1
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Peperzak L, Casas-Monroy O, Bailey SA. Validation of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) model for 10-50 μm plankton. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 200:116066. [PMID: 38278016 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
A recent model demonstrated that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of spherical aquatic organisms with a 10 to 50 μm diameter is between 0.16 and 19.9 pg cell-1. Here, the model is validated by comparing microscopy-based counts with ATP concentrations from a commercial ATP kit. The measured ATP content of both freshwater and marine organisms 10 to 50 μm size range falls in the 0.16 to 19.9 pg cell-1 model range. On average, freshwater organisms contain 0.33 pg ATP cell-1, have a spherical equivalent diameter (SED) of 13 μm, while marine organisms have 0.89 pg ATP cell-1 and a SED of 18 μm. In addition, their 13 to 18 μm size is within the 10 to 50 μm ballast water size range and in agreement with the 15 μm mean SED of a coastal plankton size-distribution model. This study concludes that the ATP-model is reliable, emphasizing the need for caution when converting three-dimensional biomass proxies into linear cell concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Peperzak
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems, PO Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands.
| | - Oscar Casas-Monroy
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Sarah A Bailey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
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2
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Rishan ST, Kline RJ, Rahman MS. Exploitation of environmental DNA (eDNA) for ecotoxicological research: A critical review on eDNA metabarcoding in assessing marine pollution. Chemosphere 2024; 351:141238. [PMID: 38242519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The rise in worldwide population has led to a noticeable spike in the production, consumption, and transportation of energy and food, contributing to elevated environmental pollution. Marine pollution is a significant global environmental issue with ongoing challenges, including plastic waste, oil spills, chemical pollutants, and nutrient runoff, threatening marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. Pollution detection and assessment are crucial to understanding the state of marine ecosystems. Conventional approaches to pollution evaluation usually represent laborious and prolonged physical and chemical assessments, constraining their efficacy and expansion. The latest advances in environmental DNA (eDNA) are valuable methods for the detection and surveillance of pollution in the environment, offering enhanced sensibility, efficacy, and involvement. Molecular approaches allow genetic information extraction from natural resources like water, soil, or air. The application of eDNA enables an expanded evaluation of the environmental condition by detecting both identified and unidentified organisms and contaminants. eDNA methods are valuable for assessing community compositions, providing indirect insights into the intensity and quality of marine pollution through their effects on ecological communities. While eDNA itself is not direct evidence of pollution, its analysis offers a sensitive tool for monitoring changes in biodiversity, serving as an indicator of environmental health and allowing for the indirect estimation of the impact and extent of marine pollution on ecosystems. This review explores the potential of eDNA metabarcoding techniques for detecting and identifying marine pollutants. This review also provides evidence for the efficacy of eDNA assessment in identifying a diverse array of marine pollution caused by oil spills, harmful algal blooms, heavy metals, ballast water, and microplastics. In this report, scientists can expand their knowledge and incorporate eDNA methodologies into ecotoxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib Tahmid Rishan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Richard J Kline
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA; School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Md Saydur Rahman
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA; School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA.
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3
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Nkouefuth Nfongmo Y, Onana FM, Masseret E, Nana PA, Ewoukem TE, Kacimi A. Estimation of the introduction risk of non-indigenous species through ship ballast water in the Port of Douala (Cameroon). Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115794. [PMID: 38039573 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The transport of non-indigenous species in ship's ballast water represents a threat to marine biodiversity. This study is the first on marine bioinvasion in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Port of Douala (PoD), located in the Gulf of Guinea, is experiencing increasing maritime traffic, hence the importance of preventing biological invasions. PoD received ballast water from 41 ports and 20 ecoregions during the study period (2018-2021). We used a biological invasion model and showed that ships from the ports of Antwerp, Durban, Dar es Salaam, Pointe-Noire (Southern Gulf of Guinea) and Dakar (Sahelian Upwelling), with their associated ecoregions present a major invasion risk. Treating ballast water from these ships to IMO D-2 standards could reduce their probability of biological invasion by 97.18, 98.43, 98.80, 98.77 and 98.84 %, respectively. Climate change may also mitigate the risk of biological invasion, particularly for ships in the North Sea ecoregion from the port of Antwerp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Nkouefuth Nfongmo
- Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Cameroon; MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Fils Mamert Onana
- Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | - Estelle Masseret
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul Alain Nana
- Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | - Thomas Efole Ewoukem
- Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | - Adel Kacimi
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Laboratory (ECOSYSMarL), Department of Marine and Coastal Environment, National Higher School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), 16320 Algiers, Algeria
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4
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Yuan L, Xiang J, Xue J, Lin Y, Wu H. Recommendations for representative sampling methodologies in ballast water: A case study from the land-based test. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 197:115814. [PMID: 37988966 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of ballast water's community composition and organism concentrations is crucial for effective management. Yet, the lack of standardized global sampling methods presents challenges to achieving this objective. Inconsistencies hinder data comparison across regions and vessels, impeding efficient ballast water treatment and discharge regulation. This study conducted land-based tests to establish suitable methodologies. For organisms ≥50 μm and ≥10 μm to <50 μm, the recommended max flow rate is 50 L/min; for <10 μm organisms, 25 L/min is advised to prevent cell damage. Sampling should cover substantial discharge durations. To ensure representation, ≥50 μm organisms require ≥1m3, while ≥10 μm to <50 μm and <10 μm organisms need 20 L. The ultimate aim is standardized methods for assessing ballast water across regions and vessel types, facilitating effective management to curb invasive species and protect aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yuan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jieyou Xiang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yangyang Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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5
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Nicoletti D, Magdo C, Schmidt J. Comment in response to "The critical adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration in treated ballast water" by L. Peperzak (2023). Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 197:115687. [PMID: 37924733 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Nicoletti
- LuminUltra Technologies Ltd., Fredericton, Canada.
| | - C Magdo
- LuminUltra Technologies Ltd., Fredericton, Canada
| | - J Schmidt
- LuminUltra Technologies Ltd., Fredericton, Canada
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6
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Chen Y, Xue J, Feng W, Du J, Wu H. Bloom forming species transported by ballast water under the management of D-1 and D-2 standards-Implications for current ballast water regulations. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 194:115391. [PMID: 37586266 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water (BW) is a well-known transporter for introducing non-indigenous aquatic organisms. To reduce such risks associated with BW discharge, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). We examined the abundance and diversity of bloom forming species in BW under the management of Regulation D-1 Ballast Water Exchange Standard and D-2 Ballast Water Performance Standard. The abundance and richness of bloom forming species were also examined in relation to ballast water age. Our findings indicate the abundance and diversity of bloom forming species were significantly lower in BW under the management of D-2 standard than that under D-1 standard. The abundance and richness represent no statistically significant correlation with BW age (p = 0.76 and p = 0.43, respectively). Some resistant species persist in ballast water. Thereby, we further provide some advice to overcome the existing challenges for the implementation of the Regulation D-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiansen Du
- Qingdao International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao Customs District P. R. China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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7
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An T, Lu X, Han Y, Guo C, Guo J, Zhu G, Tian W, Lv B. Exploring the bacterial diversity and composition with special emphasis on pathogens in ship ballast water and sediments using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 194:115336. [PMID: 37542926 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detecting bacterial communities in ballast water and sediments supports risk management. This study uses full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the bacterial communities in ballast water and sediments, focusing on detecting pathogens. The results indicate that full-length sequencing more accurately reveals the species diversity. There is a significant difference (P < 0.05) in bacterial communities between ballast water and sediments, despite both being dominated by the Proteobacteria phylum. Thirty human and fish pathogens were identified by full-length sequencing, yet only five pathogens were detected from V3-V4 sequencing. Notably, emerging pathogens such as Citrobacter freundii and Nocardia nova are detected in samples, which are harmful to aquaculture and human health. Several opportunistic pathogens were also identified. In summary, this study provides important insights into the bacterial communities in ballast water and sediments, highlighting the need for strict management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxuan An
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaolan Lu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | | | - Chong Guo
- Maritime Safety Bureau of Yangshan Port, Shanghai 201306, China
| | | | - Guorong Zhu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Jiangyin Customs, Jiangyin 214400, China
| | - Baoyi Lv
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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8
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Moreno-Andrés J, Romero-Martínez L, Seoane S, Acevedo-Merino A, Moreno-Garrido I, Nebot E. Evaluation of algaecide effectiveness of five different oxidants applied on harmful phytoplankton. J Hazard Mater 2023; 452:131279. [PMID: 36989795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal areas similarly impact both ecosystems and human health. The translocation of phytoplankton species via maritime transport can potentially promote the growth of HABs in coastal systems. Accordingly, ballast water must be disinfected. The main goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of different emerging biocides, including H2O2, peracetic acid (PAA), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The effectiveness of these biocides is compared with that of conventional chlorination methods. Their effects on two ichthyotoxic microalgae with worldwide distribution, i.e., Prymnesium parvum and Heterosigma akashiwo, are examined. To ensure the prolonged effectiveness of the different reagents, their concentration-response curves for 14 days are constructed and examined. The results suggest a strong but shorter effect by PMS (EC50 = 0.40-1.99 mg·L-1) and PAA (EC50 = 0.32-2.70 mg·L-1), a maintained effect by H2O2 (EC50 = 6.67-7.08 mg·L-1), and a negligible effect by PDS. H. akashiwo indicates higher resistance than P. parvum, except when H2O2 is used. Based on the growth inhibition performance and consumption of the reagents as well as a review of important aspects regarding their application, using H2O2, PAA, or PMS can be a feasible alternative to chlorine-based reagents for inhibiting the growth of harmful phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Seoane
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE, UPV/EHU), Plentzia 48620, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
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Yang M, Li J, Wu H. Toxicity evaluation of chlorinated natural water using Photobacterium phosphoreum: Implications for ballast water management. J Environ Manage 2023; 335:117471. [PMID: 36863148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination of ballast water could produce harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) and total residual oxidants. The International Maritime Organization calls for toxicity testing of discharged ballast water with fish, crustacea and algae to reduce the risk, but it is difficult to evaluate the toxicity of treated ballast water in a short time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the applicability of luminescent bacteria to the assessment of residual toxicity of chlorinated ballast water. The toxicity unit for all treated samples were higher for Photobacterium phosphoreum than for microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella pyrenoidosa), after adding neutralizer, all samples showed little effect on the luminescent bacteria and microalgae. For the DBPs, except for 2,4,6-Tribromophenol, Photobacterium phosphoreum could produce more sensitive and rapid test results than other species, the results in Photobacterium phosphoreum showed that the toxicity of DBPs in order of: 2,4-Dibromophenol > 2,6-Dibromophenol > 2,4,6-Tribromophenol > Monobromoacetic acid > Dibromoacetic acid > Tribromoacetic acid, and most binary mixtures (aromatic DBPs and aliphatic DBPs) presented synergistic effects based on the CA model. The aromatic DBPs in ballast water deserve more attention. In general, for ballast water management, the use of luminescent bacteria to evaluate the toxicity of treated ballast water and DBPs is desirable, this study could provide beneficial information for enhancing ballast water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinjie Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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10
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Moreno-Andrés J, Tierno-Galán M, Romero-Martínez L, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Inactivation of the waterborne marine pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus by photo-chemical processes driven by UV-A, UV-B, or UV-C LED combined with H 2O 2 or HSO 5. Water Res 2023; 232:119686. [PMID: 36764105 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a well-implemented process for water disinfection. The development of emergent UV sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), has afforded new possibilities for advanced oxidation processes. The emission wavelength is considered to be an important factor for photo-chemical processes in terms of both biological damage and energetic efficiency, as the inactivation mechanisms and mode-of-action may differ according to the wavelength that is applied. In addition, these processes merit exploration for inactivating emerging pathogens, such as marine vibrios, that are important bacteria to control in maritime activities. The main goal of this study was to compare the disinfection efficacy of several UV-LED driven processes with different modes of action. First, the effect of UV-LEDs was assessed at different UV ranges (UV-A, UV-B, or UV-C). Second, the possible enhancement of a combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or peroxymonosulfate salt (HSO5-) was investigated under two different application strategies, i.e. simultaneous or sequential. The results obtained indicate a high sensitivity of Vibrio alginolyticus to UV radiation, especially under UV-B (kobs = 0.24 cm2/mJ) and UV-C (kobs = 1.47 cm2/mJ) irradiation. The highest inactivation rate constants were obtained for UV/HSO5- (kobs (cm2/mJ)=0.0007 (UV-A); 0.39 (UV-B); 1.79 (UV-C)) with respect to UV/H2O2 (kobs (cm2/mJ)=0.0006 (UV-A); 0.26 (UV-B); and 1.54 (UV-C)) processes, however, regrowth was avoided only with UV/H2O2. Additionally, the disinfection enhancement caused by a chemical addition was more evident in the order UV-A > UV-B > UV-C. By applying H2O2 (10 mg/L) or HSO5- (2.5 mg/L) in a sequential mode before the UV, negligible effects were obtained in comparison with the simultaneous application. Finally, promising electrical energy per order (EEO) values were obtained as follows: UV/HSO5- (EEO (kWh/m3)=1.68 (UV-A); 0.20 (UV-B); 0.04 (UV-C)) and UV/H2O2 (EEO (kWh/m3)=2.15 (UV-A); 0.32 (UV-B); 0.04 (UV-C)), demonstrating the potential of UV-LEDs for disinfection in particular activities such as the aquaculture industry or maritime transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR- International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Miguel Tierno-Galán
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR- International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR- International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR- International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR-Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR- International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz, Spain
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11
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Song R, Tavakoli Y, Bailey SA, Soares A. A temporal assessment of risk of non-indigenous species introduction by ballast water to Canadian coastal waters based on environmental similarity. Biol Invasions 2023; 25:1991-2005. [PMID: 37187874 PMCID: PMC10175378 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental similarity scores between source and recipient locations are essential in ballast water risk assessment (BWRA) models used to estimate the potential for non-indigenous species (NIS) introduction, survival, and establishment, and to guide management strategies aiming to minimize biodiversity loss and economic impacts. Previous BWRA models incorporate annual-scale environmental data, which may overlook seasonal variability. In this study, temporal variation in sea surface temperature and salinity data were examined at global ports, and the influence of this variation on environmental distance calculations (and corresponding risk of NIS) was examined for ballast water discharges in Canada by comparing outputs from monthly and annual scale assessments in a BWRA model. Except for some outliers in the Pacific region, the environmental distances based on monthly scale data generally become smaller in all regions, demonstrating that the model using annual decadal average environmental data to inform environmental matching can underestimate risk of NIS survival and establishment in comparison to monthly data. The results of this study suggest future evaluations incorporating the date of ballast water uptake and discharge can provide a more sensitive assessment of risk reflecting seasonal variability compared to an annual average risk model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Song
- Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF Canada
| | - Yashar Tavakoli
- Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF Canada
| | - Sarah A. Bailey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON Canada
| | - Amilcar Soares
- Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF Canada
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12
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Dong K, Xu Y, Wang Q, Liu X, Xue J, Wu H. Study on the effectiveness of membrane separation + N 2 deoxidation process for the treatment of bacteria in ballast water. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 188:114652. [PMID: 36736257 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effects of the membrane separation + N2 deoxidation process on the abundance and activity of bacteria were examined under two salinity conditions at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons demonstrated a decrease in the diversity and activity of bacteria in fresh water and marine water, with a total removal rate of approximately 63 % and 69 %, respectively. Indicator bacteria decreased to 10 CFU·100 mL-1, which met the IMO D-2 standard. A total of 13 potential pathogens were detected after treatment, indicating that there is still a risk of pathogenic bacteria invasion in the discharge water, particularly marine bacteria, and that the D-2 standard may be insufficient as a preventive measure against pathogenic bacteria transfer. The results will provide reference for government supervision, and will also be important for monitoring foreign bacteria and technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Dong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiuyan Liu
- College of Meterial and Environmental engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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13
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Shomar B, Solano JR. Probabilistic human health risk assessment of trace elements in ballast water treated by reverse osmosis desalination plants. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 188:114667. [PMID: 36736261 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies have paid attention to the transport of heavy and toxic metals via ballast water coming from different countries of the world. In the present study, ballast water samples (n = 83) were collected from ships, tankers and vessels of 21 different origins arriving at the two main ports of Qatar. Besides the basic physical parameters of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total organic carbon (TOC), concentrations of 24 elements (As, Sb, Al, Cd, Pb, Si, V, Ag, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ba, Co, Ni, Sr, Be, Cu, Tl, B, Fe, Se, Sn, Mo and U) were determined. In addition, the potential human health risks of drinking water treated by reverse osmosis (RO) were assessed using Monte Carlo simulations. Two scenarios were used to assess the risks to the general population, namely, seawater (baseline) and ballast water (worst-case scenario). Our results show significant differences among the tested elements, depending on the origin of the ballast water. The human health assessment showed that all hazardous quotients (HQs) were below the safety limits. However, for the ballast water scenario, thallium (Tl) HQs were 10 % above the safety level. Ballast water in Qatar does not pose risks for human health through drinking water, but ballast water discharges should take into consideration seawater catchments and potential toxic elements, especially Tl. Regular monitoring campaigns need to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem Shomar
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Joaquim Rovira Solano
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Paisos Catalans Avenue 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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14
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Dong K, Wu W, Chen J, Xiang J, Jin X. A study on treatment efficacy of ballast water treatment system applying filtration + membrane separation + deoxygenation technology during shipboard testing. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 188:114620. [PMID: 36680951 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a BWMS with filtration + membrane separation + deoxygenation technology in treating ballast water was investigated under marine operational circumstances in five shipboard tests. The shipboard tests were carried out between August 2020 and March 2021 onboard a bulk carrier JIN HAI HUA, which sailed between Mawei, Qinhuangdao and Caofeidian in China throughout spring, summer, and fall season. The discharge results in all five tests met the D-2 standard in IMO BWMS Code, with the shortest holding time of less than three days. The BWMS does not involve application of chemicals or generation of by-products, and is considered to be an appropriate choice for certain types of ships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Dong
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- DNV AS, Veritasveien 1, 1363 Høvik, Norway
| | - Jianwu Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jieyou Xiang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Jiangsu Nanji Machinery Company Ltd., Taixing 225400, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Peperzak L. The critical adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration in treated ballast water. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 187:114506. [PMID: 36621300 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Measuring Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provides a proxy to check compliance with IMO's ballast water D-2 standard: <10 cells mL-1 in the 10-50 μm size class. Measured with standard boiling techniques the ATP concentration in aquatic eukaryotic microorganisms is 0.6 mol m-3. Model calculations with 10-50 μm spherical organisms show their ATP content is 0.2 to 20 pg cell-1, in line with several cell lysis data. However, at 10 cells mL-1, these ATP contents lead to a maximum of only 2 to 200 pg ATP mL-1, at least 7.5× below a D-2 test kit 1500 pg ATP mL-1 upper limit. Different cell shape and ATP extraction scenarios to reach 1500 pg ATP mL-1 are discussed but remain improbable. Because cell lysis data are inconclusive, and a novel phosphoric acid-benzalkonium chloride method indicates up to 3× higher ATP concentrations, an independent test kit validation and a comparison of all three techniques are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peperzak
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems, PO Box 59, NL-1790, AB, Den Burg, the Netherlands.
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16
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Laas P, Künnis-Beres K, Talas L, Tammert H, Kuprijanov I, Herlemann DPR, Kisand V. Bacterial communities in ballast tanks of cargo vessels - Shaped by salinity, treatment and the point of origin of the water but "hatch" its typical microbiome. J Environ Manage 2022; 324:116403. [PMID: 36352729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water is a main vector of introduction of potentially harmful or pathogenic aquatic organisms. The development of genetic tools for ballast water monitoring has been underway and highlighted as a source for accurate and reliable data for decision making. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to analyze the microbial communities found in the ballast water of fifteen commercial ships routed through two Estonian ports. In parallel, samples from the port area were collected at the same time each ship visited. Fluorescence microscopy was utilized to assess the effectiveness of the treatment applied to ballast water. In addition, supplemental samples were collected from Hamburg Port (Germany) and a ballast tank decontamination system used at this port. The composition and diversity of bacterial communities varied greatly between obtained samples. The application of UV treatment did not demonstrate significant reduction in species richness estimates. The composition of microbial communities was significantly influenced by salinity, treatment (mainly untreated or UV treated) and the point of origin of the ballast water. Over a hundred potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa were found in relatively high abundance, including in ballast water that had received UV treatment. These shortcomings of stand-alone UV treatment of ballast water, especially when weak treatment is applied insufficiently, highlight the danger of possible harmful effects arising over time and the need for genetic tools for ballast water monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Laas
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kai Künnis-Beres
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Liisi Talas
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helen Tammert
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivan Kuprijanov
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Daniel P R Herlemann
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Centre for Limnology, Vehendi, Elva, Tartu County, Estonia
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia.
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17
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Rivas-Zaballos I, Romero-Martínez L, Ibáñez-López ME, García-Morales JL, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Semicontinuous and batch ozonation combined with peroxymonosulfate for inactivation of microalgae in ballast water. Sci Total Environ 2022; 847:157559. [PMID: 35878852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) establishes limits regarding the permissible number of viable organisms in discharged ballast water. Ozone as a ballast water treatment is interesting because it can be generated in-situ and has strong oxidant power. Additionally, some oxidants can be formed in reaction with seawater, especially brominated compounds, that assist in inactivating microorganisms. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of semicontinuous and batch ozonation as well as their combination with peroxymonosulfate salt (PMS) as methods to be used to ensure compliance with regulation D2 of the BWMC using Tetraselmis suecica as a standard microorganism. Growth modeling method was employed to determine the inactivation achieved by the treatments. The results show that ozone is an effective treatment for accomplishing the D2 of the BWMC. Batch ozonation is more efficient than semicontinuous ozonation probably because of the brominated compounds formed during the ozone saturation of the water. The oxidants that are developed during the ozonation of seawater prolong the residual effect of the treatment throughout the days of storage with practically no presence of them in the ballast tanks at 72 h. The addition of the PMS increases the inactivation in the semicontinuous ozonation, but a threshold concentration of ozone is needed to observe the synergistic effect of both oxidants. No increase is associated with the combination of O3 and PMS in the case of batch ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - M Eugenia Ibáñez-López
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, IVAGRO-Wine and Agrifood Research Institute, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - José L García-Morales
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, IVAGRO-Wine and Agrifood Research Institute, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
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18
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Yang M, Wang Q, Chen J, Wu H. The occurrence of potential pathogenic bacteria on international ships' ballast water at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 184:114190. [PMID: 36208551 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water is a primary vector for the global transfer of non-indigenous species, which threaten the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The second-generation high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and culture method (by the first-generation sequencing technology) were used to explore pathogens in ballast water from international ships on the routes of China-Australia (AU), China-Europe (E) and China-America (AM). No significant differences in dominant bacteria among ballast water samples from different routes. Thirty-four pathogens were detected in all samples by HTS, including Acinetobacter lwoffii, Brevundimonas vesicular and Pseudomonas sp., etc., while nine pathogens were detected by culture, including Pseudoalteromonas piscicida, Rhodococcus erythropolis and Vibrio alginolyticus, etc. All ballast water carried a potential bacteriological risk to Yangshan Port. The abundance of pathogens was significant affected by holding time, temperature, salinity and NH4. Detection of pathogens as much as possible through different technologies is desirable, more pathogens could provide beneficial information for enhancing ballast water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jianwu Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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19
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Peperzak L, Stuut JBW, van der Woerd HJ. Suspended matter filtration causes a counterintuitive increase in UV-absorption. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 183:114012. [PMID: 36029585 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In water treatment, filtration is often a first step to avoid interference of chemical or UV-disinfection with suspended matter (SPM). Surprisingly, in testing a ballast water filter with 25 and 40 μm mesh screens, UV-absorption (A, 254 nm) of filtered water increased with the largest increase in the finest screen. The hypothesis that filtration partly removes large particles and partly replaces them with small unfiltered ones, leading to an overall increase in absorption, was tested by measuring particle counts, particle-size distributions (PSD) and by modeling the Mass Normalized Beam Attenuation Coefficient (A/SPM) before and after filtration. An independent model verification was made by measuring and modeling A/SPM of three differently sized Arizona test dust suspensions. It is concluded that filtration is a good pretreatment for chemical disinfection systems because it removes the suspended matter mass, but that the production of smaller particles increases UV-absorption and hence may reduce disinfection performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Peperzak
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems, PO Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan-Berend Willem Stuut
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Department of Ocean Systems, PO Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands; VU-Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Earth Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Jan van der Woerd
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Department of Water & Climate Risk, VU-Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1111, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Costello KE, Lynch SA, McAllen R, O'Riordan RM, Culloty SC. Assessing the potential for invasive species introductions and secondary spread using vessel movements in maritime ports. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 177:113496. [PMID: 35272109 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global shipping facilitates the introduction of invasive species and parasites via ballast water and hull fouling. Regional management of invasives may be strengthened by identifying the major routes in a network, to allow for targeted ship inspections. This study used cargo shipping records to establish the connectivity of shipping routes between ports in Ireland and other nations. 9291 records were analysed, investigating vessel residence and journey times. On average, vessels spent up to five days in port and less than five days at sea. However, there was strong variation, with general cargo ships recording up to 13 days in port. A horizon scan for species likely to invade in Ireland was incorporated for five species and their associated parasites: American razor clam, Asian shore crab, Brush clawed shore crab, Chinese mitten crab and American slipper limpet. Routes of concern are highlighted and a general framework for effective management is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Costello
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland; Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Sharon A Lynch
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland; Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Rob McAllen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruth M O'Riordan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland; Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah C Culloty
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland; Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland; MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
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21
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Wang Z, Saebi M, Grey EK, Corbett JJ, Chen D, Yang D, Wan Z. Ballast water-mediated species spread risk dynamics and policy implications to reduce the invasion risk to the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 174:113285. [PMID: 35090272 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study helps understand the ballast water-mediated species spread risk dynamics in the Mediterranean and examine potential policy options for ballast water management to further reduce species spread risk in the region. Results show that Gibraltar, Suez, and Istanbul remained high-risk ports from 2012 to 2018, and they are hub ports connecting several clusters. We reveal ballast water management implications for both the Mediterranean region and individual hub ports respectively. To further reduce the risks of individual Mediterranean hub ports beyond the IMO standards, the most effective (cost-effective) regulatory method is to set more stringent regulation towards such hub ports besides the IMO regulation. To further reduce the risks of the Mediterranean as a whole, the most effective (cost-effective) regulatory scenario is to set more stringent regulation towards all Mediterranean ports besides the IMO regulation. The barge-based method is the most cost-effective technology to achieve stricter regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wang
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Mandana Saebi
- University of Notre Dame, 384 Nieuwland, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Erin K Grey
- University of Maine, 172 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - James J Corbett
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dong Yang
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zheng Wan
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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22
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Soares MO, Xavier FRDL, Dias NM, Silva MQMD, Lima JPD, Barroso CX, Vieira LM, Paiva SV, Matthews-Cascon H, Bezerra LEA, Oliveira-Filho RR, Salani S, Bandeira ÊVP. Alien hotspot: Benthic marine species introduced in the Brazilian semiarid coast. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 174:113250. [PMID: 34922226 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide a baseline assessment of introduced marine species along the extensive (~600 km) Brazilian semiarid coast. We reported 27 introduced and 26 cryptogenic species. Moreover, the main vectors of introduction were ballast water, shipping lines, oil and gas activities, biofouling, and rafting on plastic debris. The taxa were Ascidiacea (17 species) and Bryozoa (17), followed by Crustacea (6), Mollusca (6), Cnidaria (3), Echinodermata (3), and Porifera (1). Among these invertebrates, some species are recognized as drivers of impacts such as the invasive corals (Tubastraea tagusensis and Tubastraea coccinea), the bivalves Isognomom bicolor and Perna viridis, the crab Charybdis hellerii, the brittle star Ophiothela mirabilis, and, finally, the bryozoan Membraniporopsis tubigera. These species threaten the biodiversity of unique ecosystems such as intertidal sandstone reefs, shallow-water coral reefs, and mesophotic ecosystems. Moreover, the up-to-date results highlight that this region is a hotspot of bioinvasion in the tropical South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Oliveira Soares
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Av. Abolição, 3207, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Rafael de Lima Xavier
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Av. Abolição, 3207, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nalu Maia Dias
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Av. Abolição, 3207, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maiara Queiroz Monteiro da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Invertebrados Marinhos do Ceará, CEP 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jadson Pinto de Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Av. Abolição, 3207, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Xerez Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Invertebrados Marinhos do Ceará, CEP 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leandro Manzoni Vieira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Sandra Vieira Paiva
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Av. Abolição, 3207, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Helena Matthews-Cascon
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Av. Abolição, 3207, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Invertebrados Marinhos do Ceará, CEP 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luís Ernesto Arruda Bezerra
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Av. Abolição, 3207, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Ruy Oliveira-Filho
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, CEP. 29932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Sula Salani
- Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bentos, CEP 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ênio Victor Paiva Bandeira
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Invertebrados Marinhos do Ceará, CEP 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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23
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Wan Z, Shi Z, Nie A, Chen J, Wang Z. Risk assessment of marine invasive species in Chinese ports introduced by the global shipping network. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 173:112950. [PMID: 34571385 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of ballast water from ocean-going ships is a major pathway by which invasive species are introduced into coastal waters. As a global factory and trade power with extensive shipping networks, China has paid a huge ecological price for its progress. However, current endeavors to protect the nation's biodiversity are largely focused on terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, for the first time, we conducted a comprehensive risk assessment of ballast water-induced biological invasion in Chinese ports. The results showed that the ports in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Southern Taiwan Province face significantly high invasion risks, and the number of donor ports, connected ships, and arriving vessels showed a positive correlation with the invasion risk. Further, we observed that even a low efficacy disinfection of ballast water can still significantly decrease the level of invasion risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wan
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhuangfei Shi
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Anwei Nie
- College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jihong Chen
- College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Salleh NA, Rosli FN, Akbar MA, Yusof A, Sahrani FK, Razak SA, Ahmad A, Usup G, Bunawan H. Pathogenic hitchhiker diversity on international ships' ballast water at West Malaysia port. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 172:112850. [PMID: 34391012 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates bacterial diversity and potential pathogens in the international ships' ballast water at Tanjung Pelepas Port, Malaysia, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Thirty-four bacterial phylum, 305 families, 577 genera, and 941 species were detected in eight ballast water samples of different origins. The similarity of the bacterial composition between samples was found to be random and not tied to geographical locations. The bacterial abundance did not seem to be affected by related physicochemical except for temperature. Ballast water samples with a temperature lower than 25 °C showed a relatively lower bacterial abundance. A total of 33 potential pathogens were detected from all ballast water samples. Pseudomonas spp., Tenacibaculum spp., Flavobacteriaceae spp., Halomonas spp., and Acinetobacter junii are the potential pathogens with more than 10% OTU prevalence. This study would provide beneficial information for further enhancing ballast water microorganism guidelines in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Aishah Salleh
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farah Nadiah Rosli
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Afiq Akbar
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aqilah Yusof
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fathul Karim Sahrani
- Department of Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shairah Abdul Razak
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asmat Ahmad
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gires Usup
- Department of Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Rivas-Zaballos I, Romero-Martínez L, Moreno-Garrido I, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Evaluation of three photosynthetic species smaller than ten microns as possible standard test organisms of ultraviolet-based ballast water treatment. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 170:112643. [PMID: 34175694 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) establishes limits for viable organisms in discharged ballast water. However, organisms smaller than 10 μm are not considered in this regulation although they represent, in some regions, the majority of the phytoplankton organisms in marine water. The objective in this study is to assess three photosynthetic species smaller than 10 μm as potential standard test organism (STO) in experimentation focused on the inactivating efficacy of ultraviolet treatments (UV). A growth modelling method was employed to determine the reduction of the viable cell concentration under either light or dark post-treatment conditions to evaluate the importance of the photoreactivation. In spite of its moderate growth rate, the high UV resistance in combination with the abundance and worldwide distribution of Synechococcus sp. and the environmental importance of this species constitute important reasons for considering Synechococcus sp. as a valuable STO for ballast water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain..
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
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Pereira LS, Cheng LY, Ribeiro GHDS, Osello PHS, Motezuki FK, Pereira NN. Experimental and numerical studies of sediment removal in double bottom ballast tanks. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 168:112399. [PMID: 33932841 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sediments inside the ballast tanks might compromise the effectiveness of the ballast water exchange procedure. In the present study, the sediment removal from double bottom ballast tanks due to flow-through ballast water exchange is investigated by simplified experimental and numerical models. Two flow rates and two sediment densities were considered to verify their influence on the process. Besides, the effectiveness of two tank configuration modifications to improve the sediments removal was investigated. The first is the introduction of a flow deflector inside the tank and the second is the water inflow from the bottom. A fully Lagrangian particle-based method is adopted to simulate the sediment removal process with complex tank geometry. A new boundary condition is proposed to model the mesh of the bottom inlet in the bottom inflow configuration. Despite the simplifications of the numerical model, the computational results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The results show that the flow-through ballast water exchange method might not be effective to remove the sediments entrapped between the bottom stiffeners, and the proposed modifications, despite challenging implementation, improve the sediment removal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang-Yee Cheng
- Dept. of Construction Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Soleimani F, Taherkhani R, Dobaradaran S, Spitz J, Saeedi R. Molecular detection of E. coli and Vibrio cholerae in ballast water of commercial ships: a primary study along the Persian Gulf. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2021; 19:457-463. [PMID: 34150249 PMCID: PMC8172682 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ballast water is one of the most important ways for the transfer of aquatic organisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Vibrio cholerae. The aim of this study was to investigate Mdh gene of E. coli and the OmpW gene of Vibrio cholerae bacteria by PCR technique in the ballast water of commercial ships entering Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf. METHODS In this study, 34 samples of ballast water entered Bushehr port were studied by using culture and PCR methods to determine Mdh gene of E. coli and OmpW gene of Vibrio cholerae. Genomic DNA of bacterial strains was extracted and PCR was performed by using specific primers of E. coli and Vibrio cholerae. RESULTS The specific Mdh gene of E. coli was detected in 4 ballast water samples and the positive samples were analyzed by antisera methods for E. coli O157:H7. Results of antisera showed that there were 3 positive samples of O157:H7 serotype. The results of the PCR technique showed that the OmpW gene of Vibrio cholerae was negative for all positive culture samples. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are highly recommended to monitor other aquatic organisms in ballast water to protect the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Taherkhani
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
| | - Jörg Spitz
- Akademie für menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388 Schlangenbad, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Song Y, Li Z, Feng A, Zhang J, Liu Z, Li D. Electrokinetic detection and separation of living algae in a microfluidic chip: implication for ship's ballast water analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:22853-22863. [PMID: 33428091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detecting living algae from treated ship's ballast water is an important task for port state control (PSC) under the requirement of the International Ballast Water Convention. In this paper, electrokinetic detection and separation of living algae from NaClO- and UV-treated ship's ballast water in a microfluidic chip are presented. The electrokinetic movement of algae in a straight poly ethylene glycol (PEG)-modified PDMS microchannel filled with 10% PEG solution was measured by using an optical microscope. The experimental results show that the moving velocity of dead algae is lower by more than 80% in comparison with living algae. The decreased velocity is larger for larger dead algae and the velocity is decreased to zero for dead algae larger than 6 μm in diameter. A curve was obtained to evaluate the vitality of algae with similar moving velocity but different sizes. Electrokinetic separation of living algae from a mixture sample in a straight channel was also achieved. The method presented in this paper provides a moving velocity-based approach for quickly evaluating the living status of algae in treated ship's ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Angran Feng
- China Classification Society Guangzhou Branch, Guangzhou, 519000, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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29
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Gollasch S, David M. Abiotic and biological differences in ballast water uptake and discharge samples. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 164:112046. [PMID: 33524834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the type approval process of ballast water management systems (BWMS) performance tests need to be conducted according to the BWMS Code (previously Guidelines G8) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The shipboard tests previously included a control experiment with untreated ballast water to evaluate the BWMS performance by comparing test results of treated and untreated water. Biological results and abiotic parameters of 97 control water tests conducted during the last >10 years during ballast water uptakes and corresponding discharges were summarized. In general, a strong decline of organisms in ballast tanks was observed, especially during the first few days of the holding time. The IMO validity criteria for uptake water phytoplankton in shipboard control tests were met in 82.5% of all tests. Phytoplankton numbers below the validity criteria occurred predominantly in winter and/or when the water was taken up offshore. For zooplankton the validity criteria were always met. The TSS and POC content in our ballast water uptake samples was frequently much higher than required during IMO BWMS type approval tests so that the current testing requirements do not represent a challenge to BWMS. With this a risk is taken that type approved BWMS fail in water conditions which occur frequently in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Studentska ulica 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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30
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Peperzak L, van Bleijswijk J. False-positive enterococci counts in seawater with the IDEXX Enterolert-E most probable number technique caused by Bacillus licheniformis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:10654-10660. [PMID: 33098560 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enterolert-E is an easy-to-use method for the enumeration of enterococci in water samples as an indicator of fecal pollution. This most probable number technique replaced the laborious and more time-consuming MEA-BEA plating method, and it is used extensively in ballast water testing and monitoring. In spring 2018, the Control Union Water ballast water test facility measured high enterococci concentrations in Wadden Sea water without any correlation with polluted freshwater input. By isolating bacteria from samples incubated in Enterolert-E culture medium, followed by analyses of colony morphology and DNA, it is shown that these erroneously high concentrations were caused by Bacillus licheniformis, a gram-positive rod-shaped chlorine-resistant bacterium. It is concluded that control analyses or the MEA-BEA method or dilution to reduce salinity must be performed when high enterococci concentrations are measured in water samples that are not suspected to be polluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Peperzak
- Control Union Water B.V., NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Landsdiep 4, NL-1797, SZ, Den Hoorn, The Netherlands.
- Department Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, NL-1790, AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith van Bleijswijk
- Department Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry (MMB), NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, NL-1790, AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
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31
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Ardura A, Rick J, Martinez JL, Zaiko A, Garcia-Vazquez E. Stress resistance for unraveling potential biopollutants. Insights from ballast water community analysis through DNA. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 163:111935. [PMID: 33360727 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In marine settings, anthropogenic disturbances and climate change increase the rate of biological invasions. Predicting still undescribed invasive alien species (IAS) is needed for preparing timely management responses. We tested a strategy for discovering new potential IAS using DNA in a trans-equatorial expedition onboard RV Polarstern. During one-month travel, species inside ballast water experienced oxygen depletion, warming, darkness and ammonium stress. Many organisms died but several phytoplankton and zooplankton survivors resisted and were detected through a robust combination of individual sampling, DNA barcoding and metabarcoding, new in ballast water studies. Ammonium was identified as an important influential factor to explain diversity changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some species reproduced until the end of the travel. These species tolerant to travel stress could be targeted as potential IAS and prioritized for designing control measures. Introducing resistance to travel stress in biosecurity risk analysis would be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ardura
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/ Julian Claveria s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Johannes Rick
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, AWI, Department of Coastal Ecology, Germany
| | - Jose L Martinez
- Scientific-Technical Services, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Anastasija Zaiko
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, 7010 Nelson, New Zealand; Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Eva Garcia-Vazquez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/ Julian Claveria s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Sathishkumar RS, Sundaramanickam A, Sahu G, Mohanty AK, Ramesh T, Khan SA. Intense bloom of the diatom Hemidiscus hardmanianus (Greville) in relation to water quality and plankton communities in Tuticorin coast, Gulf of Mannar, India. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 163:111757. [PMID: 33272587 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports a dense bloom of the marine-diatom Hemidiscus hardmanianus observed off the Tuticorin coast in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM), India. The surface water discoloration (pale green) was observed during a coastal survey conducted in the initial period of the northeast monsoon (October 2018). The bloom extended over an area of approximately 5 km2 around the Tuticorin harbor. Distribution and relative abundance of the phytoplankton and zooplankton species together with the water quality and Chlorophyll-a were studied in the area of bloom. H. hardmanianus density was maximum (10.57 × 104 cells L-1) in the bloom site, which was almost 97% of the total phytoplankton population. The present report is the first record of H. hardmanianus bloom in the Gulf of Mannar. The chain-forming diatom Biddulphia biddulphiana was also observed in strong numbers (802 and 432 cells L-1), which has been rarely reported from the Indian coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sathishkumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India..
| | - A Sundaramanickam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India..
| | - Gouri Sahu
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A K Mohanty
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Ramesh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ajmal Khan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kumar JPPJ, Ragumaran S, Nandagopal G, Ravichandran V, Mallavarapu RM, Missimer TM. Green method of stemming the tide of invasive marine and freshwater organisms by natural filtration of shipping ballast water. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:5116-5125. [PMID: 32955664 PMCID: PMC7838068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine and freshwater pollution caused by transport of invasive species in shipping ballast water is a major global problem and will increase in magnitude as shipping of commodities increases in the future. An economical method to preclude biological organisms in the seawater used for ballast is to exclude them at the source port. Integrated natural filtration using onshore wells or seabed gallery systems has been thoroughly investigated for use as pretreatment for seawater desalination systems and has proven to be environmentally acceptable and economic. Thus, the use of this proven filtration technology to another issue, ballast water treatment, is an innovative method of providing marine organism free seawater by non-destructive means in port-based facilities. This method is ecosystem-friendly in that no chemicals or destructive processes are used. Design and construction of well or seabed gallery intake systems for production of ballast seawater are feasible in virtually all global port facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebarathnam Prince Prakash Jeba Kumar
- Coastal Environmental Engineering Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - Shunmugavel Ragumaran
- Coastal Environmental Engineering Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - Ganesan Nandagopal
- Coastal Environmental Engineering Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - Vijaya Ravichandran
- Coastal Environmental Engineering Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - Ramana Murthy Mallavarapu
- National Center for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, NIOT Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Thomas M Missimer
- U. A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Emergent Technologies Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 16301 Innovation Lane, Fort Myers, FL, 33913, USA.
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34
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Romero-Martínez L, Rivas-Zaballos I, Moreno-Andrés J, Moreno-Garrido I, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Improving the microalgae inactivating efficacy of ultraviolet ballast water treatment in combination with hydrogen peroxide or peroxymonosulfate salt. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 162:111886. [PMID: 33310544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of ecosystem invasions with the introduction of exogenous species via ballast water, the International Maritime Organization adopted the Ballast Water Convention (BWMC). The BWMC establishes standards for the concentration of viable organisms in a ballast water discharge. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly used for treating ballast water; however, regrowth after UV irradiation and other drawbacks have been reported. In this study, improvement in UV treatment with the addition of hydrogen peroxide or peroxymonosulfate salt was investigated using the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica as the target organism. Results reported that each of these reagents added in a concentration of 10 ppm reduced the concentration of initial cells by more than 96%, increased the UV inactivation rate, and enabled reaching greater level of inactivation with the treatment. These improvements imply a reduction of the UV doses required for a consistent compliance with the BWMC standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain.
| | - Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences. INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea. University of Cadiz. Spain
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35
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Darling JA, Martinson J, Pagenkopp Lohan KM, Carney KJ, Pilgrim E, Banerji A, Holzer KK, Ruiz GM. Metabarcoding quantifies differences in accumulation of ballast water borne biodiversity among three port systems in the United States. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141456. [PMID: 32846346 PMCID: PMC8190815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing biodiversity conveyed in ships' ballast water (BW), a global driver of biological invasions, is critically important for understanding risks posed by this key vector and establishing baselines to evaluate changes associated with BW management. Here we employ high throughput sequence (HTS) metabarcoding of the 18S small subunit rRNA to test for and quantify differences in the accumulation of BW-borne biodiversity among three distinct recipient port systems in the United States. These systems were located on three different coasts (Pacific, Gulf, and Atlantic) and chosen to reflect distinct trade patterns and source port biogeography. Extensive sampling of BW tanks (n = 116) allowed detailed exploration of molecular diversity accumulation. Our results indicate that saturation of introduced zooplankton diversity may be achieved quickly, with fewer than 25 tanks needed to achieve 95% of the total extrapolated diversity, if source biogeography is relatively limited. However, as predicted, port systems with much broader source geographies require more extensive sampling to estimate diversity, which continues to accumulate after sampling >100 discharges. The ability to identify BW sources using molecular indicators was also found to depend on the breadth of source biogeography and the extent to which sources had been sampled. These findings have implications both for the effort required to fully understand introduced diversity and for projecting risks associated with future changes to maritime traffic that may increase source biogeography for many recipient ports. Our data also suggest that molecular diversity may not decline significantly with BW age, indicating either that some organisms survive longer than recognized in previous studies or that nucleic acids from dead organisms persist in BW tanks. We present evidence for detection of potentially invasive species in arriving BW but discuss important caveats that preclude strong inferences regarding the presence of living representatives of these species in BW tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Darling
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, USA.
| | - John Martinson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, USA
| | | | | | - Erik Pilgrim
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, USA
| | - Aabir Banerji
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology & Exposure, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
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Zhu Y, Ling Y, Peng Z, Zhang N. Formation of emerging iodinated disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment based on ozonation processes. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140805. [PMID: 32758847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) generated by ballast water treatment pose a potential threat to marine environment which aroused widespread concern. In recent years, emerging iodinated DBPs have attracted widespread attention because of their stronger cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than brominated/chlorinated DBPs. In this study, the effects of different natural organic matter species, total residual oxidant (TRO) concentrations, storage time, temperature, pH, bromide and iodide concentrations on the generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during ozonation process of ballast water were investigated. The results showed that bromochloroiodomethane and diiodochloromethane (DICM) were not detected under all conditions during ozonation of humaic acid (HA). Different kinds of precursors had a significantly effect on the formation of I-THMs. For algal cells as precursor, DICM were detected (1.22 μg/L), while DICM were not detected from oxidation of 1,3-etonedicarboxylic acid, fulvic acid (FA), phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and HA as precursors. The yields of I-THMs from oxidation of algal cells, FA and phenol were higher than other precursors. Linear relationships were observed between the formation of I-THMs and TRO concentrations. The yields of I-THMs reached a peak at 48 h (180 μg/L) after ozonation treatment of ballast water, and then decreased with storage time extension. An increase in temperature enhanced the formation of dibromoiodomethane and bromodiiodomethane, while wakened the formation of iodoform and dichloroiodomethane. The formation of I-THMs was complicatedly affected by different pH values in the range from 4 to 9. The more bromide concentrations, the more brominated I-THMs were formed. The concentrations of I-THMs increased with increasing iodide concentrations, and low concentrations of iodide had greater effect on the production of I-THMs than high concentrations of iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yun Ling
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Ziran Peng
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Nahui Zhang
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
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Khandeparker L, Kuchi N, Desai DV, Anil AC. Changes in the ballast water tank bacterial community during a trans-sea voyage: Elucidation through next generation DNA sequencing. J Environ Manage 2020; 273:111018. [PMID: 32741756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water (BW) mediated bioinvasion is one of the greatest threats to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Bacteria, unlike higher organisms, are transferred in large numbers through BW. Owing to their abundance and potential pathogenicity, they pose a direct threat to the prevailing microbiome in the recipient waters and also to human health. This study investigated the changes in the BW tank bacterial community during a trans-sea voyage from Visakhapatnam port, located along the east coast of India (Bay of Bengal) to Mumbai port, located along the west coast of India (Arabian Sea). Next generation sequencing was used to explore the unculturable segment of bacteria. The BW tank conditions led to a decrease in photoautotrophs and non-spore forming bacteria. On the other hand, biofilm forming and antibiotic producing bacteria, nutrient limiting condition sustaining bacteria, and those capable of synthesizing enzymes prerequisite for active metabolism under stress, increased over time. The shifts in the bacterial community were dependent on mechanisms adopted by the clades to cope with the BW tank conditions. Functional prediction of the bacterial community revealed a significant increase in the core metabolic functions, which enabled the survival of such bacteria. As the voyage progressed, an increase in the total viable bacteria in BW tanks could be attributed to the decrease in the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton. At the end of the voyage, the bacterial community in the BW tanks was significantly different, and the species diversity and richness were higher than that of the natural seawater (source water). Pathogenic species were more abundant during mid-voyage than at the end of the voyage, suggesting that voyage duration influences the pathogenic bacterial community. Investigating the fate of the discharged bacterial population at the deballasting point is a way forward in the assessment of marine bioinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishanth Kuchi
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
| | - Dattesh V Desai
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
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Wang Q, Cheng F, Xue J, Xiao N, Wu H. Bacterial community composition and diversity in the ballast water of container ships arriving at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 160:111640. [PMID: 33181925 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water is a major vector of invasion by protozoans and metazoans. Bacterial invasion is less-well understood. We surveyed the bacterial diversity of ballast water from 26 container ships arriving at the Yangshan Deepwater Port, Shanghai, China during 2015-2016. We characterized the ballast microbiome using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) based on V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA genes. We simultaneously monitored physicochemical parameters of the ballast water, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), particulate organic carbon (POC), NO2, NH4, PO4. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum, comprising more than 50% of the OTUs of almost all vessels, followed by Bacteroidetes (12.08%), Actinobacteria (4.86%) Planctomycetes (3.24%) and Cyanobacteria (1.95%). The relative abundance of Cyanobacteria differed among vessels. It was negatively correlated with temperature, NO3, pH, TSS, PO4, and turbidity and positively correlated with NH4, POC. The genus Synechococcus was the most common Cyanobacteria in our results. Escherichia coli were relatively rare; they are indicator-species of D-2 standards published by the IMO. The relative abundance of the genus Vibrio ranged from 0.003% to 24.88% among different vessels. Our results showed that HTS was able to profile the bacterial communities in ballast-waters, even when the approach was restricted by technical and other obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fangping Cheng
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Nanyan Xiao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Wang L, Wang Q, Xue J, Xiao N, Lv B, Wu H. Effects of holding time on the diversity and composition of potential pathogenic bacteria in ship ballast water. Mar Environ Res 2020; 160:104979. [PMID: 32291251 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water is a common vector for the transport of invasive species to new marine and aquatic environments. We used a metagenomics approach to examine the diversity and composition of potential pathogens communities in ballast water from ships in the route of China- Southeast Asia (CSEA). 16 kinds of potential pathogenic genus were detected in the ballast water. Interestingly, the ballast holding time had an important effect on the distribution of potential pathogens in ballast water. The abundance of Pseudoalteromonas in the longer ballast water holding time was less than the shorter ballast water holding time. Bacteroides had completely disappeared in the long ballast holding time samples. Moreover, The Shannon index of samples with longer ballast water holding time (1.80 ± 0.07) was higher than those with shorter ballast water holding time (0.83 ± 0.13). The potential pathogenic genus (Arcobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacter and so on) lived in the long ballast holding time vessels had more diversity. Besides, the total suspended solids (TSS), total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) had a strong positive correlation with most potential pathogens in the ballast water, while the dissolved oxygen (DO) had a clear negative correlation with the potential pathogens in the longer ballast holding time samples. In conclusion, these results provide detailed descriptions of the characteristics of the potential pathogens present in ballast water, document significant potential pathogens diversity, and indicate the importance of ballast holding time for potential pathogens lived in ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Nanyan Xiao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Baoyi Lv
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Xu X, Ran Z, Wen G, Liang Z, Wan Q, Chen Z, Lin Y, Li K, Wang J, Huang T. Efficient inactivation of bacteria in ballast water by adding potassium peroxymonosulfate alone: Role of halide ions. Chemosphere 2020; 253:126656. [PMID: 32278911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ballast water disinfection has been paid much more attention due to the untreated discharged ballast water posing threaten of biological invasion and health related consequences. In this study, an effective and simple approach for ballast water disinfection by just adding potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was assessed, and the role of halide ions in seawater on the enhancement of inactivation was revealed. The reactive species responsible for inactivation, the leakage of intracellular materials, and changes of cellular morphology after inactivation were evaluated to explore the inactivation mechanism. The results showed that Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in ballast water could be totally inactivated within 10 min by adding 0.2 mM PMS alone. The inactivation of bacteria in ballast water fitted to the delayed Chick-Watson model. Chloride and bromide ion in seawater were found to play a crucial role in inactivating bacteria, while the effect of iodide ion could be negligible due to its relative lower concentration in seawater. Chlorine and bromine, produced by the reaction of PMS with chloride and bromide ion, were proved to be the main reactive components that were responsible for the inactivation of bacteria. The extracellular ATP and total nitrogen concentration increased after inactivation which indicated that cell membrane was destroyed by reactive oxidants produced by the reaction between PMS and halide ions. The change of cell morphology confirmed that bacteria were seriously damaged after inactivation. The results suggest that PMS is an attractive alternative disinfectant for ballast water disinfection and this application deserved further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Zhilin Ran
- Institute of Innovational Education Research, School of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Zhiting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Zhuhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Yuzhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
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Tolian R, Makhsoosi AH, Bushehri PK. Investigation of heavy metals in the ballast water of ship tanks after and before the implementation of the ballast water convention: Bushehr Port, Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 157:111378. [PMID: 32658717 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the amount of heavy metals such as Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu and some physiochemical factors including pH, temperature and total organic carbon (TOC) in the ballast water of the ships entering the Bushehr Port were measured for two years (cold and hot seasons) before and after the ballast water convention was enforced. The mean concentrations of Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu, before and after implementation of the convention were 46.55, 3.93, 5.36, 58.83 and 26.41, 2.12, 2.59, 23.54 ppb. It became clear that the concentrations of heavy metals after the implementation of the convention was lower in comparison and there was a significant difference (p < .05). It seems that continuous monitoring of the quality of the ballast water and determination of locations free of pollution and contamination in the Persian Gulf are necessary for ships that intend to exchange their ballast water in this Gulf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tolian
- Department of Environmental pollution, College of Agriculture, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | - Paria Khosravi Bushehri
- Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
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Soler-Figueroa BM, Fontaine DN, Carney KJ, Ruiz GM, Tamburri MN. Characteristics of global port phytoplankton and implications for current ballast water regulations. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 155:111165. [PMID: 32469779 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The International Maritime Organization and U.S. Coast Guard have implemented regulations to reduce introductions of non-indigenous species via ballast water (BW). For phytoplankton, regulations limit discharges to <10 live/viable cells mL-1 (size: 10-50 μm), ignoring other size fractions. Additionally, challenge conditions of 100 (shipboard) and 1000 (land-based) cells mL-1 are required in BW management system certification testing. How these requirements correspond to natural phytoplankton populations is poorly resolved. We analyzed phytoplankton samples from 31 major ports to evaluate: a) how natural communities compare to challenge requirements and b) abundances of unregulated size fractions (i.e., <10 and ≥50 μm). None of the ports met land-based challenge conditions, and only 32% met requirements for shipboard testing. Approximately 71% of organisms ≥50 μm were centric diatoms, also unregulated by current protocols. This study demonstrates that current regulations do not consider natural phytoplankton populations, limiting control efforts for potentially harmful non-indigenous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Soler-Figueroa
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.
| | - Diana N Fontaine
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 S Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Katharine J Carney
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Mario N Tamburri
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
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43
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García-Garay J, Franco-Herera A, Machuca-Martínez F. Wild microorganism and plankton decay in ballast water treatments by solar disinfection (SODIS) and advanced oxidation processes. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 154:111060. [PMID: 32174505 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water (BW) is a dead weight used by ships to provide stability in their journeys. It poses health, economic and ecological problems. Since 2017, the International Maritime Organization-IMO mandated management of BW. This research compares plankton mortality and microorganism inactivation in different BW treatments to identify possible decay models. Treatments include solar radiation (Srad), UV, H2O2 and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In the wild populations, the disinfection capacity was measured in natural seawater pumped from the Santa Marta port zone in Colombia. AOPs showed different models and effectiveness according to the treatment and microorganism. Plankton larger than 50 μm was the most resistant; therefore, it must be removed first by a previous filter. Wild microorganisms showed log-linear and log-linear tail decay models for most AOPs in E. coli. For Vibrio, the models were log-lineal tail and biphasic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J García-Garay
- DISMARES, Biohidroingenieria, Cra 2 No. 11-68, Santa Marta, Colombia; Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Cra. 4 #22-61, Bogotá, Colombia; Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences, Cra 54 No. 106-18 office 711, Bogotá, Colombia; Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Franco-Herera
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Cra. 4 #22-61, Bogotá, Colombia; Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences, Cra 54 No. 106-18 office 711, Bogotá, Colombia; Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Romero-Martínez L, Rivas-Zaballos I, Moreno-Andrés J, Moreno-Garrido I, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Effect of the length of dark storage following ultraviolet irradiation of Tetraselmis suecica and its implications for ballast water management. Sci Total Environ 2020; 711:134611. [PMID: 31810674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the recent biological standards established by the Ballast Water Management Convention requires the application of ballast water treatment systems; ultraviolet irradiation is a frequently used option. However, organisms can repair the damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation primarily with photo-repair mechanisms that are dependent on the availability of light. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of dark storage following ultraviolet irradiation on the viability of the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica. Results showed that one day of dark storage after ultraviolet irradiation enhanced the inactivation rate by 50% with respect to the absence of dark storage and increased up to the 84% with five days of dark storage. These results are consistent with photorepair, mostly in the first two days, prevented in the dark. The dose required to inactivate a determined ratio of organisms was correlated with the length of the dark post-treatment according to an inverse proportional function. This correlation may help to optimize the operation of ultraviolet ballast water treatment systems. Further, the results show that growth assays can detect organisms that are capable of repair after treatment with UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Olsen RO, Lindivat M, Larsen A, Thuestad G, Hoell IA. Incubation in light versus dark affects the vitality of UV-irradiated Tetraselmis suecica differently: A flow cytometric study. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 149:110528. [PMID: 31470209 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used flow cytometry to examine how incubation in dark versus light affects the vitality and viability of UV-irradiated Tetraselmis suecica. High UV doses (300 and 400 mJ/cm2) affected the esterase activity, membrane permeability, and chlorophyll content more when the subsequent incubation took place in light. For non- or low UV dose (100 and 200 mJ/cm2)-treated cells, incubation in light resulted in cell regrowth as compared to incubation in dark. Damaged cells (enzymatically active but with permeable membranes) did not recover when incubated under light or dark conditions. Exposure to light reduces the evaluation time of any given ballast water treatment, as viable cells will be detected at an earlier stage and the vitality is more affected. When evaluating the performance of UV-based ballast water treatment systems (BWTS), these results can be useful for type approval using T. suecica as a test organism in the test regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranveig O Olsen
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway.
| | - Mathilde Lindivat
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - Aud Larsen
- Uni Research Environment and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Thuestad
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - Ingunn Alne Hoell
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
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Naik RK, Naik MM, D'Costa PM, Shaikh F. Microplastics in ballast water as an emerging source and vector for harmful chemicals, antibiotics, metals, bacterial pathogens and HAB species: A potential risk to the marine environment and human health. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 149:110525. [PMID: 31470206 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in marine waters around the globe is increasing exponentially. This is the first comprehensive review which focuses on microplastics as a source and vector for metals, antibiotics, toxic chemicals, pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae), and Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellates across the continents through ballast water. Microplastics in ballast waters serve as 'hotspots' for the development and spread of multiple drug-resistant human pathogens through co-selection mechanisms. Microplastic inoculation at distant countries through ballast water may pose a serious threat to human health due to higher incidences of bacterial disease outbreaks and HABs. The 2017 ballast water management convention lacks a provision for on-board treatment of microplastic-contaminated ballast water. We conclude that there is a pressing need to include microplastics in the ballast water management convention as a hazardous material. Efficient on-board ballast water treatment strategies and effective limits for microplastics in ballast waters need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravidas Krishna Naik
- ESSO - National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India.
| | - Milind Mohan Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India.
| | | | - Fauzia Shaikh
- Department of Biotechnology, Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts and Science, Margao, Goa, 403601, India
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47
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Petri B, Chaganti SR, Chan PS, Heath D. Phytoplankton growth characterization in short term MPN culture assays using 18S metabarcoding and qRT-PCR. Water Res 2019; 164:114941. [PMID: 31398632 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The most probable number dilution-culture assay (MPN) is used to enumerate viable phytoplankton in regulatory tests of ballast water treatment systems. However the United States Coast Guard has not yet accepted MPN, in part due to concerns of biased results due to cells being viable but not growing. MPN does not assess the fate of every cell, and thus the bias can only be evaluated by a companion method that assesses the ability of the various taxa to grow. This growth ability ("growability") is the complement of the bias, and has been evaluated by microscopic taxonomy of before-culture and after-culture samples. However, microscopic taxonomy is extremely laborious and few data have been produced for phytoplankton growability in MPN assays. To address the need for more and more reliable growability data, a method was developed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) techniques that target the V9 region of the 18S rRNA gene for the taxonomic identification and growth assessment of eukaryotic phytoplankton, respectively. This growability method was applied to MPN samples from a ballast water management system test that were incubated with two different enrichment media at two different temperatures. DNA was extracted from filters of before-culture and after-culture samples, and assessed for taxonomy by NGS and for PCR template DNA concentration by qRT-PCR. Growth ratios based on changes in 18S template concentration over the incubation period were calculated for each taxon, and dead-cell DNA persistence through a 14 day incubation was verified to be <1% and did not influence the growth calculations. In total, 95 of 97 eukaryotic phytoplankton in the before-culture sample demonstrated growth, with definitive growth ratios ranging from 4.0 × 101-2.6 × 105. An additional 13 taxa demonstrated growth from non-detect in before-culture samples. Taxa-based growability values were 87-88% in individual incubation conditions with no statistical differences among conditions, and 98% for all conditions combined. When growability was weighted by the before-culture abundance of each taxa, relevant to regulations based on all organisms regardless of taxa, community-based growability was >99% in each condition and in all conditions combined because the most abundant taxa all exhibited growth. This study verifies that conventional phytoplankton MPN assays produce accurate results with low bias from undetected viable cells, regardless of enrichments and incubation temperatures. This work can provide regulatory confidence for broader acceptance of MPN assays without limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Petri
- Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Rd, London, ON, N5V 4T7, Canada.
| | - Subba Rao Chaganti
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Po-Shun Chan
- Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Rd, London, ON, N5V 4T7, Canada
| | - Daniel Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
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48
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Kraus R, Grilli F, Supić N, Janeković I, Brailo M, Cara M, Cetinić AB, Campanelli A, Cozzi S, D'Adamo R, Djakovac T, Dutour-Sikirić M, Flander-Putrle V, Francé J, Joksimović D, Klun K, Kolitari J, Kralj M, Kušpilić G, Marini M, Matić F, Mikuš J, Ninčević-Gladan Ž, Pansera M, Pećarević M, Precali R, Prusina I, Relitti F, Santucci A, Specchiulli A, Škalic D. Oceanographic characteristics of the Adriatic Sea - Support to secondary HAOP spread through natural dispersal. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 147:59-85. [PMID: 30528114 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vessels, specifically ballast water and hull fouling, are a major vector for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) in European seas. The Mediterranean is one of the world's marine regions where their invasion is heaviest. The shallow Adriatic basin is a highly sensitive area that is already experiencing its consequences. The secondary spread of NIS over a wider area through natural dispersion is a complex process that depends on a wide range of oceanographic factors. This work analysed the dataset of the BALMAS project, in whose framework twelve ports in the Adriatic Sea were subjected to a Port Baseline Survey (PBS), to estimate the natural spread of NIS organisms from their port of arrival to the wider Adriatic basin. Its findings indicate that the prevailing water circulation patterns facilitate the natural dispersal of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kraus
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Federica Grilli
- National Research Council, IRBIM, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Nastjenjka Supić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Janeković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Marina Brailo
- University of Dubrovnik, Department of Aquaculture, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
| | - Magdalena Cara
- Agricultural University of Tirana, Kodër Kamëz, SH1, 1000 Tirana, Albania.
| | - Ana Bratoš Cetinić
- University of Dubrovnik, Department of Aquaculture, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
| | | | - Stefano Cozzi
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Strada Statale 14, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Raffaele D'Adamo
- National Research Council, CNR-IRBIM, via Pola 4, 71010 Lesina (FG), Italy.
| | - Tamara Djakovac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Mathieu Dutour-Sikirić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Flander-Putrle
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Francé
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Danijela Joksimović
- University of Montenegro, Institute of Marine Biology, Dobrota bb, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.
| | - Katja Klun
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Jerina Kolitari
- Agricultural University of Tirana, Kodër Kamëz, SH1, 1000 Tirana, Albania.
| | - Martina Kralj
- Sezione di Oceanografia, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS, via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Grozdan Kušpilić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Mauro Marini
- National Research Council, IRBIM, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Frano Matić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Josip Mikuš
- University of Dubrovnik, Department of Aquaculture, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
| | - Živana Ninčević-Gladan
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marco Pansera
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Arsenale Tesa 104 Castello 2737/f, 30122 Venice, Italy.
| | - Marijana Pećarević
- University of Dubrovnik, Department of Aquaculture, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
| | - Robert Precali
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Prusina
- University of Dubrovnik, Department of Aquaculture, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
| | - Federica Relitti
- Sezione di Oceanografia, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS, via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Angela Santucci
- National Research Council, CNR-IRBIM, via Pola 4, 71010 Lesina (FG), Italy; Hydrographic Institute of the Italian Navy, Passo dell'Osservatorio 4, 16134 Genova, Italy.
| | | | - Denis Škalic
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
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49
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Gollasch S, Hewitt CL, Bailey S, David M. Introductions and transfers of species by ballast water in the Adriatic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 147:8-15. [PMID: 30177381 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the Editorial addressing the BALMAS project, we open the ballast water management special issue for the Adriatic Sea by providing background information on non-indigenous species and the mechanisms (vectors) of transport. Problems allocating introduction mechanisms for various species with certainty are described; in general, key introduction mechanisms are shipping, with ballast water and biofouling as dominant vectors, and aquaculture activities. The dominant mechanisms for introduction may differ through time, between regions and across species. We highlight ballast water as the focus of an international convention to prevent future introductions, reviewing management options and suggesting future research needs. This assessment is not restricted in application to the Adriatic Sea, but is applicable to other coastal waters. Results of such future work may contribute to the experience building phase planned by the International Maritime Organization for a harmonised implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad L Hewitt
- University of Waikato, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Bailey
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
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50
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Kraus R, Ninčević-Gladan Ž, Auriemma R, Bastianini M, Bolognini L, Cabrini M, Cara M, Čalić M, Campanelli A, Cvitković I, Despalatović M, Dragičević B, Drakulović D, Dulčić J, Flander-Putrle V, Grati F, Grego M, Grilli F, Jaklin A, Janeković I, Kolitari J, Lipej L, Magaletti E, Marini M, Matić-Skoko S, Mavrič B, Mikuš J, Mozetič P, Orlando-Bonaca M, Petović S, Precali R, Supić N, Trabucco B, Travizi A, Žuljević A. Strategy of port baseline surveys (PBS) in the Adriatic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 147:47-58. [PMID: 30318309 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Port baseline surveys (PBS) provide species inventories in and around ports, with a focus on non-indigenous species that may have been introduced by vessels, primarily via ballast water. PBS are an essential tool to support effective management strategies for non-indigenous as well as native harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP). This paper describes the methodology of PBS that were conducted in 12 Adriatic ports. The PBS employed existing protocols that were adapted to meet the characteristics of the Adriatic sites. Their results are reported in several papers included in this special issue, each of which is devoted to a specific community. An overview of existing surveys protocols - which provide valuable support to decision-making and to design effective monitoring of non-indigenous species - is also supplied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kraus
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Živana Ninčević-Gladan
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Rocco Auriemma
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, Oceanography section, via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mauro Bastianini
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Arsenale Tesa 104 Castello 2737/f, 30122 Venice, Italy.
| | - Luca Bolognini
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marina Cabrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, Oceanography section, via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Magdalena Cara
- Agricultural University of Tirana, Kodër Kamëz, SH1, 1000 Tirana, Albania.
| | - Marijeta Čalić
- University of Dubrovnik, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research, Kneza Damjana Jude 12, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
| | - Alessandra Campanelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Ivan Cvitković
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marija Despalatović
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Branko Dragičević
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Dragana Drakulović
- University of Montenegro, Institute of Marine Biology, Dobrota bb, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.
| | - Jakov Dulčić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Flander-Putrle
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Fabio Grati
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Mateja Grego
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Federica Grilli
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrej Jaklin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Janeković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; The University of Western Australia, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering & UWA Oceans Institute, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Jerina Kolitari
- Agricultural University of Tirana, Kodër Kamëz, SH1, 1000 Tirana, Albania.
| | - Lovrenc Lipej
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Erika Magaletti
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Marini
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Sanja Matić-Skoko
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Borut Mavrič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Josip Mikuš
- University of Dubrovnik, Department of Aquaculture, Ćira Carića 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
| | - Patricija Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Martina Orlando-Bonaca
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Slavica Petović
- University of Montenegro, Institute of Marine Biology, Dobrota bb, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.
| | - Robert Precali
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Nastjenjka Supić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Benedetta Trabucco
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ana Travizi
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, G. Paliage 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Ante Žuljević
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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