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Wu J, Wu C, Rong C, Tian J, Jiang N, Wu R, Yue X, Shi H. Catalytic mechanisms underlying fungal fatty acid desaturases activities. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35658758 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2063106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have beneficial roles in a variety of human pathologies and disorders. Owing to the limited source of PUFAs in animals and plants, microorganisms, especially fungi, have become a new source of PUFAs. In fungi, fatty acid desaturases (F-FADS) are the main enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids (SFAs) into PUFAs. Their catalytic activities and substrate specificities, which are directly dependent on the structure of the FADS proteins, determine their efficiency to convert SFAs to PUFAs. Catalytic mechanisms underlying F-FADS activities can be determined from the findings of the relationship between their structure and function. In this review, the advances made in the past decade in terms of catalytic activities and substrate specificities of the fungal FADS cluster are summarized. The relationship between the key domain(s) and site(s) in F-FADS proteins and their catalytic activity is highlighted, and the FADS cluster is analyzed phylogenetically. In addition, subcellular localization of F-FADS is discussed. Finally, we provide prospective crystal structures of F-FADSs. The findings may provide a reference for the resolution of the crystal structures of F-FADS proteins and facilitate the increase in fungal PUFA production for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunchi Rong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Zhuang XY, Zhang YH, Xiao AF, Zhang AH, Fang BS. Key Enzymes in Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway for Bioactive Lipids Biosynthesis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:851402. [PMID: 35284441 PMCID: PMC8905437 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary bioactive lipids, one of the three primary nutrients, is not only essential for growth and provides nutrients and energy for life's activities but can also help to guard against disease, such as Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases, which further strengthen the immune system and maintain many body functions. Many microorganisms, such as yeast, algae, and marine fungi, have been widely developed for dietary bioactive lipids production. These biosynthetic processes were not limited by the climate and ground, which are also responsible for superiority of shorter periods and high conversion rate. However, the production process was also exposed to the challenges of low stability, concentration, and productivity, which was derived from the limited knowledge about the critical enzyme in the metabolic pathway. Fortunately, the development of enzymatic research methods provides powerful tools to understand the catalytic process, including site-specific mutagenesis, protein dynamic simulation, and metabolic engineering technology. Thus, we review the characteristics of critical desaturase and elongase involved in the fatty acids' synthesis metabolic pathway, which aims to not only provide extensive data for enzyme rational design and modification but also provides a more profound and comprehensive understanding of the dietary bioactive lipids' synthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhuang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - An-Feng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ai-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Ai-Hui Zhang
| | - Bai-Shan Fang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Cui J, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Δ6 fatty acid desaturases in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis: insights into the evolution, function with substrate specificities and biotechnological use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9947-9963. [PMID: 33094384 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Δ6 fatty acid desaturases (FADS6) have different substrate specificities that impact the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are involved in regulating multiple signalling pathways associated with various diseases. For decades, FADS6 with different substrate specificities have been characterized and the functions of these crucial enzymes have been investigated, while it remains enigmatic that the substrate specificities of FADS6 from various species have a huge difference. This review summarizes the substrate specificities of FADS6 in different species and reveals the underlying relationship. Further evaluation of biochemical properties has revealed that the FADS6 prefer linoleic acid that is more hydrophilic and stable. Domain-swapping and site-directed mutagenesis have been employed to delineate the regions and sites that affect the substrate specificities of FADS6. These analyses improve our understanding of the functions of FADS6 and offer information for the discovery of novel biological resources. KEY POINTS: • Outline of the excavation and identification of Δ6 fatty acid desaturases. • Overview of methods used to determine the pivotal resides of desaturases. • Application of substrate properties to generate specific fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 5, Winston-Salem, NC, 27127, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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Shi 史海粟 H, Wu 乌日娜 R, Zheng 郑艳 Y, Yue 岳喜庆 X. Molecular mechanisms underlying catalytic activity of delta 6 desaturase from Glossomastix chrysoplasta and Thalassiosira pseudonana. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:79-88. [PMID: 29167410 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta 6 desaturase (FADS2) is a critical bifunctional enzyme required for PUFA biosynthesis. In some organisms, FADS2s have high substrate specificity, whereas in others, they have high catalytic activity. Previously, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying high FADS2 substrate specificity; in this study, we assessed those underlying the high catalytic activity of FADS2s from Glossomastix chrysoplasta and Thalassiosira pseudonana To understand the structural basis of this catalytic activity, GcFADS2 and TpFADS2 sequences were divided into nine sections, and a domain-swapping approach was applied to examine the role of each section in facilitating the catalytic activity of the overall protein. The results revealed two regions essential to this process: one that extends from the end of the fourth to the beginning of the fifth cytoplasmic transmembrane domain, and another that includes the C-terminal region that occurs after the sixth cytoplasmic transmembrane domain. Based on the domain-swapping analyses, the amino acid residues at ten sites were identified to differ between the GcFADS2 and TpFADS2 sequences, and therefore further analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis. T302V, S322A, Y375F, and M384S/M385 substitutions in TpFADS2 significantly affected FADS2 catalytic efficiency. This study offers a solid basis for in-depth understanding of catalytic efficiency of FADS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Shi 史海粟
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Rina Wu 乌日娜
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng 郑艳
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Xiqing Yue 岳喜庆
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
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5
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Improved eicosapentaenoic acid production in Pythium splendens RBB-5 based on metabolic regulation analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3769-3780. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Yang S, Zhang H. Enhanced polyunsaturated fatty acids production in Mortierella alpina by SSF and the enrichment in chicken breasts. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30842. [PMID: 27745585 PMCID: PMC5065997 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal were used as the substrates for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Mortierella alpine. These fermented products were fed to laying hens. PUFA enrichment from chicken breasts was studied. METHODS The maximum productivity of PUFA was achieved under optimized process condition, including 1% w/w yeast extract as additive, an incubation period of 5 days at 12°C, 10% v/w inoculum level, 75% moisture content, and pH 6.0. The hens were then fed with ration containing soybean DDGS, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil. The control group was fed with basal ration. RESULTS Under the optimal condition, M. alpine produced total fatty acids (TFA) of 182.34 mg/g dry substrate. It has better mycelial growth when soybean meal was added to DDGS (SDDGS). PUFA in fermentation product increased with higher soybean meal content. The addition of 70% soybean meal to DDGS substrate yielded 175.16 mg of TFA, including 2.49 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 5.26 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The ratios of ω-6/ω-3 found in chicken breasts fat were all lower than that found in control by 36.98, 31.51, 18.15, and 12.63% for SDDGS, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study identified an optimized SSF process to maximize PUFA productivity by M. alpine as the strain. This PUFA-enriched feed increased the PUFA contents as well as the proportions of ω-6 and ω-3 in chicken breasts and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China;
| | - Hui Zhang
- Physical and Chemical Test Center, Zhejiang Institute of Quality Inspection Science, Hangzhou, China;
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Bai Y, Zhang L, Jin W, Wei M, Zhou P, Zheng G, Niu L, Nie L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yu L. In situ high-valued utilization and transformation of sugars from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright for clean production of diosgenin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:642-647. [PMID: 26299979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production of diosgenin in China generates a large amount of high-sugar wastes with low bioavailability, which causes serious pollution to the environment. In this study, a new clean and efficient process for the production of diosgenin was developed using sugars through in situ high-valued transformation. The sugar mixture from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright contained abundant beneficial components. Nine typical microorganisms that produced intracellular products were evaluated. Saccharopolyspora spinosa was selected for recursive protoplast fusion to increase the spinosad yield by 46.3% compared with that of the wildtype. Diosgenin and spinosad co-production was conducted in a 100L bioreactor, with pH controlled by adding glucose. The biological oxygen demand of the effluent water decreased from 15,000mg/L to 450mg/L; hence, the proposed process is environment friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mi Wei
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhou
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guihua Zheng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Nie
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, China.
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8
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Shi H, Chen H, Gu Z, Song Y, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Molecular mechanism of substrate specificity for delta 6 desaturase from Mortierella alpina and Micromonas pusilla. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2309-21. [PMID: 26486975 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ω6 and ω3 pathways are two major pathways in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. In both of these, delta 6 desaturase (FADS6) is a key bifunctional enzyme desaturating linoleic acid or α-linolenic acid. Microbial species have different propensity for accumulating ω6- or ω3-series PUFAs, which may be determined by the substrate preference of FADS6 enzyme. In the present study, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of FADS6 substrate specificity. FADS6 cDNAs were cloned from Mortierella alpina (ATCC 32222) and Micromonas pusilla (CCMP1545) that synthesized high levels of arachidonic acid and EPA, respectively. M. alpina FADS6 (MaFADS6-I) showed substrate preference for LA; whereas, M. pusilla FADS6 (MpFADS6) preferred ALA. To understand the structural basis of substrate specificity, MaFADS6-I and MpFADS6 sequences were divided into five sections and a domain swapping approach was used to examine the role of each section in substrate preference. Our results showed that sequences between the histidine boxes I and II played a pivotal role in substrate preference. Based on our domain swapping results, nine amino acid (aa) residues were targeted for further analysis by site-directed mutagenesis. G194L, E222S, M227K, and V399I/I400E substitutions interfered with substrate recognition, which suggests that the corresponding aa residues play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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9
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Jeennor S, Cheawchanlertfa P, Suttiwattanakul S, Panchanawaporn S, Chutrakul C, Laoteng K. The codon-optimized Δ(6)-desaturase gene of Pythium sp. as an empowering tool for engineering n3/n6 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:82. [PMID: 26369666 PMCID: PMC4570148 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ∆6-desaturase gene, encoding a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids, has potential in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Results The ∆6-desaturase gene has been isolated from a selected strain of Oomycetes, Pythium sp. BCC53698. The cloned gene (PyDes6) contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1401 bp encoding 466 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shared a high similarity to those of other ∆6-desaturases that contained the signature features of a membrane-bound ∆6-desaturase, including a cytochrome b5 and three histidine-rich motifs and membrane-spanning regions. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that monoene, diene and triene fatty acids having ∆9-double bond were substrates for PyDes6. No distinct preference between the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acyl substrates was found. The ∆6-desaturated products were markedly increased by codon optimization of PyDes6. Conclusion The codon-optimized ∆6-desaturase gene generated in this study is a promising tool for further reconstitution of the fatty acid profile, in a host system of choice, for the production of economically important fatty acids, particularly the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0200-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Jeennor
- Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattsarun Cheawchanlertfa
- Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarinya Suttiwattanakul
- Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarocha Panchanawaporn
- Bioassay Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chanikul Chutrakul
- Bioassay Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Amiri-Jami M, LaPointe G, Griffiths MW. Engineering of EPA/DHA omega-3 fatty acid production by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3071-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Fungal microsomes in a biotransformation perspective: protein nature of membrane-associated reactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10263-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Wu S, Zhang L, Chen X, Miao X, Wang J, Fu H. Identification and functional analysis of a Δ6-desaturase gene and the effects of temperature and wounding stresses on its expression in Microula sikkimensis leaves. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1925-30. [PMID: 24018689 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A Δ6-desaturase gene was isolated from Microula sikkimensis. Sequence analysis indicated that the gene, designated MsD6DES, had an open reading frame of 1,357 bp and encoded 448 amino acids. Heterologous expression in tobacco indicated that MsD6DES can use endogenous substrates to synthesize γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3(Δ 6,9,12)) and octadecatetraenoic acid (OTA, 18:4(Δ 6,9,12,15)). MsD6DES transcripts were distributed in all tested tissues, with high expression levels in seeds and young leaves. The effects of temperature and wounding stresses on MsD6DES expression were analyzed. The results indicated that temperature regulates MsD6DES at the transcriptional level. MsD6DES expression increased first, reaching a maximum 4 h after low-temperature treatment. A slight increase in MsD6DES transcript levels was also observed under high temperature. We found that the response of MsD6DES to temperature stress was different from those of fungi and algae. In addition, MsD6DES was found to be wound-inducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University
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