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Hegele-Drywa J, Normant-Saremba M, Wójcik-Fudalewska D. Small sea with high traffic - what is the biofouling potential of commercial ships in the Baltic Sea. BIOFOULING 2024; 40:280-289. [PMID: 38742575 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2353025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the Baltic Sea being one of the most intensive shipping regions in the world the potential magnitude of the biofouled hulls in this region is unknown. This study estimated the biofouling load to Baltic Sea Region (BSR) based on the wetted surface area (WSA) method with regard to country, ship type and donor bioregion. WSA flux reached 656 km2, of which 86% was associated with ships operating inside and 14% was WSA flux brought by ships from outside of the Baltic Sea. Most of the WSA was transported to Swedish, Finnish and Danish ports as well. The highest WSA flux was assigned to roll-on/roll-off, passenger and general cargo ships. The high biofouling potential in BSR indicates a potential high risk to the environment and, therefore there is an urgent need for appropriate guidelines to be introduced into daily use by the commercial shipping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hegele-Drywa
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Bioenergetics, Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Monika Normant-Saremba
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Bioenergetics, Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dagmara Wójcik-Fudalewska
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Bioenergetics, Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
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Bereza D, Grey E, Shenkar N. Prioritizing management of high-risk routes and ports by vessel type to improve marine biosecurity efforts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117597. [PMID: 36878062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The shipping industry constitutes the main vector of marine bioinvasions. Over 90,000 vessels world-wide create a highly complex shipping network that requires appropriate management tools. Here we characterized a novel vessel category, Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCV), in terms of potential contribution to the dispersal of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) in comparison to smaller vessels traveling similar routes. Such approach is essential for providing precise information-based risk analysis necessary to enforce biosecurity regulations and reduce the adverse global effects of marine NIS. We used Automatic Identification System (AIS) based websites to extract shipping data that will enable us to test for differences in two vessel behaviors linked to NIS dispersal: port visit durations and voyage sailing times. We then examined the geographic spread of ULCVs and small vessels, quantifying the accumulation of new port visits, countries, and ecoregions for each vessel category. Finally, Higher Order Network (HON) analysis revealed emergent patterns within shipping traffic, species flow, and invasion risk networks of these two categories. Compared to the smaller vessels, ULCVs spent significantly longer time in 20% of the ports and were more geographically constrained, with fewer port visits, countries, and regions. HON analysis revealed that the ULCV shipping species flow and invasion risk networks were more similar to each other than to those of the smaller vessels. However, HON port importance shifts were discernible for both vessel categories, with major shipping hubs not necessarily being major invasion hubs. Overall, compared to smaller vessels, ULCVs behave differently in ways that potentially increase biofouling risk, albeit in a smaller set of ports. Future studies using HON analysis of other dispersal vectors appears critical for prioritizing management of high-risk routes and ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Bereza
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erin Grey
- School of Biology and Ecology and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Noa Shenkar
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Bereza D, Shenkar N. Shipping voyage simulation reveals abiotic barriers to marine bioinvasions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155741. [PMID: 35525364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The shipping industry is considered the main vector of introduction of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). NIS distributions are often a consequence of frequent trade activities that are affected by economic trends. A dominant trend in the shipping industry is the operation of Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCV), which are over 395 m long and sail mostly on the East-Asia - northern-Europe route. Understanding the risk of NIS introduction by this emerging shipping category is needed for devising strategies for sustainable shipping. Here, we conducted a controlled simulation of key abiotic factors that determine marine bioinvasion success: temperature, salinity, and food availability along selected routes, under two treatments: ULCV and intermediate-size vessels. We tested the effect of each treatment and the varying environmental conditions on the survival of two invasive ascidians (Chordata, Ascidiacea). We used survival analysis methods to locate predictors of ascidian mortality; Environmental conditions at ports with high mortality were used to identify similar major ports on a global scale as potential abiotic barriers. The key factors in ascidian mortality varied between the two species, but for both species, the treatment and salinity were dominant predictors for survival. We identified Port Klang, Rotterdam, and Dammam as ports with high mortality and located several globally distributed major ports that present similar environmental conditions. Our results highlight the potential role of selected major ports as abiotic barriers to fouling organisms during ocean voyages. The tolerance of the tropical-origin Microcosmus exasperatus to the northern-Europe conditions, and of the temperate/sub-tropical origin Styela plicata, to high temperature conditions, point out the urgent need to modify international fouling regulations in view of global change. Further studies on the survival of fouling organisms during a cascade of changing environmental conditions will contribute to the advancement of science-based regulations to reduce the adverse effects of NIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Bereza
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Shenkar
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Wan Z, Shi Z, Nie A, Chen J, Wang Z. Risk assessment of marine invasive species in Chinese ports introduced by the global shipping network. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112950. [PMID: 34571385 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of ballast water from ocean-going ships is a major pathway by which invasive species are introduced into coastal waters. As a global factory and trade power with extensive shipping networks, China has paid a huge ecological price for its progress. However, current endeavors to protect the nation's biodiversity are largely focused on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, for the first time, we conducted a comprehensive risk assessment of ballast water-induced biological invasion in Chinese ports. The results showed that the ports in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Southern Taiwan Province face significantly high invasion risks, and the number of donor ports, connected ships, and arriving vessels showed a positive correlation with the invasion risk. Further, we observed that even a low efficacy disinfection of ballast water can still significantly decrease the level of invasion risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wan
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhuangfei Shi
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Anwei Nie
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jihong Chen
- College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Rosenau NA, Gignoux-Wolfsohn S, Everett RA, Miller AW, Minton MS, Ruiz GM. Considering Commercial Vessels as Potential Vectors of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2021; 8:1-8. [PMID: 35685121 PMCID: PMC9175181 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.709764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is a troubling new disease that is spreading rapidly across the greater Caribbean region, but the etiological agent(s) and the mechanisms(s) of spread are both unknown. First detected off the coast of Miami, Florida, major ocean currents alone do not explain the pattern of spread, with outbreaks occurring across geographically disjunct and distant locations. This has raised concerns by researchers and resource managers that commercial vessels may contribute as vectors to spread of the disease. Despite existing regulatory and management strategies intended to limit coastal marine invasion risks, the efficacy of these measures is still unresolved for ship-borne microorganisms, and disease transport via ballast water and hull biofouling are under examination given the high ship traffic in the region. Here, to help inform the discussion of ships as possible vectors of SCTLD, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about ships and their potential to transfer organisms in the greater Caribbean, focusing in particular on ballast water, and outline a set of recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Rosenau
- Ocean and Coastal Management Branch, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Richard A. Everett
- United States Coast Guard, Office of Operating and Environmental Standards, Washington, DC, United States
| | - A. Whitman Miller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States
| | - Mark S. Minton
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States
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Ceballos-Osuna L, Scianni C, Falkner M, Nedelcheva R, Miller W. Proxy-based model to assess the relative contribution of ballast water and biofouling's potential propagule pressure and prioritize vessel inspections. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247538. [PMID: 34197464 PMCID: PMC8248655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial shipping is the primary pathway of introduction for aquatic nonindigenous species (NIS), mainly through the mechanisms of ballast water and biofouling. In response to this threat, regulatory programs have been established across the globe to regulate and monitor commercial merchant and passenger vessels to assess compliance with local requirements to reduce the likelihood of NIS introductions. Resource limitations often determine the inspection efforts applied by these regulatory agencies to reduce NIS introductions. We present a simple and adaptable model that prioritizes vessel arrivals for inspection using proxies for potential propagule pressure (PPP), namely a ships’ wetted surface area as a proxy for the likelihood of biofouling-mediated PPP and ballast water discharge volume as a proxy for ballast water-mediated PPP. We used a California-specific dataset of vessels that arrived at California ports between 2015 and 2018 to test the proposed model and demonstrate how a finite set of inspection resources can be applied to target vessels with the greatest PPP. The proposed tool is adaptable by jurisdiction, scalable to different segments of the vessel population, adjustable based on the vector of interest, and versatile because it allows combined or separate analyses of the PPP components. The approach can be adopted in any jurisdiction across the globe, especially jurisdictions without access to, or authority to collect, risk profiling data or direct measurements for all incoming vessel arrivals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ceballos-Osuna
- Marine Invasive Species Program, Marine Environmental Protection Division, California State Lands Commission, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris Scianni
- Marine Invasive Species Program, Marine Environmental Protection Division, California State Lands Commission, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Maurya Falkner
- Marine Invasive Species Program, Marine Environmental Protection Division, California State Lands Commission, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Raya Nedelcheva
- Marine Invasive Species Program, Marine Environmental Protection Division, California State Lands Commission, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Whitman Miller
- Marine Invasions Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America
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Chang AL, Carlton JT, Brown CW, Ruiz GM. Down the up staircase: Equatorward march of a cold‐water ascidian and broader implications for invasion ecology. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James T. Carlton
- Williams College – Mystic Seaport Maritime Studies Program Mystic CT USA
| | - Christopher W. Brown
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Tiburon CA USA
- Golden Bear Research Center California State University Maritime Academy Vallejo CA USA
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Cahill P, Tait L, Floerl O, Bates T, Growcott A, Georgiades E. A portable thermal system for reactive treatment of biofouled internal pipework on recreational vessels. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 139:65-73. [PMID: 30686451 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofouled commercial and recreational vessels are primary vectors for the introduction and spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS). This study designed and assessed a portable system to reactively treat biofouling in the internal pipework of recreational vessels - a high-risk 'niche area' for NIS that is difficult to access and manage. A novel thermal treatment apparatus was optimised in a series of laboratory experiments performed using scale models of vessel pipework configurations. Treatment effectiveness was validated using the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas, a marine NIS with known resilience to heat. In subsequent field validations on actual recreational vessels, treatment was successfully delivered to high-risk portions of pipework when an effective seal between delivery unit and targeted pipework was achieved and ambient heat loss was minimised. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of in-water treatment of vessel pipework, the study highlights the importance of robust optimisation and validation of any treatment system intended for biosecurity purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cahill
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Leigh Tait
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 10 Kyle Street, Riccarton, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Floerl
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Tracey Bates
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Abraham Growcott
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Eugene Georgiades
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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