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Moraes D, Tristão GB, Rappleye CA, Ray SC, Ribeiro-Dias F, Gomes RS, Assunção LDP, Paccez JD, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Silva-Bailão MG, Soares CMDA, Bailão AM. The influence of a copper efflux pump in Histoplasma capsulatum virulence. FEBS J 2024; 291:744-760. [PMID: 37950580 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
During the infectious process, pathogenic microorganisms must obtain nutrients from the host in order to survive and proliferate. These nutritional sources include the metallic nutrient copper. Despite its essentiality, copper in large amounts is toxic. Host defense mechanisms use high copper poisoning as a fungicidal strategy to control infection. Transcriptional analyses showed that yeast cultured in the presence of copper or inside macrophages (24 h) had elevated expression of CRP1, a copper efflux pump, suggesting that Histoplasma capsulatum could be exposed to a high copper environment in macrophages during the innate immune stage of infection. Accordingly, macrophages cultured in high copper are more efficient in controlling H. capsulatum growth. Also, silencing of ATP7a, a copper pump that promotes the copper influx in phagosomes, increases fungal survival in macrophages. The rich copper environment faced by the fungus is not dependent on IFN-γ, since fungal CRP1 expression is induced in untreated macrophages. Appropriately, CRP1 knockdown fungal strains are more susceptible to macrophage control than wild-type yeasts. Additionally, CRP1 silencing decreases fungal burden in mice during the phase of innate immune response (4-day postinfection) and CRP1 is required for full virulence in a macrophage cell lines (J774 A.1 and RAW 264.7), as well as primary cells (BMDM). Thus, induction of fungal copper detoxifying genes during innate immunity and the attenuated virulence of CRP1-knockdown yeasts suggest that H. capsulatum is exposed to a copper-rich environment at early infection, but circumvents this condition to establish infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane Moraes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Brum Tristão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Chad A Rappleye
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie C Ray
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Leandro do Prado Assunção
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mirelle Garcia Silva-Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (LBM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Polesel M, Ingles-Prieto A, Christodoulaki E, Ferrada E, Doucerain C, Altermatt P, Knecht M, Kuhn M, Steck AL, Wilhelm M, Manolova V. Functional characterization of SLC39 family members ZIP5 and ZIP10 in overexpressing HEK293 cells reveals selective copper transport activity. Biometals 2023; 36:227-237. [PMID: 36454509 PMCID: PMC11196296 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is the second most prevalent metal element present in living organisms, and control of its concentration is pivotal to physiology. The amount of zinc available to the cell cytoplasm is regulated by the activity of members of the SLC39 family, the ZIP proteins. Selectivity of ZIP transporters has been the focus of earlier studies which provided a biochemical and structural basis for the selectivity for zinc over other metals such as copper, iron, and manganese. However, several previous studies have shown how certain ZIP proteins exhibit higher selectivity for metal elements other than zinc. Sequence similarities suggest an evolutionary basis for the elemental selectivity within the ZIP family. Here, by engineering HEK293 cells to overexpress ZIP proteins, we have studied the selectivity of two phylogenetic clades of ZIP proteins, that is ZIP8/ZIP14 (previously known to be iron and manganese transporters) and ZIP5/ZIP10. By incubating ZIP over-expressing cells in presence of several divalent metals, we found that ZIP5 and ZIP10 are high affinity copper transporters with greater selectivity over other elements, revealing a novel substrate signature for the ZIP5/ZIP10 clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Polesel
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Alvaro Ingles-Prieto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eirini Christodoulaki
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evandro Ferrada
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cédric Doucerain
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Altermatt
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Knecht
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kuhn
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Lena Steck
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maria Wilhelm
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Vania Manolova
- Vifor (International) AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Herman S, Lipiński P, Starzyński R, Bednarz A, Grzmil P, Lenartowicz M. Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Copper Homeostasis in Mammals. Folia Biol (Praha) 2022. [DOI: 10.3409/fb_70-4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a trace element necessary for the growth and development of all living organisms, and is the third most abundant trace metal in the body after iron and zinc. Copper is essential for maintaining the life processes in all living cells, because several copper-dependent enzymes
play an important role in key physiological processes like cellular respiration, oxygen radical scavenging, the transport of iron and neurotransmitter synthesis. Maintaining copper homeostasis implies maintaining the constancy of copper levels in the cells and fluids throughout the body, in
order to support the enzymes and other factors that underlie normal life processes. Therefore, living organisms have developed complex mechanisms for maintaining their physiological copper level, because an excess copper level can be toxic for the cells. In the cell, copper homeostasis is
controlled by a network of copper-binding proteins and transporters. Furthermore, copper uptake is mediated by the membrane transporter CTR1 and CTR2 proteins. In the cytoplasm, it is bound to a unique group of metallochaperones (ATOX1, CCS COX17) and transported to different cell compartments,
where it is linked to the recipient proteins. The Cu-transporting ATPases (ATP7A and ATP7B) are responsible for transferring copper into the Golgi apparatus, where the copper is added to the active sites of enzymes, and it is also directed onto the path of excess cellular copper removal to
prevent the occurrence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Herman
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Jastrzêbiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Jastrzêbiec, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Azfar M, van Veen S, Houdou M, Hamouda NN, Eggermont J, Vangheluwe P. P5B-ATPases in the mammalian polyamine transport system and their role in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119354. [PMID: 36064065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are physiologically relevant molecules that are ubiquitous in all organisms. The vitality of PAs to the healthy functioning of a cell is due to their polycationic nature causing them to interact with a vast plethora of cellular players and partake in numerous cellular pathways. Naturally, the homeostasis of such essential molecules is tightly regulated in a strictly controlled interplay between intracellular synthesis and degradation, uptake from and secretion to the extracellular compartment, as well as intracellular trafficking. Not surprisingly, dysregulated PA homeostasis and signaling are implicated in multiple disorders, ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration; leading many to propose rectifying the PA balance as a potential therapeutic strategy. Despite being well characterized in bacteria, fungi and plants, the molecular identity and properties of the PA transporters in animals are poorly understood. This review brings together the current knowledge of the cellular function of the mammalian PA transport system (PTS). We will focus on the role of P5B-ATPases ATP13A2-5 which are PA transporters in the endosomal system that have emerged as key players in cellular PA uptake and organelle homeostasis. We will discuss recent breakthroughs on their biochemical and structural properties as well as their implications for disease and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Azfar
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marine Houdou
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Norin Nabil Hamouda
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Eggermont
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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The Role of Copper Homeostasis in Brain Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213850. [PMID: 36430330 PMCID: PMC9698384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, copper is an important trace element and is a cofactor for several important enzymes involved in energy production, iron metabolism, neuropeptide activation, connective tissue synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Copper is also necessary for cellular processes, such as the regulation of intracellular signal transduction, catecholamine balance, myelination of neurons, and efficient synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Copper is naturally present in some foods and is available as a dietary supplement. Only small amounts of copper are typically stored in the body and a large amount of copper is excreted through bile and urine. Given the critical role of copper in a breadth of cellular processes, local concentrations of copper and the cellular distribution of copper transporter proteins in the brain are important to maintain the steady state of the internal environment. The dysfunction of copper metabolism or regulatory pathways results in an imbalance in copper homeostasis in the brain, which can lead to a myriad of acute and chronic pathological effects on neurological function. It suggests a unique mechanism linking copper homeostasis and neuronal activation within the central nervous system. This article explores the relationship between impaired copper homeostasis and neuropathophysiological progress in brain diseases.
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Sluysmans S, Méan I, Xiao T, Boukhatemi A, Ferreira F, Jond L, Mutero A, Chang CJ, Citi S. PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, and PLEKHA7 bind to PDZD11 to target the Menkes ATPase ATP7A to the cell periphery and regulate copper homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar34. [PMID: 34613798 PMCID: PMC8693958 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-07-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper homeostasis is crucial for cellular physiology and development, and its dysregulation leads to disease. The Menkes ATPase ATP7A plays a key role in copper efflux, by trafficking from the Golgi to the plasma membrane upon cell exposure to elevated copper, but the mechanisms that target ATP7A to the cell periphery are poorly understood. PDZD11 interacts with the C-terminus of ATP7A, which contains sequences involved in ATP7A trafficking, but the role of PDZD11 in ATP7A localization is unknown. Here we identify PLEKHA5 and PLEKHA6 as new interactors of PDZD11 that bind to the PDZD11 N-terminus through their WW domains similarly to the junctional protein PLEKHA7. Using CRISPR-KO kidney epithelial cells, we show by immunofluorescence microscopy that WW-PLEKHAs (PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7) recruit PDZD11 to distinct plasma membrane localizations and that they are required for the efficient anterograde targeting of ATP7A to the cell periphery in elevated copper conditions. Pull-down experiments show that WW-PLEKHAs promote PDZD11 interaction with the C-terminus of ATP7A. However, WW-PLEKHAs and PDZD11 are not necessary for ATP7A Golgi localization in basal copper, ATP7A copper-induced exit from the Golgi, and ATP7A retrograde trafficking to the Golgi. Finally, measuring bioavailable and total cellular copper, metallothionein-1 expression, and cell viability shows that WW-PLEKHAs and PDZD11 are required for maintaining low intracellular copper levels when cells are exposed to elevated copper. These data indicate that WW-PLEKHAs-PDZD11 complexes regulate the localization and function of ATP7A to promote copper extrusion in elevated copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sluysmans
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Méan
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Amina Boukhatemi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Ferreira
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Jond
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annick Mutero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Herman S, Lipiński P, Ogórek M, Starzyński R, Grzmil P, Bednarz A, Lenartowicz M. Molecular Regulation of Copper Homeostasis in the Male Gonad during the Process of Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239053. [PMID: 33260507 PMCID: PMC7730223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to its redox properties, copper is a cofactor of enzymes that catalyze reactions in fundamental metabolic processes. However, copper-oxygen interaction, which is a source of toxic oxygen radicals generated by the Fenton reaction, makes copper a doubled-edged-sword in an oxygen environment. Among the microelements influencing male fertility, copper plays a special role because both copper deficiency and overload in the gonads worsen spermatozoa quality and disturb reproductive function in mammals. Male gametes are produced during spermatogenesis, a multi-step process that consumes large amounts of oxygen. Germ cells containing a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes are particularly vulnerable to excess copper-mediated oxidative stress. In addition, an appropriate copper level is necessary to initiate meiosis in premeiotic germ cells. The balance between essential and toxic copper concentrations in germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis and in Sertoli cells that support their development is handled by a network of copper importers, chaperones, recipient proteins, and exporters. Here, we describe coordinated regulation/functioning of copper-binding proteins expressed in germ and Sertoli cells with special emphasis on copper transporters, copper transporting ATPases, and SOD1, a copper-dependent antioxidant enzyme. These and other proteins assure copper bioavailability in germ cells and protection against copper toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Herman
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (S.H.); (M.O.); (P.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland; (P.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Mateusz Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (S.H.); (M.O.); (P.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Rafał Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Magdalenka, Jastrzębiec, Poland; (P.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (S.H.); (M.O.); (P.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (S.H.); (M.O.); (P.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (S.H.); (M.O.); (P.G.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Systematic chemical screening identifies disulfiram as a repurposed drug that enhances sensitivity to cisplatin in bladder cancer: a summary of preclinical studies. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:1027-1038. [PMID: 31673101 PMCID: PMC6964684 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the standard gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer yields limited therapeutic effect due to chemoresistance, it is a clinical challenge to enhance sensitivity to GC. Methods We performed high-throughput screening by using a library of known chemicals and repositionable drugs. A total of 2098 compounds were administered alone or with GC to human bladder cancer cells, and chemicals that enhanced GC effects were screened. Results Disulfiram (DSF), an anti-alcoholism drug, was identified as a candidate showing synergistic effects with cisplatin but not with gemcitabine in multiple cell lines. Co-administration of DSF with GC affected cellular localisation of a cisplatin efflux transporter ATP7A, increased DNA–platinum adducts and promoted apoptosis. Micellar DSF nanoparticles (DSF-NP) that stabilised DSF in vivo, enhanced the inhibitory effect of cisplatin in patient-derived and cell-based xenograft models without severe adverse effects. A drug susceptibility evaluation system by using cancer tissue-originated spheroid culture showed promise in identifying cases who would benefit from DSF with cisplatin. Conclusions The present study highlighted the advantage of drug repurposing to enhance the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapy. Repurposing of DSF to a chemotherapy sensitiser may provide additional efficacy with less expense by using an available drug with a well-characterised safety profile.
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Nishito Y, Kambe T. Absorption Mechanisms of Iron, Copper, and Zinc: An Overview. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 64:1-7. [PMID: 29491267 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Essential trace elements play pivotal roles in numerous structural and catalytic functions of proteins. Adequate intake of essential trace elements from the daily diet is indispensable to the maintenance of health, and their deficiency leads to a variety of conditions. However, excessive amounts of these trace elements may be highly toxic, and in some cases, may cause damage by the production of harmful reactive oxygen species. Homeostatic dysregulation of their metabolism increases the risk of developing diseases. Specific transport proteins that facilitate influx or efflux of trace elements play key roles in maintaining the homeostasis. Recent elucidation of their crucial functions significantly facilitated our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) absorption in the small intestine. This paper summarizes their absorption mechanisms, with a focus on indispensable functions of the molecules involved in it, and briefly discusses the mechanisms of homeostatic control of each element at the cellular and systemic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Nishito
- The Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Taiho Kambe
- The Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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Cruces-Sande A, Méndez-Álvarez E, Soto-Otero R. Copper increases the ability of 6-hydroxydopamine to generate oxidative stress and the ability of ascorbate and glutathione to potentiate this effect: potential implications in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 141:738-749. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antón Cruces-Sande
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Estefanía Méndez-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Ramón Soto-Otero
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
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Balestri F, Moschini R, Cappiello M, Mura U, Del-Corso A. Thiol oxidase ability of copper ion is specifically retained upon chelation by aldose reductase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:559-565. [PMID: 28224255 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lens aldose reductase is susceptible to a copper-mediated oxidation, leading to the generation of a disulfide bridge with the concomitant incorporation of two equivalents of the metal and inactivation of the enzyme. The metal complexed by the protein remains redox active, being able to catalyse the oxidation of different physiological thiol compounds. The thiol oxidase activity displayed by the enzymatic form carrying one equivalent of copper ion (Cu1-AR) has been characterized. The efficacy of Cu1-AR in catalysing thiol oxidation is essentially comparable to the free copper in terms of both thiol concentration and pH effect. On the contrary, the two catalysts are differently affected by temperature. The specificity of the AR-bound copper towards thiols is highlighted with Cu1-AR being completely ineffective in promoting the oxidation of both low-density lipoprotein and ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy.
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Öhrvik H, Aaseth J, Horn N. Orchestration of dynamic copper navigation – new and missing pieces. Metallomics 2017; 9:1204-1229. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A general principle in all cells in the body is that an essential metal – here copper – is taken up at the plasma membrane, directed through cellular compartments for use in specific enzymes and pathways, stored in specific scavenging molecules if in surplus, and finally expelled from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Innlandet Hospital Trust and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
- Norway
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13
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Inesi G. Molecular features of copper binding proteins involved in copper homeostasis. IUBMB Life 2016; 69:211-217. [PMID: 27896900 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Copper has a wide and important role in biological systems, determining conformation and activity of many metalloproteins and enzymes, such as cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase . Furthermore, due to its possible reactivity with nonspecific proteins and toxic effects, elaborate systems of absorption, concentration buffering, delivery to specific protein sites and elimination, require a complex system including small carriers, chaperones and active transporters. The P-type copper ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B provide an important system for acquisition, active transport, distribution and elimination of copper. Relevance of copper metabolism to human diseases and therapy is already known. It is quite certain that further studies will reveal detailed and useful information on biochemical mechanisms and relevance to diseases. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):211-217, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Inesi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Argüello JM, Patel SJ, Quintana J. Bacterial Cu(+)-ATPases: models for molecular structure-function studies. Metallomics 2016; 8:906-14. [PMID: 27465346 PMCID: PMC5025381 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00089d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The early discovery of the human Cu(+)-ATPases and their link to Menkes and Wilson's diseases brought attention to the unique role of these transporters in copper homeostasis. The characterization of bacterial Cu(+)-ATPases has significantly furthered our understanding of the structure, selectivity and transport mechanism of these enzymes, as well as their interplay with other elements of Cu(+) distribution networks. This review focuses on the structural-functional insights that have emerged from studies of bacterial Cu(+)-ATPases at the molecular level and how these observations have contributed to drawing up a comprehensive picture of cellular copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Argüello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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15
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Lenartowicz M, Moos T, Ogórek M, Jensen TG, Møller LB. Metal-Dependent Regulation of ATP7A and ATP7B in Fibroblast Cultures. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:68. [PMID: 27587995 PMCID: PMC4988979 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of one of the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B leads to the rare X-linked disorder Menkes Disease (MD) or the rare autosomal disorder Wilson disease (WD), respectively. In order to investigate whether the ATP7A and the ATP7B genes may be transcriptionally regulated, we measured the expression level of the two genes at various concentrations of iron, copper, and insulin. Treating fibroblasts from controls or from individuals with MD or WD for 3 and 10 days with iron chelators revealed that iron deficiency led to increased transcript levels of both ATP7A and ATP7B. Copper deficiency obtained by treatment with the copper chelator led to a downregulation of ATP7A in the control fibroblasts, but surprisingly not in the WD fibroblasts. In contrast, the addition of copper led to an increased expression of ATP7A, but a decreased expression of ATP7B. Thus, whereas similar regulation patterns for the two genes were observed in response to iron deficiency, different responses were observed after changes in the access to copper. Mosaic fibroblast cultures from female carriers of MD treated with copper or copper chelator for 6–8 weeks led to clonal selection. Cells that express the normal ATP7A allele had a selective growth advantage at high copper concentrations, whereas more surprisingly, cells that express the mutant ATP7A allele had a selective growth advantage at low copper concentrations. Thus, although the transcription of ATP7A is regulated by copper, clonal growth selection in mosaic cell cultures is affected by the level of copper. Female carriers of MD are rarely affected probably due to a skewed inactivation of the X-chromosome bearing the ATP7A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
| | - Torben Moos
- Section of Neurobiology, Biomedicine, Institute of Medicine and Health Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mateusz Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
| | - Thomas G Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth B Møller
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital - RigshospitaletGlostrup, Denmark; Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
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16
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Laurent C, Lekeux G, Ukuwela AA, Xiao Z, Charlier JB, Bosman B, Carnol M, Motte P, Damblon C, Galleni M, Hanikenne M. Metal binding to the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the PIB ATPase HMA4 is required for metal transport in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:453-66. [PMID: 26797794 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PIB ATPases are metal cation pumps that transport metals across membranes. These proteins possess N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic extensions that contain Cys- and His-rich high affinity metal binding domains, which may be involved in metal sensing, metal ion selectivity and/or in regulation of the pump activity. The PIB ATPase HMA4 (Heavy Metal ATPase 4) plays a central role in metal homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana and has a key function in zinc and cadmium hypertolerance and hyperaccumulation in the extremophile plant species Arabidopsis halleri. Here, we examined the function and structure of the N-terminal cytoplasmic metal-binding domain of HMA4. We mutagenized a conserved CCTSE metal-binding motif in the domain and assessed the impact of the mutations on protein function and localization in planta, on metal-binding properties in vitro and on protein structure by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. The two Cys residues of the motif are essential for the function, but not for localization, of HMA4 in planta, whereas the Glu residue is important but not essential. These residues also determine zinc coordination and affinity. Zinc binding to the N-terminal domain is thus crucial for HMA4 protein function, whereas it is not required to maintain the protein structure. Altogether, combining in vivo and in vitro approaches in our study provides insights towards the molecular understanding of metal transport and specificity of metal P-type ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Laurent
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Lekeux
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ashwinie A Ukuwela
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jean-Benoit Charlier
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bosman
- Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Monique Carnol
- Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Motte
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- PhytoSYSTEMS, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Damblon
- Chimie Biologique Structurale, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Moreno Galleni
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- PhytoSYSTEMS, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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17
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Guo Z, Han J, Yang XY, Cao K, He K, Du G, Zeng G, Zhang L, Yu G, Sun Z, He QY, Sun X. Proteomic analysis of the copper resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Metallomics 2015; 7:448-54. [PMID: 25608595 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen causing a variety of diseases, including otitis media, bacteraemia and meningitis. Although copper is an essential trace metal for bacterial growth, high intracellular levels of free-copper are toxic. Copper resistance has emerged as an important virulence determinant of microbial pathogens. In this study, we determined the minimum inhibition concentration of copper for the growth inhibition of S. pneumoniae. Two-dimensional-electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was applied to identify proteins involved in copper resistance of S. pneumoniae. In total, forty-four proteins with more than 1.5-fold alteration in expression (p < 0.05) were identified. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to confirm the proteomic results. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in the cell wall biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, purine biosynthesis, pyrimidine biosynthesis, primary metabolic process, and the nitrogen compound metabolic process. Many up-regulated proteins in response to the copper treatment directly or indirectly participated in the cell wall biosynthesis, indicating that the cell wall is a critical determinant in copper resistance of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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18
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Denoyer D, Masaldan S, La Fontaine S, Cater MA. Targeting copper in cancer therapy: 'Copper That Cancer'. Metallomics 2015; 7:1459-76. [PMID: 26313539 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient involved in fundamental life processes that are conserved throughout all forms of life. The ability of copper to catalyze oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which can inadvertently lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), necessitates the tight homeostatic regulation of copper within the body. Many cancer types exhibit increased intratumoral copper and/or altered systemic copper distribution. The realization that copper serves as a limiting factor for multiple aspects of tumor progression, including growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, has prompted the development of copper-specific chelators as therapies to inhibit these processes. Another therapeutic approach utilizes specific ionophores that deliver copper to cells to increase intracellular copper levels. The therapeutic window between normal and cancerous cells when intracellular copper is forcibly increased, is the premise for the development of copper-ionophores endowed with anticancer properties. Also under investigation is the use of copper to replace platinum in coordination complexes currently used as mainstream chemotherapies. In comparison to platinum-based drugs, these promising copper coordination complexes may be more potent anticancer agents, with reduced toxicity toward normal cells and they may potentially circumvent the chemoresistance associated with recurrent platinum treatment. In addition, cancerous cells can adapt their copper homeostatic mechanisms to acquire resistance to conventional platinum-based drugs and certain copper coordination complexes can re-sensitize cancer cells to these drugs. This review will outline the biological importance of copper and copper homeostasis in mammalian cells, followed by a discussion of our current understanding of copper dysregulation in cancer, and the recent therapeutic advances using copper coordination complexes as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Denoyer
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Wang J, Binks T, Warr CG, Burke R. Vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase subunits and the neurogenic protein big brain are required for optimal copper and zinc uptake. Metallomics 2015; 6:2100-8. [PMID: 25209718 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper and zinc homeostasis in polarized epithelial cells requires the correct localization and regulation of membrane-bound transport proteins at the apical and basolateral cell membranes. We have identified a subunit of the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) complex, vhaPPA1-2, and the Drosophila aquaporin homolog big brain (bib), as being required for the correct localization of the copper uptake transporters Ctr1A and Ctr1B and the zinc uptake protein dZip89B and hence necessary for optimal copper and zinc accumulation in vivo. Knockdown of vhaPPA1-2 or bib resulted in cuticle hypo-pigmentation phenotypes typical of copper deficiency in the fly and induction of midgut Ctr1B expression, a known response to low cellular copper levels. Furthermore, midgut-specific knockdown of bib increased tolerance to elevated dietary zinc levels. Ctr1A, Ctr1B and dZip89B are normally localized to the apical plasma membrane. Upon knockdown of vhaPPA1-2 or bib, this localization was strongly disrupted as was that of the generic plasma membrane marker CD8-GFP, indicating that these two genes are not acting specifically on metal ion homeostasis but rather are necessary for general apical membrane protein localization in polarized epithelial cells. These results suggest that metal ion transport is particularly sensitive to disturbances in cellular protein localization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Ogra Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying copper homeostasis in Mammalian cells. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2015; 69:136-45. [PMID: 24858509 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for living organisms that utilize oxygen for respiration and is required as a cofactor of redox-regulating enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, lysyl oxidase, tyrosinase, and dopamine β-hydroxylase. However, the redox-active property of this metal may have toxic effects on cells due to the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species. Given these circumstances, it is said that cells have a dependable system for Cu homeostasis that efficiently distributes this essential metal to cuproenzymes, thereby preventing damage to proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, and lipids. In particular, influx, efflux, and intracellular distribution with maintenance of the oxidation state of Cu are strictly regulated. Several groups of Cu-regulating factors have been identified in mammalian cells, i.e., Cu transporters, Cu chaperones, Cu-binding proteins/peptides, and others. In this review, the features of the Cu-regulating factors are concisely examined in terms of molecular mechanisms underlying Cu homeostasis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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21
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Abstract
Copper ATPases, in analogy with other members of the P-ATPase superfamily, contain a catalytic headpiece including an aspartate residue reacting with ATP to form a phosphoenzyme intermediate, and transmembrane helices containing cation-binding sites [TMBS (transmembrane metal-binding sites)] for catalytic activation and cation translocation. Following phosphoenzyme formation by utilization of ATP, bound copper undergoes displacement from the TMBS to the lumenal membrane surface, with no H+ exchange. Although PII-type ATPases sustain active transport of alkali/alkali-earth ions (i.e. Na+, Ca2+) against electrochemical gradients across defined membranes, PIB-type ATPases transfer transition metal ions (i.e. Cu+) from delivery to acceptor proteins and, prominently in mammalian cells, undergo trafficking from/to various membrane compartments. A specific component of copper ATPases is the NMBD (N-terminal metal-binding domain), containing up to six copper-binding sites in mammalian (ATP7A and ATP7B) enzymes. Copper occupancy of NMBD sites and interaction with the ATPase headpiece are required for catalytic activation. Furthermore, in the presence of copper, the NMBD allows interaction with protein kinase D, yielding phosphorylation of serine residues, ATP7B trafficking and protection from proteasome degradation. A specific feature of ATP7A is glycosylation and stabilization on plasma membranes. Cisplatin, a platinum-containing anti-cancer drug, binds to copper sites of ATP7A and ATP7B, and undergoes vectorial displacement in analogy with copper.
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22
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Lenartowicz M, Kennedy C, Hayes H, McArdle HJ. Transcriptional regulation of copper metabolism genes in the liver of fetal and neonatal control and iron-deficient rats. Biometals 2014; 28:51-9. [PMID: 25349135 PMCID: PMC4300417 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper and iron metabolism have been known to interact for many years. We have previously shown, during pregnancy, that copper levels in the maternal liver rise as a consequence of iron deficiency, but that levels in the fetal liver decrease. In this paper, we measure expression of genes involved in copper metabolism in fetal and postnatal liver, to test whether alterations can explain this observation. Additionally, we study the extent to which gene expression changes in the latter stages of pregnancy and in the perinatal period. Ctr1 expression levels dropped to term, rising again thereafter. There was no difference in gene expression between control and iron deficient animals. Atox1 expression remained approximately stable until term, and then there was a rise to a maximum at about Day 8. Atp7a expression levels remained constant, except for a brief drop at term. Atp7b levels, in contrast, decreased from a maximum early in gestation to low levels in the term and post-natal livers. Ceruloplasmin expression appeared to be diametrically opposite to Atp7b. The other two metallochaperones showed the same pattern of expression as Atox1, with a decrease to term, a rise at Day 1, or a rise after birth followed by a brief decrease at about Day 3. None of the genes were significantly affected by iron deficiency, suggesting that changes in expression cannot explain the altered copper levels in the fetal and neonatal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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23
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Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential redox active metal that is potentially toxic in excess. Multicellular organisms acquire Cu from the diet and must regulate uptake, storage, distribution and export of Cu at both the cellular and organismal levels. Systemic Cu deficiency can be fatal, as seen in Menkes disease patients. Conversely Cu toxicity occurs in patients with Wilson disease. Cu dyshomeostasis has also been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Over the last decade, the fly Drosophila melanogaster has become an important model organism for the elucidation of eukaryotic Cu regulatory mechanisms. Gene discovery approaches with Drosophila have identified novel genes with conserved protein functions relevant to Cu homeostasis in humans. This review focuses on our current understanding of Cu uptake, distribution and export in Drosophila and the implications for mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Southon
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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24
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Telianidis J, Hung YH, Materia S, Fontaine SL. Role of the P-Type ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B in brain copper homeostasis. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:44. [PMID: 23986700 PMCID: PMC3750203 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in our understanding of copper homeostasis and the pathological consequences of copper dysregulation. Cumulative evidence is revealing a complex regulatory network of proteins and pathways that maintain copper homeostasis. The recognition of copper dysregulation as a key pathological feature in prominent neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion diseases has led to increased research focus on the mechanisms controlling copper homeostasis in the brain. The copper-transporting P-type ATPases (copper-ATPases), ATP7A and ATP7B, are critical components of the copper regulatory network. Our understanding of the biochemistry and cell biology of these complex proteins has grown significantly since their discovery in 1993. They are large polytopic transmembrane proteins with six copper-binding motifs within the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain, eight transmembrane domains, and highly conserved catalytic domains. These proteins catalyze ATP-dependent copper transport across cell membranes for the metallation of many essential cuproenzymes, as well as for the removal of excess cellular copper to prevent copper toxicity. A key functional aspect of these copper transporters is their copper-responsive trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the cell periphery. ATP7A- and ATP7B-deficiency, due to genetic mutation, underlie the inherited copper transport disorders, Menkes and Wilson diseases, respectively. Their importance in maintaining brain copper homeostasis is underscored by the severe neuropathological deficits in these disorders. Herein we will review and update our current knowledge of these copper transporters in the brain and the central nervous system, their distribution and regulation, their role in normal brain copper homeostasis, and how their absence or dysfunction contributes to disturbances in copper homeostasis and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Telianidis
- Strategic Research Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Ya Hui Hung
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Materia
- Strategic Research Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- Strategic Research Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia
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25
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Duncan C, Bica L, Crouch PJ, Caragounis A, Lidgerwood GE, Parker SJ, Meyerowitz J, Volitakis I, Liddell JR, Raghupathi R, Paterson BM, Duffield MD, Cappai R, Donnelly PS, Grubman A, Camakaris J, Keating DJ, White AR. Copper modulates the large dense core vesicle secretory pathway in PC12 cells. Metallomics 2013; 5:700-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Gaspar JA, Doss MX, Winkler J, Wagh V, Hescheler J, Kolde R, Vilo J, Schulz H, Sachinidis A. Gene expression signatures defining fundamental biological processes in pluripotent, early, and late differentiated embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2471-84. [PMID: 22420508 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the molecular mechanisms controlling the in vivo developmental program postembryogenesis is challenging and time consuming. However, the developmental program can be partly recapitulated in vitro by the use of cultured embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Similar to the totipotent cells of the inner cell mass, gene expression and morphological changes in cultured ESCs occur hierarchically during their differentiation, with epiblast cells developing first, followed by germ layers and finally somatic cells. Combination of high throughput -omics technologies with murine ESCs offers an alternative approach for studying developmental processes toward organ-specific cell phenotypes. We have made an attempt to understand differentiation networks controlling embryogenesis in vivo using a time kinetic, by identifying molecules defining fundamental biological processes in the pluripotent state as well as in early and the late differentiation stages of ESCs. Our microarray data of the differentiation of the ESCs clearly demonstrate that the most critical early differentiation processes occur at days 2 and 3 of differentiation. Besides monitoring well-annotated markers pertinent to both self-renewal and potency (capacity to differentiate to different cell lineage), we have identified candidate molecules for relevant signaling pathways. These molecules can be further investigated in gain and loss-of-function studies to elucidate their role for pluripotency and differentiation. As an example, siRNA knockdown of MageB16, a gene highly expressed in the pluripotent state, has proven its influence in inducing differentiation when its function is repressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Antonydas Gaspar
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Stys PK, You H, Zamponi GW. Copper-dependent regulation of NMDA receptors by cellular prion protein: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. J Physiol 2012; 590:1357-68. [PMID: 22310309 PMCID: PMC3382327 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate a wide range of important nervous system functions. Conversely, excessive NMDA receptor activity leads to cytotoxic calcium overload and neuronal damage in a wide variety of CNS disorders. It is well established that NMDA receptors are tightly regulated by a number of cell signalling pathways. Recently, it has been shown that NMDA receptor activity is modulated by cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in a copper-dependent manner. Here we give an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the novel concept of potent modulation of this receptor's kinetics by copper ions, and the interplay between NMDA receptors and PrP(C) in the context of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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28
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Lenartowicz M, Grzmil P, Shoukier M, Starzyński R, Marciniak M, Lipiński P. Mutation in the CPC motif-containing 6th transmembrane domain affects intracellular localization, trafficking and copper transport efficiency of ATP7A protein in mosaic mutant mice--an animal model of Menkes disease. Metallomics 2011; 4:197-204. [PMID: 22089129 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms. ATP7A protein is a copper-transporting ATPase which plays a vital role in the maintenance of cellular copper homeostasis in mammals. This protein is retained within the trans-Golgi network, but after binding copper it can be translocated to the cell membrane to participate in the efflux of excess Cu. Mutation of the ATP7A gene in humans results in the severe neurodegenerative disorder, Menkes disease. The mouse ATP7A homolog encodes a protein that plays the same role in copper transport. Mosaic mutant mice display a lethal phenotype which resembles Menkes disease, although the underlying molecular defect has not been characterized until now. In the present study we identified a G to C nucleotide exchange in exon 15 of the Atp7a gene in mosaic mutants, which resulted in an arginine to proline substitution in the highly conserved 6th transmembrane domain of the ATP7A protein. This mutated protein was mislocalized in kidney cells isolated from mosaic mutant mice, and following exposure of these cells to increased copper concentrations it was not translocated to the plasma membrane. Disturbance of ATP7A function in mosaic mice results in increased copper accumulation in the small intestine and kidneys, and in Cu deficiency in the brain, liver and heart. Mouse models of Menkes disease belong to the mottled mutant group. The mosaic mutant represents another interesting animal model for Menkes disease that will be of value in research on copper metabolism and transport in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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29
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Lye JC, Hwang JEC, Paterson D, de Jonge MD, Howard DL, Burke R. Detection of genetically altered copper levels in Drosophila tissues by synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26867. [PMID: 22053217 PMCID: PMC3203902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific manipulation of known copper transport genes in Drosophila tissues results in phenotypes that are presumably due to an alteration in copper levels in the targeted cells. However direct confirmation of this has to date been technically challenging. Measures of cellular copper content such as expression levels of copper-responsive genes or cuproenzyme activity levels, while useful, are indirect. First-generation copper-sensitive fluorophores show promise but currently lack the sensitivity required to detect subtle changes in copper levels. Moreover such techniques do not provide information regarding other relevant biometals such as zinc or iron. Traditional techniques for measuring elemental composition such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy are not sensitive enough for use with the small tissue amounts available in Drosophila research. Here we present synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy analysis of two different Drosophila tissues, the larval wing imaginal disc, and sectioned adult fly heads and show that this technique can be used to detect changes in tissue copper levels caused by targeted manipulation of known copper homeostasis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Lye
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joab E. C. Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Paterson
- X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin D. de Jonge
- X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daryl L. Howard
- X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Burke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Allen GS, Wu CC, Cardozo T, Stokes DL. The architecture of CopA from Archeaoglobus fulgidus studied by cryo-electron microscopy and computational docking. Structure 2011; 19:1219-32. [PMID: 21820315 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
CopA uses ATP to pump Cu(+) across cell membranes. X-ray crystallography has defined atomic structures of several related P-type ATPases. We have determined a structure of CopA at 10 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy of a new crystal form and used computational molecular docking to study the interactions between the N-terminal metal-binding domain (NMBD) and other elements of the molecule. We found that the shorter-chain lipids used to produce these crystals are associated with movements of the cytoplasmic domains, with a novel dimer interface and with disordering of the NMBD, thus offering evidence for the transience of its interaction with the other cytoplasmic domains. Docking identified a binding site that matched the location of the NMBD in our previous structure by cryo-electron microscopy, allowing a more detailed view of its binding configuration and further support for its role in autoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Allen
- Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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31
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Shafeeq S, Yesilkaya H, Kloosterman TG, Narayanan G, Wandel M, Andrew PW, Kuipers OP, Morrissey JA. The cop operon is required for copper homeostasis and contributes to virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1255-70. [PMID: 21736642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
High levels of copper are toxic and therefore bacteria must limit free intracellular levels to prevent cellular damage. In this study, we show that a number of pneumococcal genes are differentially regulated by copper, including an operon encoding a CopY regulator, a protein of unknown function (CupA) and a P1-type ATPase, CopA, which is conserved in all sequenced Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that the cop operon is induced by copper in vitro, repressed by the addition of zinc and is autoregulated by the copper-responsive CopY repressor protein. We also demonstrate that the CopA ATPase is a major pneumococcal copper resistance mechanism and provide the first evidence that the CupA protein plays a role in copper resistance. Our results also show that copper homeostasis is important for pneumococcal virulence as the expression of the cop operon is induced in the lungs and nasopharynx of intranasally infected mice, and a copA(-) mutant strain, which had decreased growth in high levels of copper in vitro, showed reduced virulence in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Furthermore, using the copA(-) mutant we observed for the first time in any bacteria that copper homeostasis also appears to be required for survival in the nasopharynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulman Shafeeq
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Palmgren
- Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease – PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Poul Nissen
- Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease – PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark;
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Abstract
This Review summarizes recent advances in understanding copper-transporting ATPase 1 (ATP7A), and examines the neurological phenotypes associated with dysfunction of this protein. Involvement of ATP7A in axonal outgrowth, synapse integrity and neuronal activation underscores the fundamental importance of copper metabolism to neurological function. Defects in ATP7A cause Menkes disease, an infantile-onset, lethal condition. Neonatal diagnosis and early treatment with copper injections enhance survival in patients with this disease, and can normalize clinical outcomes if mutant ATP7A molecules retain small amounts of residual activity. Gene replacement rescues a mouse model of Menkes disease, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for patients with complete loss-of-function ATP7A mutations. Remarkably, a newly discovered ATP7A disorder-isolated distal motor neuropathy-has none of the characteristic clinical or biochemical abnormalities of Menkes disease or its milder allelic variant occipital horn syndrome (OHS), instead resembling Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2. These findings indicate that ATP7A has a crucial but previously unappreciated role in motor neuron maintenance, and that the mechanism underlying ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy is distinct from Menkes disease and OHS pathophysiology. Collectively, these insights refine our knowledge of the neurology of ATP7A-related copper transport diseases and pave the way for further progress in understanding ATP7A function.
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In silico modeling of the Menkes copper-translocating P-type ATPase 3rd metal binding domain predicts that phosphorylation regulates copper-binding. Biometals 2011; 24:477-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Both the essentiality and toxicity of transition metals are exploited as part of mammalian immune defenses against bacterial infection. Salmonella serovars continue to cause serious medical and veterinary problems worldwide and detecting deficiency and excess of different metal ions (such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, and cobalt) is fundamental to their virulence. This involves multiple DNA-binding metal-responsive transcription factors that discriminate between elements and trigger expression of genes that mediate appropriate responses to metal fluxes. This review focuses on the metal stresses encountered by Salmonella during infection and the roles of the different metal-sensing regulatory proteins and their target genes in adapting to these changing metal levels. Current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of metal-regulated gene expression and the structural features of sensory metal binding sites are described. In addition, the principles governing the ability of the different sensors to detect specific metals within a cell to control cytosolic metal levels are also discussed. These proteins represent potential targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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36
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Sarkar B, Roberts EA. The puzzle posed by COMMD1, a newly discovered protein binding Cu(ii). Metallomics 2011; 3:20-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Southon A, Greenough M, Hung YH, Norgate M, Burke R, Camakaris J. The ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) is involved in regulating copper uptake. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Liu Y, Pilankatta R, Hatori Y, Lewis D, Inesi G. Comparative features of copper ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B heterologously expressed in COS-1 cells. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10006-12. [PMID: 20964302 PMCID: PMC2982669 DOI: 10.1021/bi101423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP7A and ATP7B are P-type ATPases required for copper homeostasis and involved in the etiology of Menkes and Wilson diseases. We used heterologous expression of ATP7A or ATP7B in COS-1 cells infected with adenovirus vectors to characterize differential features pertinent to each protein expressed in the same mammalian cell type, rather than to extrinsic factors related to different cells sustaining expression. Electrophoretic analysis of the expressed protein, before and after purification, prior or subsequent to treatment with endoglycosidase, and evidenced by protein or glycoprotein staining as well as Western blotting, indicates that the ATP7A protein is glycosylated while ATP7B is not. This is consistent with the prevalence of glycosylation motifs in the ATP7A sequence, and not in ATP7B. ATP7A and ATP7B undergo copper-dependent phosphorylation by utilization of ATP, forming equal levels of an "alkali labile" phosphoenzyme intermediate that undergoes similar catalytic (P-type ATPase) turnover in both enzymes. In addition, incubation with ATP yields an "alkali stable" phosphoprotein fraction, attributed to phosphorylation of serines. Alkali stable phosphorylation occurs at lower levels in ATP7A, consistent with a different distribution of serines in the amino acid sequence. Immunostaining of COS-1 cells sustaining heterologous expression shows initial association of both ATP7A and ATP7B with Golgi and the trans-Golgi network. However, in the presence of added copper, ATP7A undergoes prevalent association with the plasma membrane while ATP7B exhibits intense trafficking with cytosolic vesicles. Glycosylation of ATP7A and phosphorylation of ATP7B apparently contribute to their different trafficking and membrane association when expressed in the same cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyong Liu
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Rajendra Pilankatta
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Yuta Hatori
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - David Lewis
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Giuseppe Inesi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
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39
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Donsante A, Johnson P, Jansen LA, Kaler SG. Somatic mosaicism in Menkes disease suggests choroid plexus-mediated copper transport to the developing brain. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2529-34. [PMID: 20799318 PMCID: PMC3117432 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The primary mechanism of copper transport to the brain is unknown, although this process is drastically impaired in Menkes disease, an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in an evolutionarily conserved copper transporter, ATP7A. Potential central nervous system entry routes for copper include brain capillary endothelial cells that originate from mesodermal angioblasts and form the blood-brain barrier, and the choroid plexuses, which derive from embryonic ectoderm, and form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. We exploited a rare (and first reported) example of somatic mosaicism for an ATP7A mutation to shed light on questions about copper transport into the developing brain. In a 20-month-old Menkes disease patient evaluated before copper treatment, blood copper, and catecholamine concentrations were normal, whereas levels in cerebrospinal fluid were abnormal and consistent with his neurologically severe phenotype. We documented disparate levels of mosaicism for an ATP7A missense mutation, P1001L, in tissues derived from different embryonic origins; allele quantitation showed P1001L in approximately 27% of DNA samples from blood cells (mesoderm-derived) and 88% from cultured fibroblasts (ectoderm-derived). These findings imply that the P1001L mutation in the patient preceded formation of the three primary embryonic lineages at gastrulation, with the ectoderm layer ultimately harboring a higher percentage of mutation-bearing cells than mesoderm or endoderm. Since choroid plexus epithelia are derived from neuroectoderm, and brain capillary endothelial cells from mesodermal angioblasts, the clinical and biochemical findings in this infant support a critical role for the blood-CSF barrier (choroid plexus epithelia) in copper entry to the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Donsante
- Unit on Human Copper Metabolism, Molecular Medicine Program, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul Johnson
- Unit on Human Copper Metabolism, Molecular Medicine Program, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura A. Jansen
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen G. Kaler
- Unit on Human Copper Metabolism, Molecular Medicine Program, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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40
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Southon A, Palstra N, Veldhuis N, Gaeth A, Robin C, Burke R, Camakaris J. Conservation of copper-transporting P(IB)-type ATPase function. Biometals 2010; 23:681-94. [PMID: 20372979 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Copper-transporting P(IB)-type ATPases are highly conserved, and while unicellular eukaryotes and invertebrates have only one, a gene duplication has occurred during vertebrate evolution. Copper-induced trafficking of mammalian ATP7A and ATP7B from the trans-Golgi Network towards the plasma membrane is critical for their role in copper homeostasis. In polarized epithelial cells ATP7A and ATP7B traffic towards the basolateral and apical membranes respectively. We examined the localization and function of DmATP7, the single Drosophila melanogaster orthologue, in cultured D. melanogaster and mammalian cells to explore the conservation of P(IB)-type ATPase function. Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated motifs involved in basolateral targeting and retention of ATP7A were conserved in DmATP7, whereas ATP7B targeting motifs were not. DmATP7 expression was able to correct the copper hyper-accumulation phenotype of cultured fibroblasts from a Menkes disease patient expressing a null ATP7A allele. DmATP7 was able to transport copper to the cupro-enzyme tyrosinase and under elevated copper conditions DmATP7 was able to traffic towards the plasma membrane and efflux copper, essentially phenocopying ATP7A. When expressed in polarized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, DmATP7 translocated towards the basolateral membrane when exposed to elevated copper, similar to ATP7A. These results demonstrate DmATP7 is able to functionally compensate for the absence of ATP7A, with important trafficking motifs conserved in these distantly related orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Southon
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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41
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Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Fanni D, Gerosa C, Nemolato S, Faa G. Copper-related diseases: From chemistry to molecular pathology. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Lutsenko S. Human copper homeostasis: a network of interconnected pathways. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:211-7. [PMID: 20117961 PMCID: PMC6365103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper plays an essential role in normal human physiology. Copper misbalance affects heart development, CNS and liver function, influences lipid metabolism, inflammation, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies yielded new information on the structure, function, and regulation of human copper transporters, uncovered unanticipated functions for copper chaperones, and established connections between copper homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. It has become apparent that the copper trafficking machinery is regulated at several levels and that the cross-talk between cell compartments contributes to the intracellular copper balance. The human copper regulon is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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43
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Kennerson ML, Nicholson GA, Kaler SG, Kowalski B, Mercer JF, Tang J, Llanos RM, Chu S, Takata RI, Speck-Martins CE, Baets J, Almeida-Souza L, Fischer D, Timmerman V, Taylor PE, Scherer SS, Ferguson TA, Bird TD, De Jonghe P, Feely SM, Shy ME, Garbern JY. Missense mutations in the copper transporter gene ATP7A cause X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86:343-52. [PMID: 20170900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies comprise a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. We recently mapped an X-linked form of this condition to chromosome Xq13.1-q21 in two large unrelated families. The region of genetic linkage included ATP7A, which encodes a copper-transporting P-type ATPase mutated in patients with Menkes disease, a severe infantile-onset neurodegenerative condition. We identified two unique ATP7A missense mutations (p.P1386S and p.T994I) in males with distal motor neuropathy in two families. These molecular alterations impact highly conserved amino acids in the carboxyl half of ATP7A and do not directly involve the copper transporter's known critical functional domains. Studies of p.P1386S revealed normal ATP7A mRNA and protein levels, a defect in ATP7A trafficking, and partial rescue of a S. cerevisiae copper transport knockout. Although ATP7A mutations are typically associated with severe Menkes disease or its milder allelic variant, occipital horn syndrome, we demonstrate here that certain missense mutations at this locus can cause a syndrome restricted to progressive distal motor neuropathy without overt signs of systemic copper deficiency. This previously unrecognized genotype-phenotype correlation suggests an important role of the ATP7A copper transporter in motor-neuron maintenance and function.
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Mammalian copper-transporting P-type ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B: emerging roles. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:206-9. [PMID: 19922814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) has a role in a diverse and increasing number of pathways, physiological and disease processes. These roles are testament to the fundamental importance of Cu in biology and the need to understand the mechanisms that regulate Cu homeostasis. The mammalian Cu-transporting P-type ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B are two key proteins that regulate the Cu status of the body. They transport Cu across cellular membranes for biosynthetic and protective functions, enabling Cu to fulfill its role as a catalytic and structural cofactor for many essential enzymes, and to prevent a toxic build-up of Cu inside cells. A variety of regulatory mechanisms operate at transcriptional and post-translational levels to ensure adequate Cu supplies for both physiological and pathophysiological processes. This review summarizes the recent literature that is revealing the emerging roles of the Cu-ATPases in health and disease.
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45
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Copper stress induces a global stress response in Staphylococcus aureus and represses sae and agr expression and biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:150-60. [PMID: 19880638 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02268-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an important cofactor for many enzymes; however, high levels of copper are toxic. Therefore, bacteria must ensure there is sufficient copper for use as a cofactor but, more importantly, must limit free intracellular levels to prevent toxicity. In this study, we have used DNA microarray to identify Staphylococcus aureus copper-responsive genes. Transcriptional profiling of S. aureus SH1000 grown in excess copper identified a number of genes which fall into four groups, suggesting that S. aureus has four main mechanisms for adapting to high levels of environmental copper, as follows: (i) induction of direct copper homeostasis mechanisms; (ii) increased oxidative stress resistance; (iii) expression of the misfolded protein response; and (iv) repression of a number of transporters and global regulators such as Agr and Sae. Our experimental data confirm that resistance to oxidative stress and particularly to H2O2 scavenging is an important S. aureus copper resistance mechanism. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Eap and Emp proteins, which are positively regulated by Agr and Sae, are required for biofilm formation under low-iron growth conditions. Our transcriptional analysis has confirmed that sae, agr, and eap are repressed under high-copper conditions and that biofilm formation is indeed repressed under high-copper conditions. Therefore, our results may provide an explanation for how copper films can prevent biofilm formation on catheters.
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46
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Barry AN, Shinde U, Lutsenko S. Structural organization of human Cu-transporting ATPases: learning from building blocks. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 15:47-59. [PMID: 19851794 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper-transporting ATPases (Cu-ATPases) ATP7A and ATP7B play an essential role in human physiological function. Their primary function is to deliver copper to the secretory pathway and export excess copper from the cell for removal or further utilization. Cells employ Cu-ATPases in numerous physiological processes that include the biosynthesis of copper-dependent enzymes, lactation, and response to hypoxia. Biochemical studies of human Cu-ATPases and their orthologs have demonstrated that Cu-ATPases share many common structural and mechanistic characteristics with other members of the P-type ATPase family. Nevertheless, the Cu-ATPases have a unique coordinate environment for their ligands, copper and ATP, and additional domains that are required for sophisticated regulation of their intracellular localization and activity. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in understanding the structure of Cu-ATPases from the analysis of their individual domains and orthologs from microorganisms, and speculate about the implications of these findings for the function and regulation of human copper pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Barry
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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47
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Kaplan JH, Lutsenko S. Copper transport in mammalian cells: special care for a metal with special needs. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25461-5. [PMID: 19602511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r109.031286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper plays an essential role in human physiology. It is required for respiration, radical defense, neuronal myelination, angiogenesis, and many other processes. Copper has distinct physicochemical properties that pose uncommon challenges for its transport across biological membranes. Only small amounts of copper are present in biological fluids, and essentially none of it exists in a free ion form. These properties and the low redox potential of copper dictate special structural and mechanistic features in copper transporters. This minireview discusses molecular mechanisms through which copper enters and exits human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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48
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Veldhuis NA, Valova VA, Gaeth AP, Palstra N, Hannan KM, Michell BJ, Kelly LE, Jennings I, Kemp BE, Pearson RB, Robinson PJ, Camakaris J. Phosphorylation regulates copper-responsive trafficking of the Menkes copper transporting P-type ATPase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:2403-12. [PMID: 19576997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Menkes copper-translocating P-type ATPase (ATP7A) is a critical copper transport protein functioning in systemic copper absorption and supply of copper to cuproenzymes in the secretory pathway. Mutations in ATP7A can lead to the usually lethal Menkes disease. ATP7A function is regulated by copper-responsive trafficking between the trans-Golgi Network and the plasma membrane. We have previously reported basal and copper-responsive kinase phosphorylation of ATP7A but the specific phosphorylation sites had not been identified. As copper stimulates both trafficking and phosphorylation of ATP7A we aimed to identify all the specific phosphosites and to determine whether trafficking and phosphorylation are linked. We identified twenty in vivo phosphorylation sites in the human ATP7A and eight in hamster, all clustered within the N- and C-terminal cytosolic domains. Eight sites were copper-responsive and hence candidates for regulating copper-responsive trafficking or catalytic activity. Mutagenesis of the copper-responsive phosphorylation site Serine-1469 resulted in mislocalization of ATP7A in the presence of added copper in both polarized (Madin Darby canine kidney) and non-polarized (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells, strongly suggesting that phosphorylation of specific serine residues is required for copper-responsive ATP7A trafficking to the plasma membrane. A constitutively phosphorylated site, Serine-1432, when mutated to alanine also resulted in mislocalization in the presence of added copper in polarized Madin Darby kidney cells. These studies demonstrate that phosphorylation of specific serine residues in ATP7A regulates its sub-cellular localization and hence function and will facilitate identification of the kinases and signaling pathways involved in regulating this pivotal copper transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Genetics Department, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Pilankatta R, Lewis D, Adams CM, Inesi G. High yield heterologous expression of wild-type and mutant Cu+-ATPase (ATP7B, Wilson disease protein) for functional characterization of catalytic activity and serine residues undergoing copper-dependent phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21307-16. [PMID: 19520855 PMCID: PMC2755855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.023341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP7B is a P-type ATPase required for copper homeostasis and related to Wilson disease of humans. In addition to various domains corresponding to other P-type ATPases, ATP7B includes an N terminus extension (NMBD) with six copper binding sites. We obtained high yield expression of WT and mutant ATP7B in COS1 cells infected with adenovirus vector. ATP7B, isolated with the microsomal fraction of cell homogenates, accounts for 10–20% of the total protein. Copper-dependent, steady-state ATPase yields 30 nmol of Pi/mg of protein/min at 37 °C, pH 6.0. ATP7B phosphorylation with ATP occurs with diphasic kinetics and is totally copper-dependent. Alkali labile phosphoenzyme (catalytic intermediate of P-ATPases) accounts for a small fraction of the total phosphoprotein and is prevented by D1027N (P domain) or C983A/C985A (CXC copper binding motif in TM6) mutations. Decay of [32P]phosphoenzyme following chase with non-radioactive ATP occurs with an initial burst involving alkali labile phosphoenzyme (absent in D1027N and C983A/C985A mutants) and continues at a slow rate involving alkali-resistant phosphoenzyme. If a copper chelator is added with the ATP chase, the initial burst is smaller, and further cleavage is totally inhibited. Analysis by proteolysis and mass spectrometry demonstrates that the alkali stable phosphoenzyme involves Ser478 and Ser481 (NMBD), Ser1121 (“N” domain) and Ser1453 (C terminus), and occurs with the same pattern ex vivo (COS-1) and in vitro (microsomes). The overall copper dependence of phosphorylation and hydrolytic cleavage suggests long range conformational effects, including interactions of NMBD and headpiece domains, with strong influence on catalytic turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Pilankatta
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
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