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Magwaza B, Amobonye A, Pillai S. Microbial β-glucosidases: Recent advances and applications. Biochimie 2024; 225:49-67. [PMID: 38734124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The global β-glucosidase market is currently estimated at ∼400 million USD, and it is expected to double in the next six years; a trend that is mainly ascribed to the demand for the enzyme for biofuel processing. Microbial β-glucosidase, particularly, has thus garnered significant attention due to its ease of production, catalytic efficiency, and versatility, which have all facilitated its biotechnological potential across different industries. Hence, there are continued efforts to screen, produce, purify, characterize and evaluate the industrial applicability of β-glucosidase from actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. With this rising demand for β-glucosidase, various cost-effective and efficient approaches are being explored to discover, redesign, and enhance their production and functional properties. Thus, this present review provides an up-to-date overview of advancements in the utilization of microbial β-glucosidases as "Emerging Green Tools" in 21st-century industries. In this regard, focus was placed on the use of recombinant technology, protein engineering, and immobilization techniques targeted at improving the industrial applicability of the enzyme. Furthermore, insights were given into the recent progress made in conventional β-glucosidase production, their industrial applications, as well as the current commercial status-with a focus on the patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buka Magwaza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Christopher M, Sreeja-Raju A, Abraham A, Gokhale DV, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK. Early cellular events and potential regulators of cellulase induction in Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5057. [PMID: 36977777 PMCID: PMC10050438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulase production by fungi is tightly regulated in response to environmental cues, and understanding this mechanism is a key pre-requisite in the efforts to improve cellulase secretion. Based on UniProt descriptions of secreted Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes), 13 proteins of the cellulase hyper-producer Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 (PJ-1366) were annotated as cellulases- 4 cellobiohydrolases (CBH), 7 endoglucanases (EG) and 2 beta glucosidases (BGL). Cellulase, xylanase, BGL and peroxidase activities were higher for cultures grown on a combination of cellulose and wheat bran, while EG was stimulated by disaccharides. Docking studies indicated that the most abundant BGL- Bgl2- has different binding sites for the substrate cellobiose and the product glucose, which helps to alleviate feedback inhibition, probably accounting for the low level of glucose tolerance exhibited. Out of the 758 transcription factors (TFs) differentially expressed on cellulose induction, 13 TFs were identified whose binding site frequencies on the promoter regions of the cellulases positively correlated with their abundance in the secretome. Further, correlation analysis of the transcriptional response of these regulators and TF-binding sites on their promoters indicated that cellulase expression is possibly preceded by up-regulation of 12 TFs and down-regulation of 16 TFs, which cumulatively regulate transcription, translation, nutrient metabolism and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Christopher
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248 007, India
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India.
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Secondary Metabolites Diversity of Aspergillus unguis and Their Bioactivities: A Potential Target to Be Explored. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121820. [PMID: 36551248 PMCID: PMC9775040 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus unguis belongs to the Aspergillus section Nidulantes. This species is found in soils and organisms from marine environments, such as jellyfishes and sponges. The first chemical study reported in the literature dates from 1970, with depsidones nidulin (1), nornidulin (2), and unguinol (3) being the first isolated compounds. Fifty-two years since this first study, the isolation and characterization of ninety-seven (97) compounds have been reported. These compounds are from different classes, such as depsides, depsidones, phthalides, cyclopeptides, indanones, diarylethers, pyrones, benzoic acid derivatives, orcinol/orsenillate derivatives, and sesterpenoids. In terms of biological activities, the first studies on isolated compounds from A. unguis came only in the 1990s. Considering the tendency for antiparasitic and antibiotics to become ineffective against resistant microorganisms and larvae, A. unguis compounds have also been extensively investigated and some compounds are considered very promising. In addition to these larvicidal and antimicrobial activities, these compounds also show activity against cancer cell lines, animal growth promotion, antimalarial and antioxidant activities. Despite the diversity of these compounds and reported biological activities, A. unguis remains an interesting target for studies on metabolic induction to produce new compounds, the determination of new biological activities, medicinal chemistry, structural modification, biotechnological approaches, and molecular modeling, which have yet to be extensively explored.
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Li K, Liao J, Wei M, Qiu S, Wu W, Zhao Y, Wang H, Liu Q, Liu F, Chang C. The Xanthomonas citri Reverse Fitness Deficiency by Activating a Novel β-Glucosidase Under Low Osmostress. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:887967. [PMID: 35586864 PMCID: PMC9108719 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.887967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can withstand various types of environmental osmostress. A sudden rise in osmostress affects bacterial cell growth that is countered by activating special genes. The change of osmostress is generally a slow process under the natural environment. However, the collective response of bacteria to low osmostress remains unknown. This study revealed that the deletion of phoP (ΔphoP) from X. citri significantly compromised the growth and virulence as compared to the wild-type strain. Interestingly, low osmostress reversed physiological deficiencies of X. citri phoP mutant related to bacterial growth and virulence. The results also provided biochemical and genetic evidence that the physiological deficiency of phoP mutant can be reversed by low osmostress induced β-glucosidase (BglS) expression. Based on the data, this study proposes a novel regulatory mechanism of a novel β-glucosidase activation in X. citri through low osmostress to reverse the fitness deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihuai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxing Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanxu Qiu
- College of Plant Protection, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyin Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongguang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengquan Liu,
| | - Changqing Chang
- College of Plant Protection, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Changqing Chang,
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Mucoromycota fungi as powerful cell factories for modern biorefinery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:101-115. [PMID: 34889982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biorefinery employing fungi can be a strategy for valorizing low-cost rest materials, by-products and wastes into several valuable bioproducts through the fungal fermentation. Mucoromycota fungi are soil fungi with a highly versatile metabolic system that positions them as powerful microbial cell factories for biorefinery applications. Lipids, pigments, chitin/chitosan, polyphosphates, ethanol, organic acids and enzymes are main Mucoromycota products that can be refined from the fermentation process and applied in nutrition, chemical or biofuel industries. In addition, Mucoromycota biomass can be used as it is for specific purposes, such as feed. Mucoromycota fungi can be employed in developing co-production processes, whereby several intra- and extracellular products are simultaneously formed in a single fermentation process, and, thus, economic viability of the process can be improved. This mini review provides a comprehensive overview over the recent advances in the production of valuable metabolites by Mucoromycota fungi and fermentation strategies which could be potentially applied in the industrial biorefinery settings. KEY POINTS: • Biorefineries utilizing Mucoromycota fungi as production cell factories can provide a wide range of bioproducts. • Mucoromycota fungi are able to perform co-production of various metabolites in a single fermentation process. • Versatile metabolism of Mucoromycota allows valorization of a various low-cost substrates such as wastes and rest materials.
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Gauna A, Larran AS, Feldman SR, Permingeat HR, Perotti VE. Secretome characterization of the lignocellulose-degrading fungi Pycnoporus sanguineus and Ganoderma resinaceum growing on Panicum prionitis biomass. Mycologia 2021; 113:877-890. [PMID: 34251997 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1922249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
C4 grasses are common species in rangelands around the world and represent an attractive option for second-generation biofuel production. Although they display high polysaccharide content and reach great levels of biomass accumulation, there is a major technical issue to be addressed before they can be used for bioethanol industrial production: lignin removal. Concerning this, Pycnoporus and Ganoderma fungal genera have been highlighted due to their ability to hydrolyze lignocellulose in biological pretreatments. Our goals here were to evaluate the pretreatment efficiency using the secretome of species from Pycnoporus and Ganoderma spp. harvested from a glucose-free inductive medium (using a C4 grass) and to identify the fungal enzymatic activities responsible for the lignin degradation and glucose release. Our results show that P. sanguineus secretome exhibits a higher activity of lignocellulolytic enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases, laccases, and manganese peroxidases compared with that from G. resinaceum. Interestingly, zymograms in the presence of 2 M glucose suggest that a β-glucosidase isoform from P. sanguineus could be glucose tolerant. The proteomic approach carried out allowed the identification of 73 and 180 different proteins in G. resinaceum and P. sanguineus secretomes, respectively, which were functionally classified in five main categories and a miscellaneous group. These results open new avenues for future experimental work that lead to a deeper comprehension and a greater application of the mechanisms underlying lignocellulosic biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertina Gauna
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alvaro S Larran
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Susana R Feldman
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo de Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Maipú 1165, 2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo R Permingeat
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Valeria E Perotti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Draft genome of the glucose tolerant β-glucosidase producing rare Aspergillus unguis reveals complete cellulolytic machinery with multiple beta-glucosidase genes. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 151:103551. [PMID: 33737204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Draft genome sequence of the glucose tolerant beta glucosidase (GT-BGL) producing rare fungus Aspergillus unguis NII 08,123 was generated through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The genome size of the fungus was estimated to be 37.1 Mb. A total of 3116 contigs were assembled using SPades, and 15,161 proteins were predicted using AUGUSTUS 3.1. Among them, 13,850 proteins were annotated using UniProt. Distribution of CAZyme genes specifically those encoding lignocellulose degrading enzymes were analyzed and compared with those from the industrial cellulase producer Trichoderma reesei in view of the huge differences in detectable enzyme activities between the fungi, despite the ability of A. unguis to grow on lignocellulose as sole carbon source. Full length gene sequence of the inducible GT-BGL could be identified through tracing back from peptide mass fingerprint. A total of 403 CAZymes were predicted from the genome, which includes 232 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 12 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 109 glycosyl transferases (GTs), 15 polysaccharide lyases (PLs), and 35 genes with auxiliary activities (AAs). The high level of zinc finger motif containing transcription factors could possibly hint a tight regulation of the cellulolytic machinery, which may also explain the low cellulase activities even when a complete repertoire of cellulase degrading enzyme genes are present in the fungus.
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Huang C, Feng Y, Patel G, Xu XQ, Qian J, Liu Q, Kai GY. Production, immobilization and characterization of beta-glucosidase for application in cellulose degradation from a novel Aspergillus versicolor. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:437-446. [PMID: 33636259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides containing (1 → 4)-beta-glycosidic bonds to glucose, which is crucial in cellulosic ethanol production. In this study, Aspergillus versicolor, a novel highly productive beta-glucosidase strain, was first isolated from Camptotheca acuminata seeds. The highest beta-glucosidase activity with 812.86 U/mL was obtained by using the response surface methodology, and a 14.4-fold has increased compared to the control. The beta-glucosidase was then purified to homogeneity with recovery yield and specific activity of 25.98% and 499.15 U/mg, respectively. To enhance its stability and recyclability, the purified beta-glucosidase was first immobilized onto magnetic MnO2 by electrostatic adsorption. The immobilized materials were characterized by FR-IT, TEM and FE-SEM. Compared with the free beta-glucosidase, the immobilized enzyme exhibited enhanced thermal stability (1.5-fold raise in half-life at 50 °C), and reusability (holding over 60% activity after eight cycles), besides, the optimum pH has increased to 6.0. Substrate specificity research suggested that the enzyme had high hydrolytic activity on cellobiose. It also had a hydrolysis effect on (1 → 3) and (1 → 6)-beta-glycosidic linkages. Application trials in cellulose hydrolysis revealed that the immobilized enzyme was comparatively more effective. Our results suggested this novel immobilized beta-glucosidase makes a promising alternative for the cellulosic ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Gopal Patel
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Xu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Guo-Yin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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