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Wu H, Shen Y, Zou F, Yao S, Chen Y, Yang H, Luo X. Combined transcriptome and widely targeted metabolome analysis reveals the potential mechanism of HupA biosynthesis and antioxidant activity in Huperzia serrata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1411471. [PMID: 38952843 PMCID: PMC11215074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1411471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Huperzia serrata is a traditional Chinese herb that has gained much attention for its production of Huperzine A (HupA). HupA has shown promise on treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the biosynthetic pathway and molecular mechanism of HupA in H. serrata are still not well understood. Methods Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis was performed to reveal the molecular mechanisms related to HupA biosynthesis and antioxidant activity in Huperzia serrata. Results HT (in vitro H. serrata thallus) exhibits higher antioxidant activity and lower cytotoxicity than WH (wild H. serrata). Through hierarchical clustering analysis and qRT-PCR verification, 7 important enzyme genes and 13 transcription factors (TFs) related to HupA biosynthesis were detected. Among them, the average |log2FC| value of CYP (Cytochrome P450) and CAO (Copper amine oxidase) was the largest. Metabolomic analysis identified 12 metabolites involved in the HupA biosynthesis and 29 metabolites related to antioxidant activity. KEGG co-enrichment analysis revealed that tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis were involved in the HupA biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, the phenylpropanoid, phenylalanine, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were found to regulate the antioxidant activity of H. serrata. The study also identified seven important genes related to the regulation of antioxidant activity, including PrAO (primary-amine oxidase). Based on the above joint analysis, the biosynthetic pathway of HupA and potential mechanisms of antioxidant in H. serrata was constructed. Discussion Through differential transcriptome and metabolome analysis, DEGs and DAMs involved in HupA biosynthesis and antioxidant-related were identified, and the potential metabolic pathway related to HupA biosynthesis and antioxidant in Huperzia serrata were constructed. This study would provide valuable insights into the HupA biosynthesis mechanism and the H. serrata thallus medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangdong Luo
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Le TTM, Pham HT, Trinh HTT, Tran HT, Chu HH. Isolation and Characterization of Novel Huperzine-Producing Endophytic Fungi from Lycopodiaceae Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1134. [PMID: 38132735 PMCID: PMC10744052 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA) is an important drug for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is primarily extracted from the Huperzia serrata (Lycopodiaceae). Failures in the chemical synthesis of Hup and in vitro culture have put H. serrata in danger of extinction, and there is a need for an extensive investigation of Hup from alternative perspectives. The aim of this study is to identify endophytic fungi that produce high Hup or simultaneously produce many types of Hup and have high genetic stability derived from other Lycopodiaceae species as a source of materials for natural Hup production. In this work, Hup-producing endophytic fungi were isolated from three species: Lycopodium clavatum, Phlegmariurus squarrosus, and P. phlegmaria. Of these, L. clavatum and P. squarrosus were confirmed as novel sources of Hup-producing fungi. Based on morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences, four endophytic fungi Colletotrichum siamense THG1-17, Epicoccum sorghinum THG01-18, Phoma sp. TKH3-2, and Phyllosticta sp. THG2-27 were firstly isolated from these Lycopodiaceae plants, which were capable of simultaneously producing both HupA and HupB, as evidenced by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The four strains showed stability in Hup yield over 50 generations of culture with an in vitro storage period of 3 months. These isolated fungi will provide a new source of materials for further research to develop drugs containing HupA as well as HupB for AD treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Thi Minh Le
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thanh Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thi Thu Trinh
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Tran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Toppo P, Kagatay LL, Gurung A, Singla P, Chakraborty R, Roy S, Mathur P. Endophytic fungi mediates production of bioactive secondary metabolites via modulation of genes involved in key metabolic pathways and their contribution in different biotechnological sector. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:191. [PMID: 37197561 PMCID: PMC10183385 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi stimulate the production of an enormous number of bioactive metabolites in medicinal plants and affect the different steps of biosynthetic pathways of these secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi possess a number of biosynthetic gene clusters that possess genes for various enzymes, transcription factors, etc., in their genome responsible for the production of secondary metabolites. Additionally, endophytic fungi also modulate the expression of various genes responsible for the synthesis of key enzymes involved in metabolic pathways of such as HMGR, DXR, etc. involved in the production of a large number of phenolic compounds as well as regulate the expression of genes involved in the production of alkaloids and terpenoids in different plants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of gene expression related to endophytes and their impact on metabolic pathways. Additionally, this review will emphasize the studies done to isolate these secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi in large quantities and assess their bioactivity. Due to ease in synthesis of secondary metabolites and their huge application in the medical industry, these bioactive metabolites are now being extracted from strains of these endophytic fungi commercially. Apart from their application in the pharmaceutical industry, most of these metabolites extracted from endophytic fungi also possess plant growth-promoting ability, bioremediation potential, novel bio control agents, sources of anti-oxidants, etc. The review will comprehensively shed a light on the biotechnological application of these fungal metabolites at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Toppo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Lahasang Lamu Kagatay
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Ankita Gurung
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Priyanka Singla
- Department of Botany, Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Rakhi Chakraborty
- Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
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Ahmed AM, Mahmoud BK, Millán-Aguiñaga N, Abdelmohsen UR, Fouad MA. The endophytic Fusarium strains: a treasure trove of natural products. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1339-1369. [PMID: 36686899 PMCID: PMC9827111 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04126j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity and structural diversity of the secondary metabolites produced by endophytes make them an attractive source of natural products with novel structures that can help in treating life-changing diseases. The genus Fusarium is one of the most abundant endophytic fungal genera, comprising about 70 species characterized by extraordinary discrepancy in terms of genetics and ability to grow on a wide range of substrates, affecting not only their biology and interaction with their surrounding organisms, but also their secondary metabolism. Members of the genus Fusarium are a source of secondary metabolites with structural and chemical diversity and reported to exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. This comprehensive review focuses on the secondary metabolites isolated from different endophytic Fusarium species along with their various biological activities, reported in the period from April 1999 to April 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Mortada Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University 61111 New Minia City Egypt
| | - Basma Khalaf Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20-86-2369075 +20-86-2347759
| | - Natalie Millán-Aguiñaga
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Colonia Playitas Ensenada Baja California 22860 Mexico
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University 61111 New Minia City Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20-86-2369075 +20-86-2347759
| | - Mostafa Ahmed Fouad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt +20-86-2369075 +20-86-2347759
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Shen Z, Liu X, Yang J, Wang Y, Yao K, Huo Q, Fu Y, Wei Y, Guo B. The temporal and spatial endophytic fungal community of Huperzia serrata: diversity and relevance to huperzine A production by the host. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:281. [PMID: 36424543 PMCID: PMC9686072 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants maintain the steady-state balance of the mutually beneficial symbiosis relationship with their endophytic fungi through secondary metabolites. Meanwhile endophytic fungi can serve as biological inducers to promote the biosynthesis and accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in host plants through a variety of ways. The composition and structure of endophytic fungal community are affected by many factors, including tissues, seasons and so on. In this work, we studied the community diversity, temporal and spatial pattern of endophytic fungi detected from the roots, stems and leaves of Huperzia serrata in different seasons. The correlation between endophytic fungi and huperzine A (HupA) content in plants was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 7005 operational taxonomic units were detected, and all strains were identified as 14 phyla, 54 classes, 140 orders, 351 families and 742 genera. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the diversity of endophytic fungi in stem and leaf was higher than that in root, and the diversity in summer (August) was lower than that in other months. NMDS analysis showed that the endophytic fungal communities of leaves, stems and roots were significantly different, and the root and leaf communities were also different between four seasons. Through correlation analysis, it was found that 33 genera of the endophytic fungi of H. serrata showed a significant positive correlation with the content of HupA (p < 0.05), of which 13 genera (Strelitziana, Devriesia, Articulospora, Derxomyces, Cyphellophora, Trechispora, Kurtzmanomyces, Capnobotryella, Erythrobasidium, Camptophora, Stagonospora, Lachnum, Golubevia) showed a highly significant positive correlation with the content of HupA (p < 0.01). These endophytic fungi may have the potential to promote the biosynthesis and accumulation of HupA in plant. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first time to analyze the diversity of endophytic fungi in tissues of H. serrata in different seasons, which proves that there is variability in different tissues and seasonal distribution patterns. These findings provide references to the study of endophytic fungi of H. serrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhui Shen
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Xubing Liu
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Jia Yang
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Yanli Wang
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Kai Yao
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Qingmiao Huo
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Yanping Fu
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Yahui Wei
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
| | - Bin Guo
- grid.412262.10000 0004 1761 5538Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi China
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Pang B, Yin D, Zhai Y, He A, Qiu L, Liu Q, Ma N, Shen H, Jia Q, Liang Z, Wang D. Diversity of endophytic fungal community in Huperzia serrata from different ecological areas and their correlation with Hup A content. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:191. [PMID: 35931950 PMCID: PMC9354316 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huperzine A (Hup A) has attracted considerable attention as an effective therapeutic candidate drug used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Whereas, the production of Hup A from wild plants faced a major challenge, which is the wild Huperzia Serrata harbor a low Hup A content, has a long-life cycle, and has a small yield. At present, several reports showed that Hup A is produced by various endophytic fungal strains isolated from H. serrata, thereby providing an alternative method to produce the compound and reduce the consumption of this rare and endangered plant. However, till now, very few comprehensive studies are available on the biological diversity and structural composition of endophytic fungi and the effects of endophytic fungi on the Hup A accumulation in H. serrata. Results In this research, the composition and diversity of fungal communities in H. serrata were deciphered based on high-throughput sequencing technology of fungal internal transcribed spacer regions2 (ITS2). The correlation between endophytic fungal community and Hup A content was also investigated. Results revealed that the richness and the diversity of endophytic fungi in H. serrata was various according to different tissues and different ecological areas. The endophytic fungal communities of H. serrata exhibit species-specific, ecological-specific, and tissue-specific characteristics. There are 6 genera (Ascomycota_unclassified, Cyphellophora, Fungi_unclassified, Sporobolomyces, and Trichomeriaceae_unclassified) were significantly positively correlated with Hup A content in all two areas, whereas, there are 6 genera (Auricularia, Cladophialophora, Cryptococcus, Mortierella, and Mycena) were significantly negatively correlated with Hup A content of in all two areas. Conclusions This study indicated a different composition and diverse endophytic fungal communities in H. serrata from different organs and ecological areas. The current study will provide the realistic basis and theoretical significance for understanding the biological diversity and structural composition of endophytic fungal communities in H. serrata, as well as providing novel insights into the interaction between endophytic fungi and Hup A content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dengpan Yin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufeng Zhai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anguo He
- Administration of Zhejiang Dapanshan National Nature Reserve, Pan'an, Zhejiang, 322300, China
| | - Linlin Qiu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjun Shen
- Ningbo Delai Medicinal Material Planting Co, Zhejiang, 315444, Ltd Ningbo, China
| | - Qiaojun Jia
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dekai Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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Delineating biosynthesis of Huperzine A, A plant-derived medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li N, Xu D, Huang RH, Zheng JY, Liu YY, Hu BS, Gu YQ, Du Q. A New Source of Diterpene Lactones From Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees—Two Endophytic Fungi of Colletotrichum sp. With Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:819770. [PMID: 35295309 PMCID: PMC8918950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.819770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants are abundant, and their metabolites often have antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor effects and can produce secondary metabolites identical or similar to those of their hosts, which can mitigate the problem of insufficient supply of medicinal plants. In this study, we screened endophytic fungi for strains that produce the same diterpene lactones as Andrographis paniculata based on their biological activity. Firstly, the dominant group of endophytic fungi of Andrographis paniculata was screened and pathogenicity was studied using Koch’s rule. Secondly, DPPH, ABTS, OH, PTIO radical scavenging, and FRAP assays were used to detect the antioxidant activity of the extracellular extracts of the strains, and total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the strains with high antioxidant capacity were determined. S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the mycelial extracts of the strains. Finally, the secondary metabolites of the mycelial extracts of the strains were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that 32 strains of Andrographis paniculata were relatively isolated > 70% and non-pathogenic. Extracellular extracts of strains AP-1 and AP-4 showed vigorous antioxidant activity, and AP-4, AP-12, AP-47, and AP-48 showed antibacterial activity against four strains of bacteria. The HPLC results indicated that the mycelial extracts of AP-4 and AP-12 contained diterpene lactones. The two endophytic fungi were recognized as Colletotrichum sp. The study successfully obtained diterpene lactones from the endophytic fungus of Andrographis paniculata and confirmed the feasibility of using endophytic fungal strains to produce active substances consistent with the host. It was also useful for exploring endophytic fungi and medicinal plants. The relationship provides theoretical guidance.
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Gakuubi MM, Munusamy M, Liang ZX, Ng SB. Fungal Endophytes: A Promising Frontier for Discovery of Novel Bioactive Compounds. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:786. [PMID: 34682208 PMCID: PMC8538612 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, fungi have served as repositories of bioactive secondary metabolites that form the backbone of many existing drugs. With the global rise in infections associated with antimicrobial resistance, in addition to the growing burden of non-communicable disease, such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular ailments, the demand for new drugs that can provide an improved therapeutic outcome has become the utmost priority. The exploration of microbes from understudied and specialized niches is one of the promising ways of discovering promising lead molecules for drug discovery. In recent years, a special class of plant-associated fungi, namely, fungal endophytes, have emerged as an important source of bioactive compounds with unique chemistry and interesting biological activities. The present review focuses on endophytic fungi and their classification, rationale for selection and prioritization of host plants for fungal isolation and examples of strategies that have been adopted to induce the activation of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters to enhance the biosynthetic potential of fungal endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Muthee Gakuubi
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (M.M.G.); (M.M.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Madhaiyan Munusamy
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (M.M.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Siew Bee Ng
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, #01-02 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (M.M.G.); (M.M.)
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Chen Y, Hu B, Xing J, Li C. Endophytes: the novel sources for plant terpenoid biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4501-4513. [PMID: 34047817 PMCID: PMC8161352 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are natural compounds predominantly present in plants. They have many pharmaceutical and/or nutritional functions, and have been widely applied in medical, food, and cosmetics industries. Recently, terpenoids have been used in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 due to the good antiviral activities. The increasing demand for terpenoids in international markets poses a serious threat to many plant species. For environmentally sustainable development, microbial cell factories have been utilized as the promising platform to produce terpenoids. Nevertheless, the bioproduction of most terpenoids cannot meet commercial requirements due to the low cost-benefit ratio until now. The biosynthetic potential of endophytes has gained attention in recent decades owing to the continual discovery of endophytes capable of synthesizing plant bioactive compounds. Accordingly, endophytes could be alternative sources of terpenoid-producing strains or terpenoid synthetic genes. In this review, we summarized the research progress describing the main and supporting roles of endophytes in terpenoid biosynthesis and biotransformation, and discussed the current problems and challenges which may prevent the further exploitation. This review will improve our understanding of endophyte resources for terpenoid production in industry in the future. The four main research interests on endophytes for terpenoid production. A: Isolation of terpenoid-producing endophytes; B: The heterologous expression of endophyte-derived terpenoid synthetic genes; C: Endophytes promoting their hosts' terpenoid production. The blue dashed arrows indicate signal transduction; D: Biotransformation of terpenoids by endophytes or their enzymes. Key points• The mechanisms employed by endophytes in terpenoid synthesis in vivo and in vitro.• Endophytes have the commercial potentials in terpenoid bioproduction and biotransformation.• Synthetic biology and multiomics will improve terpenoid bioproduction in engineered cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianmin Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Daley SK, Cordell GA. Biologically Significant and Recently Isolated Alkaloids from Endophytic Fungi. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:871-897. [PMID: 33534564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A selection of the established and recently characterized alkaloids from the exploration of plant- and some marine-associated endophytic fungi is reviewed, with reference to alkaloids of biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, Illinois 60202, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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12
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Singh A, Singh DK, Kharwar RN, White JF, Gond SK. Fungal Endophytes as Efficient Sources of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Their Prospective Applications in Natural Product Drug Discovery: Insights, Avenues, and Challenges. Microorganisms 2021; 9:197. [PMID: 33477910 PMCID: PMC7833388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes are well-established sources of biologically active natural compounds with many producing pharmacologically valuable specific plant-derived products. This review details typical plant-derived medicinal compounds of several classes, including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans, phenylpropanoids, quinones, saponins, terpenoids, and xanthones that are produced by endophytic fungi. This review covers the studies carried out since the first report of taxol biosynthesis by endophytic Taxomyces andreanae in 1993 up to mid-2020. The article also highlights the prospects of endophyte-dependent biosynthesis of such plant-derived pharmacologically active compounds and the bottlenecks in the commercialization of this novel approach in the area of drug discovery. After recent updates in the field of 'omics' and 'one strain many compounds' (OSMAC) approach, fungal endophytes have emerged as strong unconventional source of such prized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Dheeraj K. Singh
- Department of Botany, Harish Chandra Post Graduate College, Varanasi 221001, India
| | - Ravindra N. Kharwar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - James F. White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Surendra K. Gond
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
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Fan S, Miao L, Li H, Lin A, Song F, Zhang P. Illumina-based analysis yields new insights into the diversity and composition of endophytic fungi in cultivated Huperzia serrata. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242258. [PMID: 33211760 PMCID: PMC7676737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi play an important role in plant growth. The composition and structure of endophytes vary in different plant tissues, which are specific habitats for endophyte colonization. To analyze the diversity and structural composition of endophytic fungi from toothed clubmoss (Huperzia serrata) that was artificially cultivated for 3 years, we investigated endophytic fungi from the roots, stems and leaves using comparative sequence analysis of the ITS2 region of the fungal rRNA genes sequenced with high-throughput sequencing technology. Seven fungal phyla were identified, and fungal diversity and structure varied across different tissues, with the most distinctive community features found in the roots. A total of 555 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, and 198 were common to all samples, and 43, 16, 16 OTUs were unique to the root, stem, leaf samples, respectively. Taxonomic classification showed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant phyla, and Cladosporium, Oidiodendron, Phyllosticta, Sebacina and Ilyonectria were dominant genera. The relative abundance heat map at the genus level suggested that H. serrata had characteristic endophytic fungal microbiomes. Line discriminant analysis effect size analysis and principal coordinate analysis demonstrated that fungal communities were tissue-type and tissue-site specific. Overall, our study provides new insights into the complex composition of endophytic fungi in H. serrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Fan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, Center for the Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyun Miao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Haodong Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, Center for the Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Aihua Lin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, Center for the Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Fajun Song
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, Center for the Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, Center for the Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wen-Xia H, Zhong-Wen H, Min J, Han Z, Wei-Ze L, Li-Bin Y, Fei L, Lu H, Ning Z, Xiao-Feng L. Five novel and highly efficient endophytic fungi isolated from Huperzia serrata expressing huperzine A for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9159-9177. [PMID: 32970179 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (Hup A) is an important drug for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mainly extracted from the Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae) (HS). Nevertheless, the content of Hup A in HS is very low of 0.007% with growing circle of 8 to 10 years, and the chemical synthesis of Hup A still has some insurmountable limitations in the industrialized production. So, the available resources of Hup A for clinical treatment of AD are scarce. The purpose of this work was to construct a biosynthesis platform based on the endophytic fungi from HS. In this work, five endophytic fungi Mucor racemosus NSH-D, Mucor fragilis NSY-1, Fusarium verticillioides NSH-5, Fusarium oxysporum NSG-1, and Trichoderma harzianum NSW-V were firstly found and isolated from the Chinese folk medicine HS, which were identified according to their morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. The highest efficient fungus could effectively biosynthesize Hup A in a liquid culture of 319.8 ± 0.17 mg/L which were 112 times higher than that of other reported conventional endophytic fungi. Moreover, these fungi with higher hereditary stability could possess the initial expressing ability of Hup A after 40 generations, and the expressed Hup A from these biosynthesis systems has prior physicochemical properties, a better inhibition activity of acetylcholinesterase and a lower cytotoxicity compared with the listed active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of Hup A. These results provide promising alternative resources for producing Hup A at an industrial scale by biosynthesis, and it may also shed light on millions of AD patients. KEY POINTS: • Five novel endophytic fungi with high stability could highly express prior Hup A Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wen-Xia
- College of Medical Technology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhong-Wen
- Department of Oncology, Fushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Tumor, Shijiazhuang, 050200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Min
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Han
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang road 1, Weiyang Zone, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wei-Ze
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang road 1, Weiyang Zone, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Li-Bin
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang road 1, Weiyang Zone, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Fei
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang road 1, Weiyang Zone, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang road 1, Weiyang Zone, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xinwang road 1, Weiyang Zone, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xiao-Feng
- College of Medical Technology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
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15
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Sang X, Yang M, Su J. Research on endophytic fungi for producing huperzine A on a large-scale. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:654-664. [PMID: 32970952 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1819771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA) is an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted great interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease. However, the use of HupA is limited by resource scarcity as well as by its low yields from Huperzia serrata, its primary plant source. Recent studies have shown that this compound is produced by various endophytic fungi, thereby providing a promising alternative source, as fungi are much more amenable than plants owing to their simpler genetics and the ease of manipulation. In this review, we summarize the progress in research on the methods to increase HupA production, including fermentation conditions, fungal elicitors, gene expression, and the activation of key enzymes. This review provides guidance for further studies on HupA-producing endophytic fungi aimed at efficient HupA synthesis and accumulation, and offers new approaches for studies on the regulation of high-value bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Minhe Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jingqian Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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