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Raboin M, Plumb JM, Sholtis MD, Smith DL, Jackson PR, Rivera JM, Suski CD, Cupp AR. Movement and behavioral states of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in response to a behavioral deterrent in a navigational lock. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:42. [PMID: 37496021 PMCID: PMC10373248 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freshwater ecosystems are some of the most affected by biological invasions due, in part, to the introduction of invasive carp worldwide. Where carp have become established, management programs often seek to limit further range expansion into new areas by reducing their movement through interconnected rivers and waterways. Lock and dams are important locations for non-physical deterrents, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), to reduce unwanted fish passage without disrupting human use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavioral responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to non-physical deterrents within a navigation structure on the Fox River, Wisconsin. Acoustic telemetry combined with hidden Markov models (HMMs) was used to analyze variation in carp responses to treatments. Outcomes may inform CO2 effectiveness at preventing invasive carp movement through movement pinch-points. METHODS Carbon dioxide (CO2) was recently registered as a pesticide in the United States for use as a deterrent to invasive carp movement. As a part of a multi-component study to test a large-scale CO2 delivery system within a navigation lock, we characterized the influence of elevated CO2 and forced water circulation in the lock chamber on carp movements and behavior. Through time-to-event analyses, we described the responses of acoustic-tagged carp to experimental treatments including (1) CO2 injection in water with forced water circulation, (2) forced water circulation without CO2 and (3) no forced water circulation or CO2. We then used hidden Markov models (HMMs) to define fine-scale carp movement and evaluate the relationships between carp behavioral states and CO2 concentration, forced water circulation, and temperature. RESULTS Forced water circulation with and without CO2 injection were effective at expelling carp from the lock chamber relative to null treatments where no stimulus was applied. A portion of carp exposed to forced water circulation with CO2 transitioned from an exploratory to an encamped behavioral state with shorter step-lengths and a unimodal distribution in turning angles, resulting in some carp remaining in the lock chamber. Whereas carp exposed to forced water circulation only remained primarily in an exploratory behavioral state, resulting in all carp exiting the lock chamber. CONCLUSION Our findings illustrate the potential of forced water circulation, alone, as a non-physical deterrent and the efficacy of CO2 injection with forced water circulation in expelling carp from a navigation lock. Results demonstrate how acoustic telemetry and HMMs in an experimental context can describe fish behavior and inform management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Raboin
- Contractor to U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA.
| | - John M Plumb
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia River Research Laboratory, 5501A Cook-Underwood Rd., Cook, WA, 98605, USA
| | - Matthew D Sholtis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia River Research Laboratory, 5501A Cook-Underwood Rd., Cook, WA, 98605, USA
| | - David L Smith
- Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - P Ryan Jackson
- U.S. Geological Survey Central Midwest Water Science Center, 405 N Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jose M Rivera
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd., La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Aaron R Cupp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd., La Crosse, WI, 54603, USA
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Servili A, Lévêque E, Mouchel O, Devergne J, Lebigre C, Roussel S, Mazurais D, Zambonino-Infante JL. Ocean acidification alters the acute stress response of a marine fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159804. [PMID: 36349621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by oceans generates rapid changes in seawater carbonate system and pH, a process termed ocean acidification. Exposure to acidified water can impact the allostatic load of marine organism as the acclimation to suboptimal environments requires physiological adaptive responses that are energetically costly. As a consequence, fish facing ocean acidification may experience alterations of their stress response and a compromised ability to cope with additional stress, which may impact individuals' life traits and ultimately their fitness. In this context, we carried out an integrative study investigating the impact of ocean acidification on the physiological and behavioral stress responses to an acute stress in juvenile European sea bass. Fish were long term (11 months) exposed to present day pH/CO2 condition or acidified water as predicted by IPCC "business as usual" (RCP8.5) scenario for 2100 and subjected to netting stress (fish transfer and confinement test). Fish acclimated to acidified condition showed slower post stress return to plasma basal concentrations of cortisol and glucose. We found no clear indication of regulation in the central and interrenal tissues of the expression levels of gluco- and mineralocorticoid receptors and corticoid releasing factor. At 120 min post stress, sea bass acclimated to acidified water had divergent neurotransmitters concentrations pattern in the hypothalamus (higher serotonin levels and lower GABA and dopamine levels) and a reduction in motor activity. Our experimental data indicate that ocean acidification alters the physiological response to acute stress in European sea bass via the neuroendocrine regulation of the corticotropic axis, a response associated to an alteration of the motor behavioral profile. Overall, this study suggests that behavioral and physiological adaptive response to climate changes related constraints may impact fish resilience to further stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Servili
- Ifremer, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France.
| | - Etienne Lévêque
- Ifremer, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Olivier Mouchel
- Ifremer, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Jimmy Devergne
- Ifremer, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lebigre
- UMR DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Institut Agro, IFREMER, INRAE, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sabine Roussel
- Ifremer, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - David Mazurais
- Ifremer, Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
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McMahon EK, Farhan S, Cavigelli SA. How do we characterize temperament? Broad testing of temperament across time and contexts in low-variable conditions. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bzonek PA, Mandrak NE. Wetland fishes avoid a carbon dioxide deterrent deployed in the field. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac021. [PMID: 35586726 PMCID: PMC9109721 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are poorly controlled and contribute to the loss of ecosystem services and function. Altered watershed connectivity contributes to aquatic invasions, but such hydrologic connections have become important for human transport. Carbon dioxide (CO2) deterrents have been proposed to control the range expansion of invasive fishes, particularly through altered hydrologic connections, without impeding human transport. However, the effectiveness of CO2 deterrents needs to be further evaluated in the field, where fishes are situated in their natural environment and logistical challenges are present. We deployed a proof-of-concept CO2 deterrent within a trap-and-sort fishway in Cootes Paradise, Ontario, Canada, to determine the avoidance responses of fishes attempting to disperse into a wetland. We aimed to describe deterrent efficiency for our target species, common carp, and for native fishes dispersing into the wetland. Our inexpensive inline CO2 deterrent was deployed quickly and rapidly produced a CO2 plume of 60 mg/l. Over 2000 fishes, representing 13 species, were captured between 23 May and 8 July 2019. A generalized linear model determined that the catch rates of our target species, common carp (n = 1662), decreased significantly during deterrent activation, with catch rates falling from 2.56 to 0.26 individuals per hour. Aggregated catch rates for low-abundance species (n < 150 individuals per species) also decreased, while catch rates for non-target brown bullhead (n = 294) increased. Species did not express a phylogenetic signal in avoidance responses. These results indicate that CO2 deterrents produce a robust common carp avoidance response in the field. This pilot study deployed an inexpensive and rapidly operating deterrent, but to be a reliable management tool, permanent deterrents would need to produce a more concentrated CO2 plume with greater infrastructural support.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bzonek
- Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada. Tel: 416-208-2249.
| | - N E Mandrak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
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McMahon EK, Cavigelli SA. Gaps to Address in Ecological Studies of Temperament and Physiology. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1917-1932. [PMID: 34097030 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecology is a diverse field with many researchers interested in drivers and consequences of variability within populations. Two aspects of variability that have been addressed are behavioral and physiological. While these have been shown to separately influence ecological outcomes such as survival, reproductive success and fitness, combined they could better predict within-population variability in survival and fitness. Recently there has been a focus on potential fitness outcomes of consistent behavioral traits that are referred to as personality or temperament (e.g. boldness, sociability, exploration, etc.). Given this recent focus, it is an optimal time to identify areas to supplement in this field, particularly in determining the relationship between temperament and physiological traits. To maximize progress, in this perspective paper we propose that the following two areas be addressed: (1) increased diversity of species, and (2) increased number of physiological processes studied, with an eye toward using more representative and relatively consistent measures across studies. We first highlight information that has been gleaned from species that are frequently studied to determine how animal personality relates to physiology and/or survival/fitness. We then shine a spotlight on important taxa that have been understudied and that can contribute meaningful, complementary information to this area of research. And last, we propose a brief array of physiological processes to relate to temperament, and that can significantly impact fitness, and that may be accessible in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse K McMahon
- Ecology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sonia A Cavigelli
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Christensen EAF, Andersen LEJ, Bergsson H, Steffensen JF, Killen SS. Shuttle-box systems for studying preferred environmental ranges by aquatic animals. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab028. [PMID: 34026213 PMCID: PMC8129825 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Animals' selection of environments within a preferred range is key to understanding their habitat selection, tolerance to stressors and responses to environmental change. For aquatic animals, preferred environmental ranges can be studied in so-called shuttle-boxes, where an animal can choose its ambient environment by shuttling between separate choice chambers with differences in an environmental variable. Over time, researchers have refined the shuttle-box technology and applied them in many different research contexts, and we here review the use of shuttle-boxes as a research tool with aquatic animals over the past 50 years. Most studies on the methodology have been published in the latest decade, probably due to an increasing research interest in the effects of environmental change, which underlines the current popularity of the system. The shuttle-box has been applied to a wide range of research topics with regards to preferred ranges of temperature, CO 2 , salinity and O 2 in a vast diversity of species, showing broad applicability for the system. We have synthesized the current state-of-the-art of the methodology and provided best practice guidelines with regards to setup, data analyses, experimental design and study reporting. We have also identified a series of knowledge gaps, which can and should be addressed in future studies. We conclude with highlighting directions for research using shuttle-boxes within evolutionary biology and behavioural and physiological ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil A F Christensen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow,
82 Hillhead Street, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lars E J Andersen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Elsinore, Denmark
| | - Heiðrikur Bergsson
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Elsinore, Denmark
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Elsinore, Denmark
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow,
82 Hillhead Street, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Development of Carbon Dioxide Barriers to Deter Invasive Fishes: Insights and Lessons Learned from Bigheaded Carp. FISHES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes5030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species are a threat to biodiversity in freshwater. Removing an aquatic invasive species following arrival is almost impossible, and preventing introduction is a more viable management option. Bigheaded carp are an invasive fish spreading throughout the Midwestern United States and are threatening to enter the Great Lakes. This review outlines the development of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) as a non-physical barrier that can be used to deter the movement of fish and prevent further spread. Carbon dioxide gas could be used as a deterrent either to cause avoidance (i.e., fish swim away from zones of high CO2), or by inducing equilibrium loss due to the anesthetic properties of CO2 (i.e., tolerance). The development of CO2 as a fish deterrent started with controlled laboratory experiments demonstrating stress and avoidance, and then progressed to larger field applications demonstrating avoidance at scales that approach real-world scenarios. In addition, factors that influence the effectiveness of CO2 as a fish barrier are discussed, outlining conditions that could make CO2 less effective in the field; these factors that influence efficacy would be of interest to managers using CO2 to target other fish species, or those using other non-physical barriers for fish.
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Tucker EK, Suski CD. Presence of conspecifics reduces between-individual variation and increases avoidance of multiple stressors in bluegill. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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