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are components of immune defense in many organisms, including plants. They combat pathogens due to their antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties, and are considered potential therapeutic agents. An example of AMP is Epsilon-Poly-L-lysine (EPL), a polypeptide formed by ~ 25 lysine residues with known antimicrobial activity against several human microbial pathogens. EPL presents some advantages such as good water solubility, thermal stability, biodegradability, and low toxicity, being a candidate for the control of phytopathogens. Our aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of EPL against four phytobacterial species spanning different classes within the Gram-negative phylum Proteobacteria: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (syn. Rhizobium radiobacter), Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the peptide ranged from 80 μg/ml for X. citri to 600 μg/ml for R. solanacearum and X. euvesicatoria. Two hours of MIC exposure led to pathogen death due to cell lysis and was enough for pathogen clearance. The protective and curative effects of EPL were demonstrated on tomato plants inoculated with X. euvesicatoria. Plants showed less disease severity when sprayed with EPL solution, making it a promising natural product for the control of plant diseases caused by diverse Proteobacteria.
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Wang C, Ren X, Yu C, Wang J, Wang L, Zhuge X, Liu X. Physiological and Transcriptional Responses of Streptomyces albulus to Acid Stress in the Biosynthesis of ε-Poly-L-lysine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1379. [PMID: 32636829 PMCID: PMC7317143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces albulus has commercially been used for the production of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), a natural food preservative, where acid stress is inevitably encountered in the biosynthesis process. To elucidate the acid tolerance response (ATR), a comparative physiology and transcriptomic analysis of S. albulus M-Z18 at different environmental pH (5.0, 4.0, and 3.0) was carried out. In response to acid stress, cell envelope regulated the membrane fatty acid composition and chain length to reduce damage. Moreover, intracellular pH homeostasis was maintained by increasing H+-ATPase activity and intracellular ATP and amino acid (mainly arginine, glutamate, aspartate and lysine) concentrations. Transcriptional analysis based on RNA-sequencing indicated that acid stress aroused global changes and the differentially expressed genes involved in transcriptional regulation, stress-response protein, transporter, cell envelope, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, DNA and RNA metabolism and ribosome subunit. Consequently, the ATR of S. albulus was preliminarily proposed. Notably, it is indicated that the biosynthesis of ε-PL is also a response mechanism for S. albulus to combat acid stress. These results provide new insights into the ATR of S. albulus and will contribute to the production of ε-PL via adaptive evolution or metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xidong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Junming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Zhuge
- Process Development Department, IntellectiveBio Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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Hou Y, Wang F, Tan Z, Cui J, Jia S. Antifungal mechanisms of ε-poly-L-Lysine with different molecular weights on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Liu H, Chen J, Xia Z, An M, Wu Y. Effects of ε-poly-l-lysine on vegetative growth, pathogenicity and gene expression of Alternaria alternata infecting Nicotiana tabacum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 163:147-153. [PMID: 31973852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces are applied to control plant diseases. ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a non-toxic food preservative, but the potential application of ε-PL as a microbial fungicide in agriculture has rarely been reported. In this study, Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) was used to reveal the effect and mode of action for ε-PL on the plant pathogenic fungi. The results showed that ε-PL effectively inhibited necrotic-lesion development caused by A. alternata on tobacco. Mycelial growth was also significantly inhibited in vitro by 100 μg/ml ε-PL using in vitro analysis. Moreover, 25 μg/ml ε-PL inhibited spore germination and induced abnormal morphological development of A. alternata hyphae. To clarify the molecular-genetic antifungal mechanisms, we selected several crucial genes involved in the development and pathogenesis of A. alternata and studied their expression regulated by ε-PL. Results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that a mycelium morphology and pathogenic process related cyclic adenosine monophosphate protein (cAMP) dependent protein kinase A (PKA), Alternaria alternata cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (AAPK1) and the early infection-related glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were down-regulated after ε-PL treatment. The results provide novel insights for the application of ε-PL in the control of plant diseases caused by A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianguang Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
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18
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Xu M, Li J, Shu Q, Tang M, Zhang X, Yang T, Xu Z, Rao Z. Enhancement of L-arginine production by increasing ammonium uptake in an AmtR-deficient Corynebacterium crenatum mutant. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1155-1166. [PMID: 31203489 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine is an important amino acid with extensive application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The efficiency of nitrogen uptake and assimilation by organisms is extremely important for L-arginine production. In this study, a strain engineering strategy focusing on upregulate intracellular nitrogen metabolism in Corynebacterium crenatum for L-arginine production was conducted. Firstly, the nitrogen metabolism global transcriptional regulator AmtR was deleted, which has demonstrated the beneficial effect on L-arginine production. Subsequently, this strain was engineered by overexpressing the ammonium transporter AmtB to increase the uptake of NH4+ and L-arginine production. To overcome the drawbacks of using a plasmid to express amtB, Ptac, a strong promoter with amtB gene fragment, was integrated into the amtR region on the chromosome in the Corynebacterium crenatum/ΔamtR. The final strain results in L-arginine production at a titer of 60.9 g/L, which was 35.14% higher than that produced by C. crenatum SYPA5-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Rugao, 226500, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qunfeng Shu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mi Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Combined effect of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds during refrigerated storage of nitrite-free frankfurter-type sausage. Food Res Int 2019; 120:839-850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Chen J, Liu H, Xia Z, Zhao X, Wu Y, An M. Purification and Structural Analysis of the Effective Anti-TMV Compound ε-Poly-l-lysine Produced by Streptomyces ahygroscopicus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061156. [PMID: 30909546 PMCID: PMC6471872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites produced by actinomycetes are important natural products widely applied to control plant diseases. A variety of actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected from Tianzhu Mountain in Shenyang, China. A Streptomyces strain Shenyang Tianzhu (STZ) exhibits effective antiviral activity against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The isolate was identified as Streptomyces ahygroscopicus based on its cultural, morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics as well as the phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA sequences. To obtain the pure anti-TMV compound from Streptomyces STZ, the culture broth was subjected to Amberlite IRC-50 ion-exchange resin, SX-8 macroporous adsorption resin and Sephadex G-25 gel column chromatography. The purified active compound was confirmed to be ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL), with molecular mass in the range of 3454⁻4352 Da by structural analysis with infrared (IR), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR). The protective and curative effects of the purified compound ε-PL were tested and the results showed that the compound exhibited significant protective and curative activity against TMV. The potential application of ε-PL as an efficient anti-plant virus agent was expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
| | - He Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiuxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China.
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21
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Xu D, Wang R, Xu Z, Xu Z, Li S, Wang M, Feng X, Xu H. Discovery of a Short-Chain ε-Poly-l-lysine and Its Highly Efficient Production via Synthetase Swap Strategy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1453-1462. [PMID: 30638374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a natural antimicrobial cationic peptide, which is generally recognized as safe for use as a food preservative. To date, the production capacity of strains that produce low-molecular weight ε-PL remains very low and thus unsuitable for industrial production. Here, we report a new low-molecular weight ε-PL-producing Kitasatospora aureofaciens strain. The ε-PL synthase gene of this strain was cloned into a high ε-PL-producing Streptomyces albulus strain. The resulting recombinant strain efficiently produced ε-PL with a molecular weight of 1.3-2.3 kDa and yielded of 23.6 g/L following fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. In addition, circular dichroism spectra showed that this ε-PL takes on a conformation similar to an antiparallel pleated-sheet. Moreover, it demonstrated better antimicrobial activity against yeast compared to the 3.2-4.5 kDa ε-PL. This study provides a highly efficient strategy for production of the low-molecular weight ε-PL, which helps to expand its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- The Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- The Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zhaoxian Xu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- The Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- The Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- The Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xiaohai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- The Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
- The Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
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Xu D, Yao H, Cao C, Xu Z, Li S, Xu Z, Zhou J, Feng X, Xu H. Enhancement of ε-poly-l-lysine production by overexpressing the ammonium transporter gene in Streptomyces albulus PD-1. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1337-1345. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Chen XS, Wang KF, Zheng GC, Gao Y, Mao ZG. Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of ε-poly-l-lysine with short chain length produced from glycerol by Streptomyces albulus. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Sun G, Wang H, Shi B, Shangguan N, Wang Y, Ma Q. Control efficiency and expressions of resistance genes in tomato plants treated with ε-poly-l-lysine against Botrytis cinerea. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:191-198. [PMID: 29183591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal properties and the induction of resistance by ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) were examined to reveal its potential in protecting tomato plants against Botrytis cinerea. As presented herein, ε-PL at 1200mg/L was found to have optimal in vitro antifungal activities, achieving an inhibition rate of 94.96%. In first-year field tests, ε-PL (1200mg/L) had a control effect of up to 79.07% against tomato grey mould. Similar results were obtained in the second year. In greenhouse experiments, ε-PL was observed to effectively reduce leaf infection, with an observed control rate at 89.22%. To define the molecular-genetic mechanisms, we compared the gene expression under four different conditions: sterile water sprayed plants (Control), Botrytis-infected plants (Inf), ε-PL-treated plants (ε-PL) and ε-PL-treated+infected plants (ε-PL+Inf). Quantitative PCR analysis at 36h after inoculation revealed that ε-PL+Inf plants exhibited significant expression and priming of several key Botrytis-induced genes in tomato. The results indicate that ε-PL promoted plant capacity of tomato to activate defense mechanisms upon pathogen attack. In total, these findings revealed that ε-PL should be an excellent biocontrol agent candidate that combined direct antifungal activity against B. cinerea and plant resistance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Beibei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Nini Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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25
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Kaisersberger Vincek M, Mor A, Gorgieva S, Kokol V. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxycity of gelatine-conjugated lysine-based peptides. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:3110-3126. [PMID: 28771959 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the coupling approach (chemical by using carbodiimide chemistry, and enzymatic by using transglutaminase) of a hydrophilic ɛ-poly-L-lysine (ɛPL) and a structurally-hydrophobic oligo-acyl-lysyl (OAK) to a gelatine (GEL) macromolecule, and their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria, as well as cytotoxicity to human osteoblast cells was studied as potential macromolecules for biomedical applications. Different spectroscopic (ultraviolet-visible, infrared, fluorescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance) and separation (size-exclusion chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis) techniques, as well as zeta-potential analysis were performed to confirm the ɛPL/OAK covalent coupling and to determine their amount and orientation of the immobilization. The highest and kinetically the fastest reduction of bacteria (≥77% against E. coli vs. ≥82% against S. aureus) was achieved with GEL functionalized with ɛPL/OAK by the chemical grafting-to approach being correlated with conformationally the highly-flexible ˝brush-like˝ orientation linkage of peptides, enable its targeted and rapid interactions with bacteria membrane. The up to 400-fold lower yield of OAKs being immobilized may be related also to its cationic charge and hydrophobic alkyl chain moieties, compared to more hydrophilic ɛPL easily causing random polymerization and self-conjugation. The ɛPL/OAK-functionalized GEL did not induce citotoxicity to osteoblasts, even at ∼25-fold higher concentration than bacterial minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentration of ɛPL/OAK. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3110-3126, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kaisersberger Vincek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Amram Mor
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Selestina Gorgieva
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vanja Kokol
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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26
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Chheda AH, Vernekar MR. Enhancement of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) production by a novel producer Bacillus cereus using metabolic precursors and glucose feeding. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:839-846. [PMID: 28324535 PMCID: PMC4569627 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epsilon poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is a homo-biopolymer with approximately 25-30 L-lysine residues. It is a promising natural biopolymer widely used in food and pharmaceutical industry. The present work reports enhanced production of ε-PL with a novel producer Bacillus cereus using amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates in the fermentation medium. Among the various amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates tested 2 mM L-aspartic acid and 5 mM citric acid gave ε-PL yield of 145.5 and 230 mg/L, respectively. A combination of citric acid after 24 h and L-aspartic acid after 36 h improved ε-PL yield from 85 mg/L (control) to 335 mg/L. Glucose feeding strategy along with metabolic precursors was employed which further enhanced ε-PL yield to 565 mg/L. Thus, more than sixfold increase in ε-PL yield was achieved suggesting the potential of Bacillus cereus as a novel ε-PL producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj H Chheda
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil University, C.B.D Belapur, Navi Mumbai, 400614, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhavi R Vernekar
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil University, C.B.D Belapur, Navi Mumbai, 400614, Maharashtra, India.
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27
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Yang C, Wu CJ, Ostafin AE, Thibaudeau G, Minerick AR. Size and medium conductivity dependence on dielectrophoretic behaviors of gas core poly-L-lysine shell nanoparticles. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1002-10. [PMID: 25640705 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic (dis)assembly of biocompatible nanoparticles into 3D, packed structures would benefit drug delivery, films, and diagnostics. Dielectrophoretic (DEP) microdevices can rapidly assemble and manipulate polarizable particles within nonuniform electric fields. DEP has primarily discerned micrometer particles since nanoparticles experience smaller forces. This work examines conductivity and size DEP dependencies of previously unexplored spherical core-shell nanoparticle (CSnp) into 3D particle assemblies. Poly-L-lysine shell material was custom synthesized around a gas core to form CSnps. DEP frequencies from 1 kHz to 80 MHz at fixed 5 volts peak-to-peak and medium conductivities of 10(-5) and 10(-3) S/m were tested. DEP responses of ∼220 and ∼400 nm poly-L-lysine CSnps were quantified via video intensity densitometry at the microdevice's quadrapole electrode center for negative DEP (nDEP) and adjacent to electrodes for positive DEP. Intensity densitometry was then translated into a relative DEP response curve. An unusual nDEP peak occurred at ∼57 MHz with 25-80 times greater apparent nDEP force. All electrical circuit components were then impedance matched, which changed the observed response to weak positive DEP at low frequencies and consistently weak nDEP from ∼100 kHz to 80 MHz. This impedance-matched behavior agrees with conventional Clausius-Mossotti DEP signatures taking into account the gas core's contributions to the polarization mechanisms. This work describes a potential pitfall when conducting DEP at higher frequencies in microdevices and concurrently demonstrates nDEP behavior for a chemically and structurally distinct particle system. This work provides insight into organic shell material properties in nanostructures and strategies to facilitate dynamic nanoparticle assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungja Yang
- Chemical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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Abstract
Epsilon-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a natural antimicrobial cationic peptide which is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) as a food preservative. Although its antimicrobial activity is well documented, its mechanism of action is only vaguely described. The aim of this study was to clarify ε-PL's mechanism of action using Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua as model organisms. We examined ε-PL's effect on cell morphology and membrane integrity and used an array of E. coli deletion mutants to study how specific outer membrane components affected the action of ε-PL. We furthermore studied its interaction with lipid bilayers using membrane models. In vitro cell studies indicated that divalent cations and the heptose I and II phosphate groups in the lipopolysaccharide layer of E. coli are critical for ε-PL's binding efficiency. ε-PL removed the lipopolysaccharide layer and affected cell morphology of E. coli, while L. innocua underwent minor morphological changes. Propidium iodide staining showed that ε-PL permeabilized the cytoplasmic membrane in both species, indicating the membrane as the site of attack. We compared the interaction with neutral or negatively charged membrane systems and showed that the interaction with ε-PL relied on negative charges on the membrane. Suspended membrane vesicles were disrupted by ε-PL, and a detergent-like disruption of E. coli membrane was confirmed by atomic force microscopy imaging of supported lipid bilayers. We hypothesize that ε-PL destabilizes membranes in a carpet-like mechanism by interacting with negatively charged phospholipid head groups, which displace divalent cations and enforce a negative curvature folding on membranes that leads to formation of vesicles/micelles.
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29
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Improved production of natural food preservative ε-poly-l-lysine using a novel producer Bacillus cereus. FOOD BIOSCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ren XD, Chen XS, Tang L, Sun QX, Zeng X, Mao ZG. Efficient production of ε-poly-l-lysine from agro-industrial by-products by Streptomyces sp. M-Z18. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Pandey AK, Kumar A. Improved microbial biosynthesis strategies and multifarious applications of the natural biopolymer epsilon-poly-l-lysine. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Geng W, Yang C, Gu Y, Liu R, Guo W, Wang X, Song C, Wang S. Cloning of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) synthetase gene from a newly isolated ε-PL-producing Streptomyces albulus NK660 and its heterologous expression in Streptomyces lividans. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:155-64. [PMID: 24423427 PMCID: PMC3937719 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), showing a wide range of antimicrobial activity, is now industrially produced as a food additive by a fermentation process. A new strain capable of producing ε-PL was isolated from a soil sample collected from Gutian, Fujian Province, China. Based on its morphological and biochemical features and phylogenetic similarity with 16S rRNA gene, the strain was identified as Streptomyces albulus and named NK660. The yield of ε-PL in 30 l fed-batch fermentation with pH control was 4.2 g l−1 when using glycerol as the carbon source. The structure of ε-PL was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Previous studies have shown that the antimicrobial activity of ε-PL is dependent on its molecular size. In this study, the polymerization degree of the ε-PL produced by strain NK660 ranged from 19 to 33 L-lysine monomers, with the main component consisting of 24–30 L-lysine monomers, which implied that the ε-PL might have higher antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the ε-PL synthetase gene (pls) was cloned from strain NK660 by genome walking. The pls gene with its native promoter was heterologously expressed in Streptomyces lividans ZX7, and the recombinant strain was capable of synthesizing ε-PL. Here, we demonstrated for the first time heterologous expression of the pls gene in S. lividans. The heterologous expression of pls gene in S. lividans will open new avenues for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of ε-PL synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Guan Y, Ye F, Liu J, Zhao G. Interactions of ε-polylysine with carboxymethyl sweet potato starch with an emphasis on amino/carboxyl molar ratio. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11653-11659. [PMID: 24206259 DOI: 10.1021/jf404029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between ε-polylysine (ε-PL) and anionic polysaccharides has gained considerable attention recently because of its scientific impact on the stability and appearance of liquid food systems. The purpose of this study was to characterize the interactions between ε-PL and carboxymethyl sweet potato starch (CSS) using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), electrical charge, and turbidity measurements. The results showed that the interaction between ε-PL and CSS was electrostatic and mainly dependent on the molar ratio of amino groups in ε-PL to carboxyl groups in CSS. Additionally, the interaction between ε-PL and CSS was also associated with pH, degree of substitution (DS) of CSS, and ionic strength of the system. For the interaction of ε-PL with high DS (>0.235) CSS, three states of the ε-PL/CSS mixture were observed as transparent, turbid, and precipitated with a successive increase in amino/carboxyl molar ratio. Distinguishingly, a transparent mixture could be obtained for CSS with low DS (0.114) at a sufficiently high amino/carboxyl molar ratio. The present study provided basic guidance in designing liquid food systems containing both ε-PL and CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Guan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Xia J, Xu H, Feng X, Xu Z, Chi B. Poly(l-diaminopropionic acid), a novel non-proteinic amino acid oligomer co-produced with poly(ε-l-lysine) by Streptomyces albulus PD-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7597-605. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang T, Jia S, Tan Z, Dai Y, Song S, Wang G. Mutagenesis and selective breeding of a high producing ɛ-poly-L-lysine strain. Front Chem Sci Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-012-1273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thornton PD, Brannigan R, Podporska J, Quilty B, Heise A. The generation of hydrophilic polypeptide-siloxane conjugates via n-carboxyanhydride polymerisation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:37-45. [PMID: 22127402 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology to create covalently linked polypeptide-siloxane hybrid materials by controlled n-carboxyanhydride ring opening polymerisation is disclosed. Poly-L-glutamic acid and poly-L-lysine conjugated products were formed that possessed excellent surface wettability. In addition, the poly-L-lysine-siloxane hybrids formed demonstrated bactericidal attributes against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. It is anticipated that these materials may be of significance for the generation of hydrophilic siloxane-containing polymers that are commonly employed in contemporary medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Thornton
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Ulery BD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART B, POLYMER PHYSICS 2011; 49:832-864. [PMID: 21769165 PMCID: PMC3136871 DOI: 10.1002/polb.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1187] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of polymers as biomaterials has greatly impacted the advancement of modern medicine. Specifically, polymeric biomaterials that are biodegradable provide the significant advantage of being able to be broken down and removed after they have served their function. Applications are wide ranging with degradable polymers being used clinically as surgical sutures and implants. In order to fit functional demand, materials with desired physical, chemical, biological, biomechanical and degradation properties must be selected. Fortunately, a wide range of natural and synthetic degradable polymers has been investigated for biomedical applications with novel materials constantly being developed to meet new challenges. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field over the past 4 years, specifically highlighting new and interesting discoveries in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D. Ulery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
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