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Thanigachalam S, Pathak M. Bioactive O^N^O^ Schiff base appended homoleptic titanium(iv) complexes: DFT, BSA/CT-DNA interactions, molecular docking and antitumor activity against HeLa and A549 cell lines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13062-13082. [PMID: 38655487 PMCID: PMC11034360 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Five new homoleptic derivatives of titanium(iv) have been developed and characterized by physicochemical techniques. Metal complexes, TiH2L1 [(C38H26N6O4)Ti], TiH2L2 [(C38H24F2N6O4)Ti], TiH2L3 [(C38H24Cl2N6O4)Ti], TiH2L4 [(C38H24Br2N6O4)Ti] and TiH2L5 [(C38H24N8O8)Ti], were obtained by treating Ti(OPri)4 with appropriate ONO ligands (H2L1-H2L5) in anhydrous THF as solvent. The electronic structures and properties of titanium(iv) complexes (TiH2L1-TiH2L5) and ligands (H2L1-H2L5) were examined by DFT studies. The stability of all synthesized derivatives was assessed by a UV-visible technique using 10% DMSO, GSH medium and n-octanol/water systems. The binding interactions of BSA and CT-DNA with respective titanium(iv) complexes were successfully evaluated by employing UV-visible absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) techniques and docking studies. The in vitro cytotoxicity of TiH2L2, TiH2L3 and TiH2L4 complexes was assessed against HeLa (human epithelioid cervical cancer cells) and A549 (lung carcinoma) cell lines. The IC50 values of TiH2L2, TiH2L3 and TiH2L4 were observed to be 28.8, 14.7 and 31.2 μg mL-1 for the HeLa cell line and 38.2, 32.9 and 67.78 μg mL-1 for A549 cells, respectively. Complex TiH2L3 exhibited remarkably induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and 77.99% ROS production selectivity in the HeLa cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Thanigachalam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 Tamilnadu India
| | - Madhvesh Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 Tamilnadu India
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Wieczorkiewicz PA, Zborowski KK, Krygowski TM, Szatylowicz H. Substituent Effect versus Aromaticity─A Curious Case of Fulvene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14775-14780. [PMID: 37773323 PMCID: PMC10594647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A computational study on amino- and nitro-substituted penta- and heptafulvenes reveals the interplay between the aromaticity and the substituent effect (SE). Ring substitution alone has little influence on the aromaticity, but in combination with an exo substituent of opposite properties, it substantially enhances the cyclic π-electron delocalization. Despite the SE being stronger for β substitution, only γ substitution leads to higher aromaticity. An explanation is provided by the electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB) method, which proves to be a valuable tool in analyzing both cyclic delocalization and the SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel A. Wieczorkiewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Krzysztof K. Zborowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in
Kraków, Gronostajowa
2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Tadeusz M. Krygowski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Halina Szatylowicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
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Kumar N, Kaushal R, Chaudhary A, Arora S, Awasthi P. Titanium based mixed ligand complexes: Synthesis, spectroscopic and in vitro antiproliferative studies. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2019.1569690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Govt Degree College Jukhala District Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh -174033, India
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh -177005, India
| | - Raj Kaushal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh -177005, India
| | - Ashun Chaudhary
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab -143005, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab -143005, India
| | - Pamita Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh -177005, India
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Richter J, Liebing P, Edelmann FT. Early transition metal and lanthanide metallocenes bearing dihydroazulenide ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Preethalayam P, Krishnan KS, Thulasi S, Chand SS, Joseph J, Nair V, Jaroschik F, Radhakrishnan KV. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Pentafulvenes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3930-3989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preethanuj Preethalayam
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - K. Syam Krishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Sreeja Thulasi
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - S. Sarath Chand
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Jomy Joseph
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - Vijay Nair
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Florian Jaroschik
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - K. V. Radhakrishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
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6
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Synthesis, structural elucidation, and in vitro antiproliferative activities of mixed-ligand titanium complexes. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kaushal R, Kumar N, Chaudhary A, Arora S, Awasthi P. Synthesis, spectral characterization, and antiproliferative studies of mixed ligand titanium complexes of adamantylamine. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2014; 2014:142828. [PMID: 24715822 PMCID: PMC3955668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/142828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium complexes have been synthesized by the reaction between titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), respective bidentate ligand [4,4' -dimethoxy-2,2' -bipyridine (bpome), 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dpme), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (dach), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and benzoylacetone (bzac)], and adamantylamine (ada) in 1 : 2 : 2 molar ratios, respectively. The structure of synthesized complexes was confirmed using elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-visible, (1)H NMR, and mass spectrometry techniques. The nanocrystalline nature of complexes was confirmed by powder XRD study. The complexes were evaluated for cytotoxic potential in HeLa (cervical), C6 (glioma), and CHO (Chinese hamster ovarian) cell lines. The complex E was found to be more effective cytotoxic agent against HeLa cell line with an IC50 value of 4.06 µM. Furthermore, the effect of synthesized complexes was studied on different stages of the cell cycle in CHO cells. All complexes exhibited the dose dependent increase in cytotoxicity. The results have shown an increase in sub-G0 population with increase in concentration which is an indicative measure of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kaushal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India
| | - Ashun Chaudhary
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Pamita Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India
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Li J, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Padakanti PK, Jin H, Cui J, Li A, Zeng D, Rath NP, Flores H, Perlmutter JS, Parsons SM, Tu Z. Heteroaromatic and aniline derivatives of piperidines as potent ligands for vesicular acetylcholine transporter. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6216-33. [PMID: 23802889 DOI: 10.1021/jm400664x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To identify suitable lipophilic compounds having high potency and selectivity for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), a heteroaromatic ring or a phenyl group was introduced into the carbonyl-containing scaffold for VAChT ligands. Twenty new compounds with ALogD values between 0.53 and 3.2 were synthesized, and their in vitro binding affinities were assayed. Six of them (19a, 19e, 19g, 19k, and 24a-b) displayed high affinity for VAChT (Ki = 0.93-18 nM for racemates) and moderate to high selectivity for VAChT over σ1 and σ2 receptors (Ki = 44-4400-fold). These compounds have a methyl or a fluoro substitution that provides the position for incorporating PET radioisotopes C-11 or F-18. Compound (-)-[(11)C]24b (Ki = 0.78 nM for VAChT, 1200-fold over σ receptors) was successfully synthesized and evaluated in vivo in rats and nonhuman primates. The data revealed that (-)-[(11)C]24b has highest binding in striatum and has favorable pharmacokinetics in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Gómez-Ruiz S, Stanojković TP, Kaluđerović GN. Synthesis, characterization, biological studies and in vitro cytotoxicity on human cancer cell lines of titanium(IV) and tin(IV) derivatives with the α,α′-dimercapto-o-xylene ligand. Appl Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Gómez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, ESCET; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; 28933; Móstoles; Madrid; Spain
| | | | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Institut für Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; D-06120; Halle; Germany
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Sarsam SW, Nutt DR, Strohfeldt K, Watson KA. Titanocene anticancer complexes and their binding mode of action to human serum albumin: A computational study. Metallomics 2011; 3:152-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Pelletier F, Comte V, Massard A, Wenzel M, Toulot S, Richard P, Picquet M, Le Gendre P, Zava O, Edafe F, Casini A, Dyson PJ. Development of Bimetallic Titanocene−Ruthenium−Arene Complexes As Anticancer Agents: Relationships between Structural and Biological Properties. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6923-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1004804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Pelletier
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Virginie Comte
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Massard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Margot Wenzel
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Toulot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Richard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Michel Picquet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Le Gendre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR 5260 CNRS—Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Zava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Edafe
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angela Casini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kaluđerović GN, Tayurskaya V, Paschke R, Prashar S, Fajardo M, Gómez-Ruiz S. Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of alkenyl-substituted titanocene(IV) carboxylate complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gao LM, Vera JL, Matta J, Meléndez E. Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of steroid-functionalized titanocenes as potential anticancer drugs: sex steroids as potential vectors for titanocenes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:851-9. [PMID: 20349254 PMCID: PMC4461440 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Six titanocenyls functionalized with steroidal esters have been synthesized and characterized by infrared, (1)H, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Among those steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone, trans-androsterone, and androsterone are androgens and pregnenolone is a progesterone precursor. Clionasterol is a natural steroid compound. These steroid-functionalized titanocenyls were tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay for in vitro cytotoxicity for MCF-7 breast cancer and HT-29 colon cancer cells. All complexes exhibited more cytotoxicity than titanocene dichloride. The titanocenyls containing androgen and progesterone derivatives as pendant groups had higher antiproliferative activities than those with cholesterol steroid compounds. Of particular significance is titanocenyl-dehydroepiandrosterone complex, which is 2 orders of magnitude more cytotoxic than titanocene dichloride and also shows much more sensitivity and selectivity for the MCF-7 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ming Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - José L. Vera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - Jaime Matta
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Physiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR 00732-7004, USA
| | - Enrique Meléndez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
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Titanocenes: Cytotoxic and Anti-angiogenic Chemotherapy Against Advanced Renal-Cell Cancer. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
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Kaluderović GN, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Zizak Z, Juranić ZD, Gómez-Ruiz S. Improvement of cytotoxicity of titanocene-functionalized mesoporous materials by the increase of the titanium content. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2597-608. [PMID: 20179853 DOI: 10.1039/b920051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(2)Cl(2)] (1), with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane in the presence of triethylamine leads to the formation of the thiolate complexes [Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(2){SCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)Si(OMe)(3)}(2)] (2) and [Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(2){SCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)Si(OEt)(3)}(2)] (3), respectively. Complexes 2 and 3 have been characterized by traditional methods, in addition, structural studies based on DFT calculations are reported. 1-3 have been grafted onto dehydroxylated MCM-41 to give the novel materials MCM-41/[Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(2)Cl(2)] (S1), MCM-41/[Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(2){SCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)Si(OMe)(3)}(2)] (S2) and MCM-41/[Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(2){SCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)Si(OEt)(3)}(2)] (S3) which have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen gas sorption, multinuclear MAS NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, UV spectroscopy, SEM and TEM. Materials S2 and S3 present much higher values of Ti wt% (ca. 3%) than S1 (ca. 1%), indicating the higher functionalization rate induced by the substitution of the chloro ligands by the thiolato ligands in the starting titanocene derivatives. The cytotoxicity of the non-functionalized MCM-41 and S1-S3 toward human cancer cell lines such as adenocarcinoma HeLa, human myelogenous leukemia K562 and human malignant melanoma Fem-x has been studied. In addition the cytotoxicity of these materials on normal immunocompetent cells such as stimulated (PBMC+PHA) and non-stimulated (PBMC-PHA) peripheral blood mononuclear cells have been also studied. M(50) values (quantity of material needed to inhibit normal cell survival by 50%) of the studied surfaces show that non-functionalized MCM-41 was not active against any of the studied cells, while the functionalized surfaces S1-S3 were active against all the tested human cancer cells. The cytotoxic activity of surfaces S2 and S3 were very similar, however, S1 showed lower cytotoxic activity. This phenomenon indicates that the cytotoxicity of the titanocene-functionalized materials strongly depends on the titanium content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran N Kaluderović
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
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Roner MR, Carraher CE, Shahi K, Ashida Y, Barot G. Ability of Group IVB metallocene polyethers containing dienestrol to arrest the growth of selected cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:358. [PMID: 19811643 PMCID: PMC2765989 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monomeric Group IVB (Ti, Zr and Hf) metallocenes represent a new class of antitumor compounds. There is literature on the general biological activities of some organotin compounds. Unfortunately, there is little information with respect to the molecular level activity of these organotin compounds. We recently started focusing on the anti-cancer activity of organotin polymers that we had made for other purposes and as part of our platinum anti-cancer effort. METHODS For this study, we synthesized a new series of metallocene-containing compounds coupling the metallocene unit with dienestrol, a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen. This is part of our effort to couple known moieties that offer antitumor activity with biologically active units hoping to increase the biological activity of the combination. The materials were confirmed to be polymeric using light scattering photometry and the structural repeat unit was verified employing matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy results. RESULTS The polymers demonstrated the ability to suppress the growth of a series of tumor cell lines originating from breast, colon, prostrate, and lung cancers at concentrations generally lower than those required for inhibition of cell growth by the commonly used antitumor drug cisplatin. CONCLUSION These drugs show great promise in vitro against a number of cancer cell lines and due to their polymeric nature will most likely be less toxic than currently used metal-containing drugs such as cisplatin. These drugs also offer several addition positive aspects. First, the reactants are commercially available so that additional synthetic steps are not needed. Second, synthesis of the polymer is rapid, occurring within about 15 seconds. Third, the interfacial synthetic system is already industrially employed in the synthesis of aromatic nylons and polycarbonates. Thus, the ability to synthesize large amounts of the drugs is straight forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Roner
- University of Texas, Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Charles E Carraher
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Florida Center for Environmental Studies, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, USA
| | - Kimberly Shahi
- University of Texas, Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Yuki Ashida
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Florida Center for Environmental Studies, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, USA
- Tokushima University, Department of Engineering, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Girish Barot
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Florida Center for Environmental Studies, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, USA
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Pérez-Quintanilla D, Gómez-Ruiz S, Zizak Z, Sierra I, Prashar S, del Hierro I, Fajardo M, Juranić ZD, Kaluderović GN. A new generation of anticancer drugs: mesoporous materials modified with titanocene complexes. Chemistry 2009; 15:5588-97. [PMID: 19370742 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroxylated MCM-41 and SBA-15 surfaces were modified by the grafting of two different titanocene complexes ([Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)Me)(2)Cl(2)] and [Ti{Me(2)Si(eta(5)-C(5)Me(4))(eta(5)-C(5)H(4))}Cl(2)]) to give new materials, which have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen gas sorption, MAS-NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, SEM, and TEM. The toxicity of the resulting materials toward human adenocarcinoma HeLa, human myelogenous leukemia K562, human malignant melanoma Fem-x, and normal immunocompetent cells, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC has been studied. Estimation of the number of particles per gram of material led to the calculation of Q(50) values for these samples, which is the number of particles required to inhibit normal cell growth by 50%. In addition, M(50) values (quantity of material needed to inhibit normal cell growth by 50%) of the studied surfaces is also reported. Nonfunctionalized MCM-41 and SBA-15 did not show notable antiproliferative activity, whereas functionalization of these materials with different titanocene based anticancer drugs led to very promising antitumoral activity. The best Q(50) values correspond to titanocene functionalized MCM-41 surfaces (MCM-41/[Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)Me)(2)Cl(2)] (1) and MCM-41/[Ti{Me(2)Si(eta(5)-C(5)Me(4))(eta(5)-C(5)H(4))}Cl(2)] (2)) with Q(50) values between 3.8+/-0.6x10(8) and 24.5+/-3.0x10(8) particles. Titanocene functionalized SBA-15 surfaces (SBA-15/[Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)Me)(2)Cl(2)] (3) and SBA-15/[Ti{Me(2)Si(eta(5)-C(5)Me(4))(eta(5)-C(5)H(4))}Cl(2)] (4)) gave higher Q(50) values, showing lower activity from 73.2+/-9.9x10(8) to 362+/-7x10(8) particles. The best response of the studied materials in terms of M(50) values was observed against Fem-x (309+/-42 microg for 4) and K562 (338+/-18 microg for 2), whereas moderate activities were observed in HeLa cells (from 508+/-63 microg of 2 to 912+/-10 microg of 1). In addition, the analyzed surfaces presented only marginal activity against unstimulated and stimulated PBMC, showing a slight selectivity on human cancer cells. Comparison of the in vitro cytotoxicity in solution of the titanocene complexes [Ti(eta(5)-C(5)H(4)Me)(2)Cl(2)] and [Ti{Me(2)Si(eta(5)-C(5)Me(4))(eta(5)-C(5)H(4))}Cl(2)] and the corresponding titanocene functionalized materials is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Pérez-Quintanilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, E.S.C.E.T. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Gómez-Ruiz S, Kaluđerović GN, Žižak Ž, Besu I, Juranić ZD, Prashar S, Fajardo M. Anticancer drugs based on alkenyl and boryl substituted titanocene complexes. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vessières A, Plamont MA, Cabestaing C, Claffey J, Dieckmann S, Hogan M, Müller-Bunz H, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. Proliferative and anti-proliferative effects of titanium- and iron-based metallocene anti-cancer drugs. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Claffey J, Hogan M, Müller-Bunz H, Pampillón C, Tacke M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of methoxy benzyl substituted titanocenes. J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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