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Rolls RJ, Deane DC, Johnson SE, Heino J, Anderson MJ, Ellingsen KE. Biotic homogenisation and differentiation as directional change in beta diversity: synthesising driver-response relationships to develop conceptual models across ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1388-1423. [PMID: 37072381 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Biotic homogenisation is defined as decreasing dissimilarity among ecological assemblages sampled within a given spatial area over time. Biotic differentiation, in turn, is defined as increasing dissimilarity over time. Overall, changes in the spatial dissimilarities among assemblages (termed 'beta diversity') is an increasingly recognised feature of broader biodiversity change in the Anthropocene. Empirical evidence of biotic homogenisation and biotic differentiation remains scattered across different ecosystems. Most meta-analyses quantify the prevalence and direction of change in beta diversity, rather than attempting to identify underlying ecological drivers of such changes. By conceptualising the mechanisms that contribute to decreasing or increasing dissimilarity in the composition of ecological assemblages across space, environmental managers and conservation practitioners can make informed decisions about what interventions may be required to sustain biodiversity and can predict potential biodiversity outcomes of future disturbances. We systematically reviewed and synthesised published empirical evidence for ecological drivers of biotic homogenisation and differentiation across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater realms to derive conceptual models that explain changes in spatial beta diversity. We pursued five key themes in our review: (i) temporal environmental change; (ii) disturbance regime; (iii) connectivity alteration and species redistribution; (iv) habitat change; and (v) biotic and trophic interactions. Our first conceptual model highlights how biotic homogenisation and differentiation can occur as a function of changes in local (alpha) diversity or regional (gamma) diversity, independently of species invasions and losses due to changes in species occurrence among assemblages. Second, the direction and magnitude of change in beta diversity depends on the interaction between spatial variation (patchiness) and temporal variation (synchronicity) of disturbance events. Third, in the context of connectivity and species redistribution, divergent beta diversity outcomes occur as different species have different dispersal characteristics, and the magnitude of beta diversity change associated with species invasions also depends strongly on alpha and gamma diversity prior to species invasion. Fourth, beta diversity is positively linked with spatial environmental variability, such that biotic homogenisation and differentiation occur when environmental heterogeneity decreases or increases, respectively. Fifth, species interactions can influence beta diversity via habitat modification, disease, consumption (trophic dynamics), competition, and by altering ecosystem productivity. Our synthesis highlights the multitude of mechanisms that cause assemblages to be more or less spatially similar in composition (taxonomically, functionally, phylogenetically) through time. We consider that future studies should aim to enhance our collective understanding of ecological systems by clarifying the underlying mechanisms driving homogenisation or differentiation, rather than focusing only on reporting the prevalence and direction of change in beta diversity, per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Rolls
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - David C Deane
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah E Johnson
- Natural Resources Department, Northland College, Ashland, WI, 54891, USA
| | - Jani Heino
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Marti J Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kari E Ellingsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, Tromsø, 9296, Norway
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Kelleghan DB, O'Callaghan L, Huggard F, Crowe TP, Brooks PR. Using valve gape analysis to compare sensitivity of native Mytilus edulis to invasive Magallana gigas when exposed to heavy metal contamination. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 189:106043. [PMID: 37331072 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are ecologically and economically important but are under increasing pressure from numerous anthropogenic sources of stress. Both heavy metal pollution and invasive species pose major environmental concerns that can have significant impacts on marine organisms. It is likely that many stresses will occur simultaneously, resulting in potential cumulative ecological effects. The aim of this study was to compare the relative resilience of an invasive oyster Magallana gigas and a native mussel Mytilus edulis to heavy metal pollution, utilising their valve gape response as an indicator. The gape activity of bivalves has been utilised to monitor a range of potential impacts, including for example oil spills, increased turbidity, eutrophication, heavy metal contamination etc. In this study, Hall effect sensors were used on both the native blue mussel (M. edulis) and the pacific oyster (M. gigas), invasive to Ireland. Mussels were shown to be more responsive to pollution events than oysters, where all heavy metals tested (copper, cadmium, zinc, lead) had an effect on transition frequency though significant differences were only observed for lead and cadmium (Control; > Copper, p = 0.0003; >lead, p = 0.0002; >Cadmium, p = 0.0001). Cadmium had an apparent effect on mussels with specimens from this treatment remaining closed for an average of 45.3% of the time. Similarly, significant effects on the duration of time mussels spent fully open was observed when treated with lead and cadmium (Control; > lead, p = 0.03, > cadmium, p = 0.02). In contrast, oysters displayed no significant difference for any treatment for number of gapes, or duration spent open or closed. Though there was an effect of both zinc and copper on the amount of time spent closed, with averages of 63.2 and 68.7% respectively. This indicates oysters may be potentially more resilient to such pollution events; further boosting their competitive advantage. Future mesocosm or field studies are required to quantify this relative resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Kelleghan
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Earth Institute, Science Centre East, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Luke O'Callaghan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Freddie Huggard
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tasman P Crowe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Earth Institute, Science Centre East, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul R Brooks
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Earth Institute, Science Centre East, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Thomsen MS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Bishop MJ, Bulleri F, Farhan R, Frühling VMM, Gribben PE, Harrison SB, He Q, Klinghardt M, Langeneck J, Lanham BS, Mondardini L, Mulders Y, Oleksyn S, Ramus AP, Schiel DR, Schneider T, Siciliano A, Silliman BR, Smale DA, South PM, Wernberg T, Zhang S, Zotz G. Heterogeneity within and among co-occurring foundation species increases biodiversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:581. [PMID: 35102155 PMCID: PMC8803935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat heterogeneity is considered a primary causal driver underpinning patterns of diversity, yet the universal role of heterogeneity in structuring biodiversity is unclear due to a lack of coordinated experiments testing its effects across geographic scales and habitat types. Furthermore, key species interactions that can enhance heterogeneity, such as facilitation cascades of foundation species, have been largely overlooked in general biodiversity models. Here, we performed 22 geographically distributed experiments in different ecosystems and biogeographical regions to assess the extent to which variation in biodiversity is explained by three axes of habitat heterogeneity: the amount of habitat, its morphological complexity, and capacity to provide ecological resources (e.g. food) within and between co-occurring foundation species. We show that positive and additive effects across the three axes of heterogeneity are common, providing a compelling mechanistic insight into the universal importance of habitat heterogeneity in promoting biodiversity via cascades of facilitative interactions. Because many aspects of habitat heterogeneity can be controlled through restoration and management interventions, our findings are directly relevant to biodiversity conservation. Species interactions that can enhance habitat heterogeneity such as facilitation cascades of foundation species have been overlooked in biodiversity models. This study conducted 22 geographically distributed experiments in different ecosystems and biogeographical regions to assess the extent to which biodiversity is explained by three axes of habitat heterogeneity in facilitation cascades.
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Lown AE, Hepburn LJ, Heywood JL, Cameron TC. European native oysters and associated species richness in the presence of non‐native species in a southern North Sea estuary complex. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Lown
- School of Life Sciences University of Essex Colchester United Kingdom
| | - Leanne J. Hepburn
- School of Life Sciences University of Essex Colchester United Kingdom
| | - Jane L. Heywood
- Kent and Essex Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authority The Sail Loft, Shipyard Estate Colchester United Kingdom
| | - Tom C. Cameron
- School of Life Sciences University of Essex Colchester United Kingdom
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Firth LB, Duff L, Gribben PE, Knights AM. Do positive interactions between marine invaders increase likelihood of invasion into natural and artificial habitats? OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise B. Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Univ. of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Lois Duff
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Univ. of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Paul E. Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science, Univ. of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Inst. of Marine Science Mosman New South Wales Australia
| | - Antony M. Knights
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Univ. of Plymouth Plymouth UK
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Teschke K, Karez R, Schubert PR, Beermann J. Colonisation success of introduced oysters is driven by wave-related exposure. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas, is an extremely successful invader with established populations in marine and estuarine habitats almost all over the world. Ecological implications of the introduction of this species to indigenous communities are well documented. However, the processes by which this species successfully establishes in a recipient community is still insufficiently understood. The early detection of the oyster at the island of Helgoland (North Sea) provided the ideal opportunity to investigate whether physical mechanisms, such as wave-exposure, influence their successful colonisation. We hypothesized that oyster colonisation benefits from wave-protected conditions. For this purpose, we evaluated colonisation success of M. gigas among wave-protected sites and wave-exposed sites along the island's pier system. The densities of M. gigas were significantly higher at wave-protected sites than at wave-exposed sites, and the frequency distributions of oyster lengths indicated better growth and higher survival rates in the harbours. This higher colonisation success at wave-protected sites may be explained by the relative retention time of water masses in the harbours, probably resulting in both reduced larval drift and lower energy demands for secretion formation (i.e. firmer binding to the substrate). The fact that the density of M. gigas can vary greatly on small spatial scales depending on exposure corroborates a multiple exposure sampling approach to monitor oyster populations in order to avoid potential overestimations of population sizes in given areas.
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Markert A. How dense is dense? Toward a harmonized approach to characterizing reefs of non-native Pacific oysters – with consideration of native mussels. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.57.49196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pacific oysters Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas have been successfully invading ecosystems worldwide. As an ecosystem engineer, they have the potential to substantially impact on other species and on functional processes of invaded ecosystems. Engineering strength depends on oyster density in space and time. Density has not yet been studied on the extent of reef structural dynamics. This study assessed abundance of naturalized Pacific oysters by shell length (SL) of live individuals and post-mortem shells at six sites over six consecutive years during post-establishment. Individual biomass, i.e. live wet mass (LWM), flesh mass (FM) and live shell mass (SM LIVE), were determined from a total of 1.935 live oysters in order to estimate areal biomass. The generic term density attribute was used for SL-related population categories and the biomass variables LWM, FM, SM LIVE and SM. As the oyster invasion modulated resident Mytilus edulis beds, the study was supplemented by contemporaneously assessed data of mussels and corresponding analyses.
Interrelations of abundance and areal biomass revealed distinct linkages between specific density attributes. Most importantly, large individuals were identified as intrinsic drivers for the determination of areal biomass. Additionally, allometry of large oysters differed from small oysters by attenuated scaling relations. This effect was enhanced by oyster density as results showed that crowding forced large individuals into an increasing slender shape. The significant relationship between the density attributes large oyster and biomass enabled a classification of reef types by large oyster abundance. Reef type (simple or complex reef) and oyster size (small or large) were considered by implementing a novel concept of weighted twin functions (TF) for the relationship between SL and individual biomass. This study demonstrates that the interplay of scaling parameters (scalar, exponent) is highly sensitive to the estimation of individual biomass (shape) and that putative similar scaling parameters can exceedingly affect the estimation of areal biomass.
For the first time, this study documents the crucial relevance of areal reference, i.e. cluster density (CD) or reef density (RD), when comparing density. RD considers reef areas devoid of oysters and results from CD reduced by reef coverage (RC) as the relative reef area occupied by oysters. A compilation of density attributes at simple and complex reefs shall serve as a density guide. Irrespective of areal reference, oyster structural density attributes were significantly higher at complex than at simple reefs. In contrast, areal reference was of vital importance when evaluating the impact of engineering strength at ecosystem-level. While mussel CD was similar at both reef types, RD at complex reefs supported significantly more large mussels and higher mussel biomass than at simple reefs. Although mussels dominated both reef types by abundance of large individuals, oysters were the keystone engineers by dominating biomass.
The prominent status of large oysters for both allometric scaling and density, presumably characteristic for Pacific oyster populations worldwide, should be considered when conducting future investigations. The effort of monitoring will substantially be reduced as only large oysters have to be counted for an empirical characterization of Pacific oyster reefs. The large oyster concept is independent of sampling season, assessment method or ecosystem, and is also applicable to old data sets. Harmonization on the proposed density attributes with a clear specification of areal reference will allow trans-regional comparisons of Pacific oyster reefs and will facilitate evaluations of engineering strength, reef performance and invasional impacts at ecosystem-level.
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Geraldi NR, Anton A, Santana-Garcon J, Bennett S, Marbà N, Lovelock CE, Apostolaki ET, Cebrian J, Krause-Jensen D, Martinetto P, Pandolfi JM, Duarte CM. Ecological effects of non-native species in marine ecosystems relate to co-occurring anthropogenic pressures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1248-1258. [PMID: 31758645 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predictors for the ecological effects of non-native species are lacking, even though such knowledge is fundamental to manage non-native species and mitigate their impacts. Current theories suggest that the ecological effects of non-native species may be related to other concomitant anthropogenic stressors, but this has not been tested at a global scale. We combine an exhaustive meta-analysis of the ecological effects of marine non-native species with human footprint proxies to determine whether the ecological changes due to non-native species are modulated by co-occurring anthropogenic impacts. We found that non-native species had greater negative effects on native biodiversity where human population was high and caused reductions in individual performance where cumulative human impacts were large. On this basis we identified several marine ecoregions where non-native species may have the greatest ecological effects, including areas in the Mediterranean Sea and along the northwest coast of the United States. In conclusion, our global assessment suggests coexisting anthropogenic impacts can intensify the ecological effects of non-native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Anton
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Scott Bennett
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA), CSIC-UIB, Esporles, Spain
| | - Nuria Marbà
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (IMEDEA), CSIC-UIB, Esporles, Spain
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Eugenia T Apostolaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Just Cebrian
- Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island, AL, USA
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Stennis Space Center, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Dorte Krause-Jensen
- Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Paulina Martinetto
- Laboratorio de Ecologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) CONICET-UNMdP, Mar de Plata, Argentina
| | - John M Pandolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Habitat alteration by invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas) causes eelgrass loss in British Columbia, Canada. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bell L, Cuddington K. A burrowing ecosystem engineer positively affects its microbial prey under stressful conditions. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7704-7711. [PMID: 31346433 PMCID: PMC6635926 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Species that facilitate others under stressful conditions are often ecosystem engineers: organisms that modify or create physical habitat.However, the net effect of an engineering species on another depends on both the magnitude of the direct interactions (e.g., competition or predation) and the specific environmental context.We used a laboratory system to isolate the trophic and engineering impacts of a predator, the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei, on its prey, Escherichia coli under different levels of environmental stress. We predicted that under stressful surface conditions the nematodes would positively impact their prey by creating burrows which protected the bacteria.Colony plate counts of E. coli indicated that there was a stress-induced change in the net impact of nematodes on bacteria from neutral to positive. Predator engineering in the form of burrowing allowed larger bacteria populations to survive.We conclude that even in a simple two-species system a predator can positively impact prey via ecosystem engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bell
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Kim Cuddington
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
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11
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Anton A, Geraldi NR, Lovelock CE, Apostolaki ET, Bennett S, Cebrian J, Krause-Jensen D, Marbà N, Martinetto P, Pandolfi JM, Santana-Garcon J, Duarte CM. Global ecological impacts of marine exotic species. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:787-800. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zwerschke N, Hollyman PR, Wild R, Strigner R, Turner JR, King JW. Limited impact of an invasive oyster on intertidal assemblage structure and biodiversity: the importance of environmental context and functional equivalency with native species. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:89. [PMID: 29706667 PMCID: PMC5910461 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of invasive species are context dependent and linked to the ecosystem they occur within. To broaden the understanding of the impact of a globally widespread invasive oyster, Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas, intertidal surveys were carried out at 15 different sites in Europe. The impact of C. gigas on macro- (taxa surrounding oyster > 1 cm) and epifaunal (taxa on oyster < 1 cm) benthic communities and α and β-diversity was assessed and compared to those associated with native ecosystem engineers, including the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. Whilst the effect of C. gigas on benthic community structures was dependent on habitat type, epifaunal communities associated with low densities of O. edulis and C. gigas did not differ and changes in benthic assemblage structure owing to the abundance of C. gigas were therefore attributed to the presence of oyster shells. Macrofaunal α-diversity increased with C. gigas cover in muddy habitats, while epifaunal α-diversity decreased at greater oyster densities. Macrofaunal β-diversity was greatest at low densities of C. gigas; however, it did not differ between samples without and increased densities of oysters. In contrast, epifaunal β-diversity decreased with increasing oyster cover. Different environmental contexts enabled more independent predictions of the effect of C. gigas on native communities. These were found to be low and more importantly not differing from O. edulis. This indicates that, at low densities, C. gigas may be functionally equivalent to the declining native oyster in terms of biodiversity facilitation and aid in re-establishing benthic communities on shores where O. edulis has become extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadescha Zwerschke
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB UK
| | - Philip R. Hollyman
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB UK
| | - Romy Wild
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB UK
| | - Robin Strigner
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB UK
| | - John R. Turner
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB UK
| | - Jonathan W. King
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB UK
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Oysters and the Ecosystem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803472-9.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Zwerschke N, Emmerson MC, Roberts D, O'Connor NE. Benthic assemblages associated with native and non-native oysters are similar. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:305-310. [PMID: 27377003 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species can impact native species and alter assemblage structure, which affects associated ecosystem functioning. The pervasive Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has been shown to affect the diversity and composition of many host ecosystems. We tested for effects of the presence of the invasive C. gigas on native assemblages by comparing them directly to assemblages associated with the declining native European oyster, Ostrea edulis. The presence of both oyster species was manipulated in intertidal and subtidal habitats and reefs were constructed at horizontal and vertical orientation to the substratum. After 12months, species diversity and benthic assemblage structure between assemblages with C. gigas and O. edulis were similar, but differed between habitats and orientation, suggesting that both oyster species were functionally similar in terms of biodiversity facilitation. These findings support evidence, that non-native species could play an important role in maintaining biodiversity in systems with declining populations of native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadescha Zwerschke
- Queen's University Belfast Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark C Emmerson
- Queen's University Belfast Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Dai Roberts
- Queen's University Belfast Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Nessa E O'Connor
- Queen's University Belfast Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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The ecology, evolution, impacts and management of host-parasite interactions of marine molluscs. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:177-211. [PMID: 26341124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molluscs are economically and ecologically important components of aquatic ecosystems. In addition to supporting valuable aquaculture and wild-harvest industries, their populations determine the structure of benthic communities, cycling of nutrients, serve as prey resources for higher trophic levels and, in some instances, stabilize shorelines and maintain water quality. This paper reviews existing knowledge of the ecology of host-parasite interactions involving marine molluscs, with a focus on gastropods and bivalves. It considers the ecological and evolutionary impacts of molluscan parasites on their hosts and vice versa, and on the communities and ecosystems in which they are a part, as well as disease management and its ecological impacts. An increasing number of case studies show that disease can have important effects on marine molluscs, their ecological interactions and ecosystem services, at spatial scales from centimeters to thousands of kilometers and timescales ranging from hours to years. In some instances the cascading indirect effects arising from parasitic infection of molluscs extend well beyond the temporal and spatial scales at which molluscs are affected by disease. In addition to the direct effects of molluscan disease, there can be large indirect impacts on marine environments resulting from strategies, such as introduction of non-native species and selective breeding for disease resistance, put in place to manage disease. Much of our understanding of impacts of molluscan diseases on the marine environment has been derived from just a handful of intensively studied marine parasite-host systems, namely gastropod-trematode, cockle-trematode, and oyster-protistan interactions. Understanding molluscan host-parasite dynamics is of growing importance because: (1) expanding aquaculture; (2) current and future climate change; (3) movement of non-native species; and (4) coastal development are modifying molluscan disease dynamics, ultimately leading to complex relationships between diseases and cultivated and natural molluscan populations. Further, in some instances the enhancement or restoration of valued ecosystem services may be contingent on management of molluscan disease. The application of newly emerging molecular tools and remote sensing techniques to the study of molluscan disease will be important in identifying how changes at varying spatial and temporal scales with global change are modifying host-parasite systems.
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Jackson MC, Ruiz-Navarro A, Britton JR. Population density modifies the ecological impacts of invasive species. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Jackson
- School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth Univ.; Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB UK
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept of Zoology and Entomology; Univ. of Pretoria; Gauteng South Africa
| | - Ana Ruiz-Navarro
- School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth Univ.; Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB UK
- Depto de Zoología y Antropología Física; Univ. de Murcia; ES-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - J. Robert Britton
- School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth Univ.; Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB UK
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