1
|
Plant Kunitz Inhibitors and Their Interaction with Proteases: Current and Potential Pharmacological Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094742. [PMID: 35563133 PMCID: PMC9100506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of proteases can be controlled by several mechanisms, including regulation through gene expression; post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation; zymogen activation; targeting specific compartments, such as lysosomes and mitochondria; and blocking proteolysis using endogenous inhibitors. Protease inhibitors are important molecules to be explored for the control of proteolytic processes in organisms because of their ability to act on several proteases. In this context, plants synthesize numerous proteins that contribute to protection against attacks by microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) and/or invertebrates (insects and nematodes) through the inhibition of proteases in these organisms. These proteins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are present in higher concentrations in legume seeds (compared to other organs and other botanical families), motivating studies on their inhibitory effects in various organisms, including humans. In most cases, the biological roles of these proteins have been assigned based mostly on their in vitro action, as is the case with enzyme inhibitors. This review highlights the structural evolution, function, and wide variety of effects of plant Kunitz protease inhibitors, and their potential for pharmaceutical application based on their interactions with different proteases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali MY, Park S, Chang M. Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacological Uses, Biological Activities, and Therapeutic Applications of Cassia obtusifolia L.: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206252. [PMID: 34684833 PMCID: PMC8538231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassia obtusifolia L., of the Leguminosae family, is used as a diuretic, laxative, tonic, purgative, and natural remedy for treating headache, dizziness, constipation, tophobia, and lacrimation and for improving eyesight. It is commonly used in tea in Korea. Various anthraquinone derivatives make up its main chemical constituents: emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, obtusifolin, obtusin, au rantio-obtusin, chryso-obtusin, alaternin, questin, aloe-emodin, gluco-aurantio-obtusin, gluco-obtusifolin, naphthopyrone glycosides, toralactone-9-β-gentiobioside, toralactone gentiobioside, and cassiaside. C. obtusifolia L. possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties (e.g., antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties) and may be used to treat Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. In addition, C. obtusifolia L. contributes to histamine release and antiplatelet aggregation. This review summarizes the botanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological features of C. obtusifolia and its therapeutic uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Seongkyu Park
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Munseog Chang
- Department of Prescriptionology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Qgenetics, Seoul Bio Corporation Center, 504, 23 Kyunghee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9443
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou J, Li C, Chen A, Zhu J, Zou M, Liao H, Yu Y. Structural and functional relationship of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor to understand its digestive resistance against Pieris rapae. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:908-920. [PMID: 31981663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although digestive resistance of Kunitz protease inhibitors has been reported extensively, the molecular mechanism is not well established. In the present study, the first X-ray structure of Cassia obtusifolia trypsin inhibitor (COTI), a member of Kunitz protease inhibitors, was solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å. The structure adopted a classic β-trefoil fold with the inhibitory loop protruding from the hydrophobic core. The role of Phe139, a unique residue in Kunitz protease inhibitors, and Arg63 in the COTI structure was verified by F139A and R63E mutants. COTI was a specific inhibitor of bovine trypsin and the result was also verified by COTI-trypsin complex formation. Meanwhile, COTI showed equivalent inhibitory activity with that of soybean trypsin inhibitor against bovine trypsin and midgut trypsin from Pieris rapae. The F139 and R63E mutants further indicated that inhibitory specificity and efficiency of COTI were closely related to the global framework, the conformation and the amino acid composition of reactive loop. Finally, a midgut trypsin from P. rapae (PrSP40), which might be involve in the food digestion, was proposed to be a potential target of COTI and might be a promising target for future crop-protection strategy. The results supported the digestive resistance of COTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Chaolin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Jianquan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Meng Zou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Yamei Yu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng Y, Zheng H, Yan Z, Liao D, Li C, Zhou J, Liao H. Full-Length Transcriptome Survey and Expression Analysis of Cassia obtusifolia to Discover Putative Genes Related to Aurantio-Obtusin Biosynthesis, Seed Formation and Development, and Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092476. [PMID: 30134624 PMCID: PMC6163539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The seed is the pharmaceutical and breeding organ of Cassia obtusifolia, a well-known medical herb containing aurantio-obtusin (a kind of anthraquinone), food, and landscape. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of the biosynthesis of aurantio-obtusin, seed formation and development, and stress response of C. obtusifolia, it is necessary to understand the genomics information. Although previous seed transcriptome of C. obtusifolia has been carried out by short-read next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, the vast majority of the resulting unigenes did not represent full-length cDNA sequences and supply enough gene expression profile information of the various organs or tissues. In this study, fifteen cDNA libraries, which were constructed from the seed, root, stem, leaf, and flower (three repetitions with each organ) of C. obtusifolia, were sequenced using hybrid approach combining single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and NGS platform. More than 4,315,774 long reads with 9.66 Gb sequencing data and 361,427,021 short reads with 108.13 Gb sequencing data were generated by SMRT and NGS platform, respectively. 67,222 consensus isoforms were clustered from the reads and 81.73% (61,016) of which were longer than 1000 bp. Furthermore, the 67,222 consensus isoforms represented 58,106 nonredundant transcripts, 98.25% (57,092) of which were annotated and 25,573 of which were assigned to specific metabolic pathways by KEGG. CoDXS and CoDXR genes were directly used for functional characterization to validate the accuracy of sequences obtained from transcriptome. A total of 658 seed-specific transcripts indicated their special roles in physiological processes in seed. Analysis of transcripts which were involved in the early stage of anthraquinone biosynthesis suggested that the aurantio-obtusin in C. obtusifolia was mainly generated from isochorismate and Mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate (MVA/MEP) pathway, and three reactions catalyzed by Menaquinone-specific isochorismate synthase (ICS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPPS) might be the limited steps. Several seed-specific CYPs, SAM-dependent methyltransferase, and UDP-glycosyltransferase (UDPG) supplied promising candidate genes in the late stage of anthraquinone biosynthesis. In addition, four seed-specific transcriptional factors including three MYB Transcription Factor (MYB) and one MADS-box Transcription Factor (MADS) transcriptional factors) and alternative splicing might be involved with seed formation and development. Meanwhile, most members of Hsp20 genes showed high expression level in seed and flower; seven of which might have chaperon activities under various abiotic stresses. Finally, the expressional patterns of genes with particular interests showed similar trends in both transcriptome assay and qRT-PCR. In conclusion, this is the first full-length transcriptome sequencing reported in Caesalpiniaceae family, and thus providing a more complete insight into aurantio-obtusin biosynthesis, seed formation and development, and stress response as well in C. obtusifolia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Deng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Hui Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Zicheng Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Dongying Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Chaolin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Homology modeling and prediction of the amino acid residues participating in the transfer of acetyl-CoA to arylalkylamine by the N-acetyltransferase from Chryseobacterium sp. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1699-1707. [PMID: 28721586 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To predict the amino acid residues playing important roles in acetyl-CoA and substrate binding and to study the acetyl group transfer mechanism of Chryseobacterium sp. 5-3B N-acetyltransferase (5-3B NatA). RESULTS A 3-dimensional homology model of 5-3B NatA was constructed to compare the theoretical structure of this compound with the structures of previously reported proteins belonging to the bacterial GCN5 N-acetyltransferase family. Homology modeling of the 5-3B NatA structure and a characterization of the enzyme's kinetic parameters identified the essential amino acid residues involved in binding and acetyl-group transfer. 126Leu, 132Leu, and 135Lys were implicated in the binding of phosphopantothenic acid, and 100Tyr and 131Lys in that of adenosyl biphosphate. The data supported the participation of 83Glu and 133Tyr in catalyzing acetyl-group transfer to L-2-phenylglycine. CONCLUSIONS 5-3B NatA catalyzes the enantioselective N-acetylation of L-2-phenylglycine via a ternary complex comprising the enzyme, acetyl-CoA, and the substrate.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu JH, Li YY, Xiang M, Zhu JQ, Huang XH, Wang WJ, Tan R, Zhou JY, Liao H. Molecular cloning and characterization of α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor from rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:141-148. [PMID: 27752792 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To clone and characterize a novel bi-functional α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (LASI) from the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong, a traditional Chinese medicine. RESULTS The LASI showed strong homology with members of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor family. Its putative amino acid sequence has a 40 % identity with that of the α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor from rice. LASI gene without signal peptide was expressed in E. coli Rosetta. After purification, the recombinant LASI protein was inhibitory against not only α-amylase from porcine pancreas, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella, but also subtilisin A, but not against trypsin or chymotrypsin. In addition, the expression level of LASI in rhizome was higher than that in leaf and LASI expression was enhanced by salt, chilling and drought treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first member of the Kunitz-protease inhibitor family identified in traditional Chinese medicine and it might be involved in the plant defense responses against lepidopterous pests, microorganisms and abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Mian Xiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Quan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-He Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Wan-Jun Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng HJ, Wang YP, Yang R, You J, Qu LB. Inhibitory effects of daidzein and genistein on trypsin: Insights from spectroscopic and molecular docking studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:336-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
8
|
Exploiting the biological roles of the trypsin inhibitor from Inga vera seeds: A multifunctional Kunitz inhibitor. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
9
|
Li JJ, Zhang G, Yu JH, Li YY, Huang XH, Wang WJ, Tan R, Zhou JY, Liao H. Molecular cloning and characterization of caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase from the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:2295-302. [PMID: 26254784 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To clone and characterize caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (LcCOMT) from the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong, a traditional medicinal herb having a high content of ferulic acid. RESULTS LcCOMT encoded an ORF of 362 amino acids with a calculated MW of 39,935 Da and pI of 5.94. Polygenetic tree indicated that LcCOMT was attributed to a new member of COMTs in plants. The recombinant LcCOMT was expressed in E. coli. HPLC and (1)H NMR analyses of purified LcCOMT protein confirmed that it could catalyze caffeic acid to produce ferulic acid in vitro. The further site-mutagenesis proved that His268 was one key catalytic residue. In addition, the substantial changing expression level of LcCOMT under chilling treatment suggested that LcCOMT might play important role in the accumulation of ferulic acid under chilling treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of a COMT clone from traditional medicine containing high contents of pharmaceutical ferulic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji-Hua Yu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-He Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Wan-Jun Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Tan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hai Liao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|