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Li SS, Xue CD, Li YJ, Chen XM, Zhao Y, Qin KR. Microfluidic characterization of single-cell biophysical properties and the applications in cancer diagnosis. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:1212-1232. [PMID: 37909658 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell biophysical properties play a crucial role in regulating cellular physiological states and functions, demonstrating significant potential in the fields of life sciences and clinical diagnostics. Therefore, over the last few decades, researchers have developed various detection tools to explore the relationship between the biophysical changes of biological cells and human diseases. With the rapid advancement of modern microfabrication technology, microfluidic devices have quickly emerged as a promising platform for single-cell analysis offering advantages including high-throughput, exceptional precision, and ease of manipulation. Consequently, this paper provides an overview of the recent advances in microfluidic analysis and detection systems for single-cell biophysical properties and their applications in the field of cancer. The working principles and latest research progress of single-cell biophysical property detection are first analyzed, highlighting the significance of electrical and mechanical properties. The development of data acquisition and processing methods for real-time, high-throughput, and practical applications are then discussed. Furthermore, the differences in biophysical properties between tumor and normal cells are outlined, illustrating the potential for utilizing single-cell biophysical properties for tumor cell identification, classification, and drug response assessment. Lastly, we summarize the limitations of existing microfluidic analysis and detection systems in single-cell biophysical properties, while also pointing out the prospects and future directions of their applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Dong Xue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Rong Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
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2
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Mansor MA, Ahmad MR, Petrů M, Rahimian Koloor SS. An impedance flow cytometry with integrated dual microneedle for electrical properties characterization of single cell. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:371-383. [PMID: 37548425 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2239274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrical characteristics of living cells have been proven to reveal important details about their internal structure, charge distribution and composition changes in the cell membrane, as well as the extracellular context. An impedance flow cytometry is a common approach to determine the electrical properties of a cell, having the advantage of label-free and high throughput. However, the current techniques are complex and costly for the fabrication process. For that reason, we introduce an integrated dual microneedle-microchannel for single-cell detection and electrical properties extraction. The dual microneedles utilized a commercially available tungsten needle coated with parylene. When a single cell flows through the parallel-facing electrode configuration of the dual microneedle, the electrical impedance at multiple frequencies is measured. The impedance measurement demonstrated the differential of normal red blood cells (RBCs) with three different sizes of microbeads at low and high frequencies, 100 kHz and 2 MHz, respectively. An electrical equivalent circuit model (ECM) was used to determine the unique membrane capacitance of individual cells. The proposed technique demonstrated that the specific membrane capacitance of an RBC is 9.42 mF/m-2, with the regression coefficients, ρ at 0.9895. As a result, this device may potentially be used in developing countries for low-cost single-cell screening and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asraf Mansor
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Michal Petrů
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
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3
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Sherif S, Ghallab YH, AbdelRaheem O, Ziko L, Siam R, Ismail Y. Optimization design of interdigitated microelectrodes with an insulation layer on the connection tracks to enhance efficiency of assessment of the cell viability. BMC Biomed Eng 2023; 5:4. [PMID: 37127658 PMCID: PMC10150490 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-023-00070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (µEIS) is a tiny device that utilizes fluid as a working medium in combination with biological cells to extract various electrical parameters. Dielectric parameters of biological cells are essential parameters that can be extracted using µEIS. µEIS has many advantages, such as portability, disposable sensors, and high-precision results. RESULTS The paper compares different configurations of interdigitated microelectrodes with and without a passivation layer on the cell contact tracks. The influence of the number of electrodes on the enhancement of the extracted impedance for different types of cells was provided and discussed. Different types of cells are experimentally tested, such as viable and non-viable MCF7, along with different buffer solutions. This study confirms the importance of µEIS for in vivo and in vitro applications. An essential application of µEIS is to differentiate between the cells' sizes based on the measured capacitance, which is indirectly related to the cells' size. The extracted statistical values reveal the capability and sensitivity of the system to distinguish between two clusters of cells based on viability and size. CONCLUSION A completely portable and easy-to-use system, including different sensor configurations, was designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested. The system was used to extract the dielectric parameters of the Microbeads and MCF7 cells immersed in different buffer solutions. The high sensitivity of the readout circuit, which enables it to extract the difference between the viable and non-viable cells, was provided and discussed. The proposed system can extract and differentiate between different types of cells based on cells' sizes; two other polystyrene microbeads with different sizes are tested. Contamination that may happen was avoided using a Microfluidic chamber. The study shows a good match between the experiment and simulation results. The study also shows the optimum number of interdigitated electrodes that can be used to extract the variation in the dielectric parameters of the cells without leakage current or parasitic capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Sherif
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yehya H Ghallab
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia AbdelRaheem
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ziko
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, the University of Hertfordshire, Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Siam
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehea Ismail
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
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Chen YS, Huang CH, Pai PC, Seo J, Lei KF. A Review on Microfluidics-Based Impedance Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010083. [PMID: 36671918 PMCID: PMC9855525 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrical impedance biosensors are powerful and continuously being developed for various biological sensing applications. In this line, the sensitivity of impedance biosensors embedded with microfluidic technologies, such as sheath flow focusing, dielectrophoretic focusing, and interdigitated electrode arrays, can still be greatly improved. In particular, reagent consumption reduction and analysis time-shortening features can highly increase the analytical capabilities of such biosensors. Moreover, the reliability and efficiency of analyses are benefited by microfluidics-enabled automation. Through the use of mature microfluidic technology, complicated biological processes can be shrunk and integrated into a single microfluidic system (e.g., lab-on-a-chip or micro-total analysis systems). By incorporating electrical impedance biosensors, hand-held and bench-top microfluidic systems can be easily developed and operated by personnel without professional training. Furthermore, the impedance spectrum provides broad information regarding cell size, membrane capacitance, cytoplasmic conductivity, and cytoplasmic permittivity without the need for fluorescent labeling, magnetic modifications, or other cellular treatments. In this review article, a comprehensive summary of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is presented. The structure of this article is based on the different substrate material categorizations. Moreover, the development trend of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is discussed, along with difficulties and challenges that may be encountered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shih Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ching Pai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Jeong HJ, Kim K, Kim HW, Park Y. Classification between Normal and Cancerous Human Urothelial Cells by Using Micro-Dimensional Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7969. [PMID: 36298320 PMCID: PMC9610759 DOI: 10.3390/s22207969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the high incidence and recurrence rates of urothelial cancer of the bladder (UCB) are heavy burdens, a noninvasive tool for effectively detecting UCB as an alternative to voided urine cytology, which has low sensitivity, is yet to be reported. Herein, we propose an intelligent discrimination method between normal (SV-HUC-1) and cancerous (TCCSUP) urothelial cells by using a combination of micro-dimensional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (µEIS) with machine learning (ML) for a noninvasive and high-accuracy UCB diagnostic tool. We developed a unique valved flow cytometry, equipped with a pneumatic valve to increase sensitivity without cell clogging. Since contact between a cell and electrodes is tight with a high volume fraction, the electric field can be effectively confined to the cell. This enables the proposed sensor to highly discriminate different cell types at frequencies of 10, 50, 100, 500 kHz, and 1 MHz. A total of 236 impedance spectra were applied to six ML models, and systematic comparisons of the ML models were carried out. The hyperparameters were estimated by conducting a grid search or Bayesian optimization. Among the ML models, random forest strongly discriminated between SV-HUC-1 and TCCSUP, with an accuracy of 91.7%, sensitivity of 92.9%, precision of 92.9%, specificity of 90%, and F1-score of 93.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jung Jeong
- Lighting Materials and Components Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju 61007, Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 59626, Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Yangkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 59626, Korea
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A label-free and low-power microelectronic impedance spectroscopy for characterization of exosomes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270844. [PMID: 35802670 PMCID: PMC9269907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-invasive and label-free technology that can characterize and discriminate cells based on their dielectric properties at a wide range of frequency. This characterization method has not been utilized for small extracellular vesicles (exosomes) with heterogenous and nano-scale size distribution. Here, we developed a novel label-free microelectronic impedance spectroscopy for non-invasive and rapid characterization of exosomes based on their unique dielectric properties. The device is comprised of an insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) module for exosomes isolation followed by an impedance spectroscopy utilizing the embedded micro-electrodes. This device is capable of distinguishing between exosomes harvested from different cellular origins as the result of their unique membrane and cytosolic compositions at a wide range of frequency. Therefore, it has the potential to be further evolved as a rapid tool for characterization of pathogenic exosomes in clinical settings.
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Zhang Z, Huang X, Liu K, Lan T, Wang Z, Zhu Z. Recent Advances in Electrical Impedance Sensing Technology for Single-Cell Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:470. [PMID: 34821686 PMCID: PMC8615761 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is of significance in cell-based assays for life science, biomedicine and clinical diagnostics. Electrical impedance sensing technology has become a powerful tool, allowing for rapid, non-invasive, and label-free acquisition of electrical parameters of single cells. These electrical parameters, i.e., equivalent cell resistance, membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity, are closely related to cellular biophysical properties and dynamic activities, such as size, morphology, membrane intactness, growth state, and proliferation. This review summarizes basic principles, analytical models and design concepts of single-cell impedance sensing devices, including impedance flow cytometry (IFC) to detect flow-through single cells and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor immobilized single cells. Then, recent advances of both electrical impedance sensing systems applied in cell recognition, cell counting, viability detection, phenotypic assay, cell screening, and other cell detection are presented. Finally, prospects of impedance sensing technology in single-cell analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital), Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Tiancong Lan
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Zixin Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
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8
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Gradient-based impedance synthesis for breast and lung cancer cell screening deploying planar and nano-structured electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1709-1721. [PMID: 34235607 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
World Health Organization articulated 9.8 million casualties globally in 2018 due to cancer. Cancer, as the world's second most fatal disease, can be recuperated well if diagnosed at an early stage. In this work, a gradient-based impedance synthesis of normal and cancerous cells of breast and lungs, is demonstrated numerically for early-stage cancer detection. Low-voltage single-cell level examination is employed for indomitable diagnosis. MCF-7 and MCF-10A are utilized as breast cancer and breast normal cells, respectively; likewise, SK-MES and NL-20 are utilized as lung cancer and lung normal cell. Pre-examination numerical setup validity ensured with multiple test regimes. Micro-scaled planar and nano-structured electrodes are employed individually to witness the effect of the electrode's structure during electrical impedance examination of cancer and non-cancer cell. Frequency range, at which differential impedance effect is found detectable, for breast and lung cancer cell pairs is determined to be 107 Hz and 108 Hz, respectively. By surpassing the conventional impedance spectroscopy with tedious data fitting formalities, the gradient synthesis technique for cancer detection is introduced. The gradient synthesis for cancer detection is found independent of electrode shape effect. Gradient for breast cancer cell is found to be 2 times greater than the normal breast cell while for lung cancer cell it is found to be 1.5 times greater than the normal lung cell. Our results suggest that as the frequency of applied electrical stimulus increases, impedance of cancerous cell falls at the rate almost double than its counterpart normal cell. This work provides a theoretical basis for further experimental exploration of gradient-based impedance synthesis in cancer therapy and serves as a design tool for performance optimization. Figure 1 (a) Represents electrical Impedance analysis of breast normal cell MCF-10A and breast cancer cell MCF-7 using micro-scaled planar and nano-structured electrodes. (b) Gradient impedance synthesis performed, for breast normal cell (MCF-10A) and breast cancer cell (MCF-7) likewise for lungs normal cell (NL-20) and lungs cancer cell (SK-MES), which assures clear differential effect for cancer screening. Surpassing the conventional and tedious data fitting impedance spectroscopies, a novel gradient-based impedance spectroscopy for early cancer detection is introduced. It clearly detects cancer without any data fitting formalities to find parameter of identification. Planar and nano structure electrodes are used to witness the impact of electrode shape on cell impedance. Breast normal MCF-10A and cancer cell MCF-7 as well as lungs normal NL-20 and cancer cell SK-MES are examined to reflect the efficacy of our work. Single cell level examination is performed for authenticated results.
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9
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Shi L, Esfandiari L. An Electrokinetically-Driven Microchip for Rapid Entrapment and Detection of Nanovesicles. MICROMACHINES 2020; 12:mi12010011. [PMID: 33374467 PMCID: PMC7823576 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been widely used as a label-free and rapid characterization method for the analysis of cells in clinical research. However, the related work on exosomes (40–150 nm) and the particles of similar size has not yet been reported. In this study, we developed a new Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) device to rapidly entrap a cluster of sub-micron particles, including polystyrene beads, liposomes, and small extracellular vesicles (exosomes), utilizing an insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) scheme followed by measuring their impedance utilizing an integrated electrical impedance sensor. This technique provides a label-free, fast, and non-invasive tool for the detection of bionanoparticles based on their unique dielectric properties. In the future, this device could potentially be applied to the characterization of pathogenic exosomes and viruses of similar size, and thus, be evolved as a powerful tool for early disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Crowell LL, Yakisich JS, Aufderheide B, Adams TNG. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E832. [PMID: 32878225 PMCID: PMC7570252 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an electrokinetic method that allows for the characterization of intrinsic dielectric properties of cells. EIS has emerged in the last decade as a promising method for the characterization of cancerous cells, providing information on inductance, capacitance, and impedance of cells. The individual cell behavior can be quantified using its characteristic phase angle, amplitude, and frequency measurements obtained by fitting the input frequency-dependent cellular response to a resistor-capacitor circuit model. These electrical properties will provide important information about unique biomarkers related to the behavior of these cancerous cells, especially monitoring their chemoresistivity and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. There are currently few methods to assess drug resistant cancer cells, and therefore it is difficult to identify and eliminate drug-resistant cancer cells found in static and metastatic tumors. Establishing techniques for the real-time monitoring of changes in cancer cell phenotypes is, therefore, important for understanding cancer cell dynamics and their plastic properties. EIS can be used to monitor these changes. In this review, we will cover the theory behind EIS, other impedance techniques, and how EIS can be used to monitor cell behavior and phenotype changes within cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi L. Crowell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Brian Aufderheide
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Tayloria N. G. Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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11
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Cathcart GA, Tixier-Mita A, Ihida S, Eiler AC, Toshiyoshi H. Non-Mutative Cell Viability Measurement on an IGZO Transparent Thin Film Transistor Electrode Array. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1541/ieejsmas.140.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant A. Cathcart
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo
| | - Agnes Tixier-Mita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo
- Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo
| | - Satoshi Ihida
- Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo
| | - Anne-Claire Eiler
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo
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12
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Xu Y, Ding W, Li S, Li C, Gao D, Qiu B. A single-cell identification and capture chip for automatically and rapidly determining hydraulic permeability of cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4537-4548. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Rashed MZ, Belott CJ, Janis BR, Menze MA, Williams SJ. New insights into anhydrobiosis using cellular dielectrophoresis-based characterization. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064113. [PMID: 31768199 PMCID: PMC6858285 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are found in desiccation-tolerant species from all domains of life. Despite several decades of investigation, the molecular mechanisms by which LEA proteins confer desiccation tolerance are still unclear. In this study, dielectrophoresis (DEP) was used to determine the electrical properties of Drosophila melanogaster (Kc167) cells ectopically expressing LEA proteins from the anhydrobiotic brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana. Dielectrophoresis-based characterization data demonstrate that the expression of two different LEA proteins, AfrLEA3m and AfrLEA6, increases cytoplasmic conductivity of Kc167 cells to a similar extent above control values. The impact on cytoplasmic conductivity was surprising, given that the concentration of cytoplasmic ions is much higher than the concentrations of ectopically expressed proteins. The DEP data also supported previously reported data suggesting that AfrLEA3m can interact directly with membranes during water stress. This hypothesis was strengthened using scanning electron microscopy, where cells expressing AfrLEA3m were found to retain more circular morphology during desiccation, while control cells exhibited a larger variety of shapes in the desiccated state. These data demonstrate that DEP can be a powerful tool to investigate the role of LEA proteins in desiccation tolerance and may allow to characterize protein-membrane interactions in vivo, when direct observations are challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z Rashed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, 200 Sackett Hall, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA
| | - Clinton J Belott
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Life Sciences Building, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Brett R Janis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Life Sciences Building, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Michael A Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Life Sciences Building, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Stuart J Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, 200 Sackett Hall, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA
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Hedayatipour A, Aslanzadeh S, McFarlane N. CMOS based whole cell impedance sensing: Challenges and future outlook. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111600. [PMID: 31479988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing need for multi-analyte point-of-care diagnosis devices, cell impedance measurement is a promising technique for integration with other sensing modalities. In this comprehensive review, the theory underlying cell impedance sensing, including the history, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based implementations, and applications are critically assessed. Whole cell impedance sensing, also known as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) or electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is an approach for studying and diagnosing living cells in in-vitro and in-vivo environments. The technique is popular since it is label-free, non-invasive, and low cost when compared to standard biochemical assays. CMOS cell impedance measurement systems have been focused on expanding their applications to numerous aspects of biological, environmental, and food safety applications. This paper presents and evaluates circuit topologies for whole cell impedance measurement. The presented review compares several existing CMOS designs, including the classification, measurement speed, and sensitivity of varying topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hedayatipour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Shaghayegh Aslanzadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Carey TR, Cotner KL, Li B, Sohn LL. Developments in label-free microfluidic methods for single-cell analysis and sorting. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1529. [PMID: 29687965 PMCID: PMC6200655 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in microfluidic technologies have led to the development of many new tools for both the characterization and sorting of single cells without the need for exogenous labels. Label-free microfluidics reduce the preparation time, reagents needed, and cost of conventional methods based on fluorescent or magnetic labels. Furthermore, these devices enable analysis of cell properties such as mechanical phenotype and dielectric parameters that cannot be characterized with traditional labels. Some of the most promising technologies for current and future development toward label-free, single-cell analysis and sorting include electronic sensors such as Coulter counters and electrical impedance cytometry; deformation analysis using optical traps and deformation cytometry; hydrodynamic sorting such as deterministic lateral displacement, inertial focusing, and microvortex trapping; and acoustic sorting using traveling or standing surface acoustic waves. These label-free microfluidic methods have been used to screen, sort, and analyze cells for a wide range of biomedical and clinical applications, including cell cycle monitoring, rapid complete blood counts, cancer diagnosis, metastatic progression monitoring, HIV and parasite detection, circulating tumor cell isolation, and point-of-care diagnostics. Because of the versatility of label-free methods for characterization and sorting, the low-cost nature of microfluidics, and the rapid prototyping capabilities of modern microfabrication, we expect this class of technology to continue to be an area of high research interest going forward. New developments in this field will contribute to the ongoing paradigm shift in cell analysis and sorting technologies toward label-free microfluidic devices, enabling new capabilities in biomedical research tools as well as clinical diagnostics. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Carey
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley Graduate Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Kristen L Cotner
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley Graduate Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Brian Li
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley Graduate Division, Berkeley, California
| | - Lydia L Sohn
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley Graduate Division, Berkeley, California
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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16
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Nguyen NV, Yeh JH, Jen CP. A Handheld Electronics Module for Dielectrophoretic Impedance Measurement of Cancerous Cells in the Microchip. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-018-2302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Differentiation Between Normal and Cancerous Human Urothelial Cell Lines Using Micro-Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy at Multiple Frequencies. J Med Biol Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-018-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Amini M, Hisdal J, Kalvøy H. Applications of Bioimpedance Measurement Techniques in Tissue Engineering. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE 2018; 9:142-158. [PMID: 33584930 PMCID: PMC7852004 DOI: 10.2478/joeb-2018-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid development in the field of tissue engineering necessitates implementation of monitoring methods for evaluation of the viability and characteristics of the cell cultures in a real-time, non-invasive and non-destructive manner. Current monitoring techniques are mainly histological and require labeling and involve destructive tests to characterize cell cultures. Bioimpedance measurement technique which benefits from measurement of electrical properties of the biological tissues, offers a non-invasive, label-free and real-time solution for monitoring tissue engineered constructs. This review outlines the fundamentals of bioimpedance, as well as electrical properties of the biological tissues, different types of cell culture constructs and possible electrode configuration set ups for performing bioimpedance measurements on these cell cultures. In addition, various bioimpedance measurement techniques and their applications in the field of tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Amini
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J. Hisdal
- Vascular Investigations and Circulation lab, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - H. Kalvøy
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Detection of Cells in Suspensions Using Microfluidic Device with Integrated Microneedles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Marcali M, Elbuken C. Impedimetric detection and lumped element modelling of a hemagglutination assay in microdroplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2494-2503. [PMID: 27270895 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00623j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems offer tremendous benefits for high throughput biochemical assays. Despite the wide use of electrical detection for microfluidic systems, application of impedimetric sensing for droplet systems is very limited. This is mainly due to the insulating oil-based continuous phase used for most aqueous samples of interest. We present modelling and experimental verification of impedimetric detection of hemagglutination in microdroplets. We have detected agglutinated red blood cells in microdroplets and screened whole blood samples for multiple antibody sera using conventional microelectrodes. We were able to form antibody and whole blood microdroplets in PDMS microchannels without any tedious chemical surface treatment. Following the injection of a blood sample into antibody droplets, we have detected the agglutination-positive and negative droplets in an automated manner. In order to understand the characteristics of impedimetric detection inside microdroplets, we have developed the lumped electrical circuit equivalent of an impedimetric droplet content detection system. The empirical lumped element values are in accordance with similar models developed for single phase electrical impedance spectroscopy systems. The presented approach is of interest for label-free, quantitative analysis of droplets. In addition, the standard electronic equipment used for detection allows miniaturized detection circuitries that can be integrated with a fluidic system for a quantitative microdroplet-based hemagglutination assay that is conventionally performed in well plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Marcali
- UNAM, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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22
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Li Q, Yuan YJ. Application of Vertical Electrodes in Microfluidic Channels for Impedance Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E96. [PMID: 30404271 PMCID: PMC6190462 DOI: 10.3390/mi7060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a microfluidic device with electroplated vertical electrodes in the side walls for impedance measurement. Based on the proposed device, the impedance of NaCl solutions with different concentrations and polystyrene microspheres with different sizes was measured and analyzed. The electroplating and SU-8-PDMS (SU-8-poly(dimethylsiloxane)) bonding technologies were firstly integrated for the fabrication of the proposed microfluidic device, resulting in a tightly three-dimensional structure for practical application. The magnitude of impedance of the tested solutions in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 kHz was analyzed by the Zennium electrochemical workstation. The results show that the newly designed microfluidic device has potential for impedance analysis with the advantages of ease of fabrication and the integration of 3D electrodes in the side walls. The newly designed impedance sensor can distinguish different concentrations of polystyrene microspheres and may have potential for cell counting in biological areas. By integrating with other techniques such as dielectrophoresis (DEP) and biological recognition technology, the proposed device may have potential for the assay to identify foodborne pathogen bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Laboratory of Biosensing and MicroMechatronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong J Yuan
- Laboratory of Biosensing and MicroMechatronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, China.
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23
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Park Y, Cha JJ, Seo S, Yun J, Woo Kim H, Park C, Gang G, Lim J, Lee JH. Ex vivo characterization of age-associated impedance changes of single vascular endothelial cells using micro electrical impedance spectroscopy with a cell trap. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014114. [PMID: 26865907 PMCID: PMC4733078 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize aging of single vascular endothelial cells, which are indicators of senescence, using micro electrical impedance spectroscopy (μEIS) for the first time. The proposed μEIS was equipped with two barriers under the membrane actuator near the sensing electrodes, increasing its cell-trapping capability and minimizing the interference between the target cell and subsequent cells. The cell-trapping capability in μEIS with barriers was considerably improved (90%) with a capture time of 5 s or less, compared to μEIS without barriers (30%). Cells were extracted from transgenic zebrafish to minimize an initial discrepancy originating from genetic differences. In order to estimate useful parameters, cytoplasm resistance and membrane capacitance were estimated by fitting an electrical equivalent circuit to the data of ex vivo sensor output. The estimated cytoplasm resistance and membrane capacitance in the younger vascular endothelial cells were 20.16 ± 0.79 kΩ and 17.46 ± 0.76 pF, respectively, whereas those in the older cells were 17.81 ± 0.98 kΩ and 20.08 ± 1.38 pF, respectively. Discrimination of each group with different aging showed statistical significance in terms of cytoplasm resistance (p < 0.001) and membrane capacitance (p < 0.001). Considering both of the sensor and cellular level, the optimal frequency was determined as 1 MHz at which the electrical impedance of each group was clearly discriminated (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkyu Park
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Cha
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Seungwan Seo
- Department of Mechatronics, GIST , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Joho Yun
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Changju Park
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Giseok Gang
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Juhun Lim
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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24
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Chang FY, Chen MK, Wang MH, Jang LS. Electrical Properties of HeLa Cells Based on Scalable 3D Interdigital Electrode Array. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Chung AJ, Hur SC. High-Speed Microfluidic Manipulation of Cells. ADVANCED MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527690237.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Digital Microfluidics for Manipulation and Analysis of a Single Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22319-32. [PMID: 26389890 PMCID: PMC4613310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic structural and functional unit of a living organism is a single cell. To understand the variability and to improve the biomedical requirement of a single cell, its analysis has become a key technique in biological and biomedical research. With a physical boundary of microchannels and microstructures, single cells are efficiently captured and analyzed, whereas electric forces sort and position single cells. Various microfluidic techniques have been exploited to manipulate single cells through hydrodynamic and electric forces. Digital microfluidics (DMF), the manipulation of individual droplets holding minute reagents and cells of interest by electric forces, has received more attention recently. Because of ease of fabrication, compactness and prospective automation, DMF has become a powerful approach for biological application. We review recent developments of various microfluidic chips for analysis of a single cell and for efficient genetic screening. In addition, perspectives to develop analysis of single cells based on DMF and emerging functionality with high throughput are discussed.
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27
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Caselli F, Bisegna P. A Simple and Robust Event-Detection Algorithm for Single-Cell Impedance Cytometry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 63:415-22. [PMID: 26241968 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2462292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry is emerging as a powerful label-free technique for the characterization of single biological cells. In order to increase the sensitivity and the specificity of the technique, suited digital signal processing methods are required to extract meaningful information from measured impedance data. In this study, a simple and robust event-detection algorithm for impedance cytometry is presented. Since a differential measuring scheme is generally adopted, the signal recorded when a cell passes through the sensing region of the device exhibits a typical odd-symmetric pattern. This feature is exploited twice by the proposed algorithm: first, a preliminary segmentation, based on the correlation of the data stream with the simplest odd-symmetric template, is performed; then, the quality of detected events is established by evaluating their E2O index, that is, a measure of the ratio between their even and odd parts. A thorough performance analysis is reported, showing the robustness of the algorithm with respect to parameter choice and noise level. In terms of sensitivity and positive predictive value, an overall performance of 94.9% and 98.5%, respectively, was achieved on two datasets relevant to microfluidic chips with very different characteristics, considering three noise levels. The present algorithm can foster the role of impedance cytometry in single-cell analysis, which is the new frontier in "Omics."
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28
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Bahrieh G, Özgür E, Koyuncuoğlu A, Erdem M, Gündüz U, Külah H. Characterization of the distribution of rotational torque on electrorotation chips with 3D electrodes. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1785-94. [PMID: 25963845 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This is a study of in-plane and out-of-plane distribution of rotational torque (ROT-T) and effective electric field (EEF) on electrorotation (ER) devices with 3D electrodes using finite element modeling (FEM) and experimental method. The objective of this study is to investigate electrical characteristics of the ER devices with five different electrode geometries and obtain an optimum structure for ER experiments. Further, it provides a comparison between characteristics of the 3D electrodes and traditionally used 2D electrodes. 3D distributions of EEF were studied by the time-variant FEM. FEM results were verified experimentally by studying the rotation of biological cells. The results show that the variations of ROT-T and EEF over the measurement area of the devices are considerably large. This can potentially lead to misinterpretation of recorded data. Therefore, it is essential to specify the boundaries of the measurement area with minimum deviation from the central EEF. For this purpose, FE analyses were utilized to specify the optimal region. Thereby, with confining the measurements to these regions, the dependency of ROT-T on the spatial position of the particles can be eliminated. Comparisons have been made on the sustainability of the EEF and ROT-T distributions for each device, to find an optimum design. Analyses of the devices prove that utilization of the 3D electrodes eliminate irregularities of EEF and ROT-T along the z-axis. The Results show that triangular electrodes provide the highest sustainability for the in-plane ROT-T and EEF distribution, while the oblate elliptical and circular electrodes have the lowest variances along the z-axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garsha Bahrieh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, METU, Ankara, Turkey.,METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Özgür
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, METU, Ankara, Turkey.,METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center, Ankara, Turkey
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29
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Single Cell Electrical Characterization Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12686-712. [PMID: 26053399 PMCID: PMC4490468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical properties of living cells have been proven to play significant roles in understanding of various biological activities including disease progression both at the cellular and molecular levels. Since two decades ago, many researchers have developed tools to analyze the cell’s electrical states especially in single cell analysis (SCA). In depth analysis and more fully described activities of cell differentiation and cancer can only be accomplished with single cell analysis. This growing interest was supported by the emergence of various microfluidic techniques to fulfill high precisions screening, reduced equipment cost and low analysis time for characterization of the single cell’s electrical properties, as compared to classical bulky technique. This paper presents a historical review of single cell electrical properties analysis development from classical techniques to recent advances in microfluidic techniques. Technical details of the different microfluidic techniques are highlighted, and the advantages and limitations of various microfluidic devices are discussed.
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30
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Effect of Electrode Shape on Impedance of Single HeLa Cell: A COMSOL Simulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:871603. [PMID: 25961043 PMCID: PMC4415739 DOI: 10.1155/2015/871603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In disease prophylaxis, single cell inspection provides more detailed data compared to conventional examinations. At the individual cell level, the electrical properties of the cell are helpful for understanding the effects of cellular behavior. The electric field distribution affects the results of single cell impedance measurements whereas the electrode geometry affects the electric field distributions. Therefore, this study obtained numerical solutions by using the COMSOL multiphysics package to perform FEM simulations of the effects of electrode geometry on microfluidic devices. An equivalent circuit model incorporating the PBS solution, a pair of electrodes, and a cell is used to obtain the impedance of a single HeLa cell. Simulations indicated that the circle and parallel electrodes provide higher electric field strength compared to cross and standard electrodes at the same operating voltage. Additionally, increasing the operating voltage reduces the impedance magnitude of a single HeLa cell in all electrode shapes. Decreasing impedance magnitude of the single HeLa cell increases measurement sensitivity, but higher operational voltage will damage single HeLa cell.
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31
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Microfluidic impedance flow cytometry enabling high-throughput single-cell electrical property characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9804-30. [PMID: 25938973 PMCID: PMC4463619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for high-throughput electrical property characterization of single cells. Four major perspectives of microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for single-cell characterization are included in this review: (1) early developments of microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for single-cell electrical property characterization; (2) microfluidic impedance flow cytometry with enhanced sensitivity; (3) microfluidic impedance and optical flow cytometry for single-cell analysis and (4) integrated point of care system based on microfluidic impedance flow cytometry. We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities from the perspectives of both technical innovation and clinical applications.
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32
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Ahmad IL, Ahmad MR. Trends in characterizing single cell's stiffness properties. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-014-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Chiang Y, Jang LS, Tsai SL, Chen MK, Wang MH. Impedance Analysis of Single Melanoma Cells in Microfluidic Devices. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tsai SL, Chiang Y, Wang MH, Chen MK, Jang LS. Battery-powered portable instrument system for single-cell trapping, impedance measurements, and modeling analyses. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2392-400. [PMID: 24610717 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A battery-powered portable instrument system for the single-HeLa-cell trapping and analyses is developed. A method of alternating current electrothermal (ACET) and DEP are employed for the cell trapping and the method of impedance spectroscopy is employed for cell characterizations. The proposed instrument (160 mm × 170 mm × 110 mm, 1269 g) equips with a highly efficient energy-saving design that promises approximately 120 h of use. It includes an impedance analyzer performing an excitation voltage of 0.2-2 Vpp and a frequency sweep of 11-101 kHz, function generator with the sine wave output at an operating voltage of 1-50 Vpp with a frequency of 4-12 MHz, cell-trapping biochip, microscope, and input/output interface. The biochip for the single cell trapping is designed and simulated based on a combination of ACET and DEP forces. In order to improve measurement accuracy, the curve fitting method is adopted to calibrate the proposed impedance spectroscopy. Measurement results from the proposed system are compared with results from a precision impedance analyzer. The trapped cell can be modeled for numerical analyses. Many advantages are offered in the proposed instrument such as the small volume, real-time monitoring, rapid analysis, low cost, low-power consumption, and portable application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Lin Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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35
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Tsai SL, Wang MH, Chen MK, Jang LS. Analytical and Numerical Modeling Methods for Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Single Cells on Coplanar Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Gu W, Zhao Y. Cellular electrical impedance spectroscopy: an emerging technology of microscale biosensors. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 7:767-79. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.10.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Bahrieh G, Erdem M, Özgür E, Gündüz U, Külah H. Assessment of effects of multi drug resistance on dielectric properties of K562 leukemic cells using electrorotation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, dielectric characterization of multidrug resistant (MDR) K562 human leukemia cells was carried out using a MEMS based electrorotation (ER) device with 3D electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garsha Bahrieh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- METU
- Ankara, Turkey
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center
- Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ebru Özgür
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center
- Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- METU
- Ankara, Turkey
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center
- Ankara, Turkey
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38
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Das D, Kamil FA, Biswas K, Das S. Evaluation of single cell electrical parameters from bioimpedance of a cell suspension. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study introduces a simple and detailed analysis technique to extract the electrical properties of a single cell from impedance spectroscopy data from a group of cells in suspension, leading to a more reliable and cost effective diagnosis process for disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Das
- Electrical Engineering Department
- Indian Institute of Technology
- , India
| | | | - Karabi Biswas
- Electrical Engineering Department
- Indian Institute of Technology
- , India
| | - Soumen Das
- Electrical Engineering Department
- Indian Institute of Technology
- , India
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39
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Jarvas G, Guttman A. Modeling of cell sorting and rare cell capture with microfabricated biodevices. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:696-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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40
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Nguyen TA, Yin TI, Reyes D, Urban GA. Microfluidic chip with integrated electrical cell-impedance sensing for monitoring single cancer cell migration in three-dimensional matrixes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11068-76. [PMID: 24117341 DOI: 10.1021/ac402761s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration has been recognized as one hallmark of malignant tumor progression. By integrating the method of electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) with the Boyden chamber design, the state-of-the-art techniques provide kinetic information about cell migration and invasion processes in three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrixes. However, the information related to the initial stage of cell migration with single-cell resolution, which plays a unique role in the metastasis-invasion cascade of cancer, is not yet available. In this paper, we present a microfluidic device integrated with ECIS for investigating single cancer cell migration in 3D matrixes. Using microfluidics techniques without the requirement of physical connections to off-chip pneumatics, the proposed sensor chip can efficiently capture single cells on microelectrode arrays for sequential on-chip 2D or 3D cell culture and impedance measurement. An on-chip single-cell migration assay was successfully demonstrated within several minutes. Migration of single metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells in their initial stage can be monitored in real time; it shows a rapid change in impedance magnitude of approximately 10 Ω/s, whereas no prominent impedance change is observed for less-metastasis MCF-7 cells. The proposed sensor chip, allowing for a rapid and selective detection of the migratory properties of cancer cells at the single-cell level, could be applied as a new tool for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Anh Nguyen
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, IMTEK, University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Zheng Y, Nguyen J, Wei Y, Sun Y. Recent advances in microfluidic techniques for single-cell biophysical characterization. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2464-83. [PMID: 23681312 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical (mechanical and electrical) properties of living cells have been proven to play important roles in the regulation of various biological activities at the molecular and cellular level, and can serve as promising label-free markers of cells' physiological states. In the past two decades, a number of research tools have been developed for understanding the association between the biophysical property changes of biological cells and human diseases; however, technical challenges of realizing high-throughput, robust and easy-to-perform measurements on single-cell biophysical properties have yet to be solved. In this paper, we review emerging tools enabled by microfluidic technologies for single-cell biophysical characterization. Different techniques are compared. The technical details, advantages, and limitations of various microfluidic devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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42
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Abdolahad M, Janmaleki M, Taghinejad M, Taghnejad H, Salehi F, Mohajerzadeh S. Single-cell resolution diagnosis of cancer cells by carbon nanotube electrical spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3421-3427. [PMID: 23474499 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) as electrical endoscopes (biosensors) for cancer metastatic diagnosis at single-cell resolution. The device is based on direct signal extraction by means of vertically aligned conductive carbon nanotubes from a live cell membrane, which has been disrupted during carcinogenesis at its primary and progressive stages. The value of this electrical disruption depends on the cancer metastatic grade. In addition, the electrical resonance behavior of the cell, halted during cancer progression, could be monitored as a new cancer diagnostic profile. By taking a second derivative of the cell impedance with respect to applied frequency, we have arrived at a new spectroscopy tool for distinguishing cancerous stages of colon and breast carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdolahad
- Nano-Electronics center of excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395/515, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Shih SC, Barbulovic-Nad I, Yang X, Fobel R, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidics with impedance sensing for integrated cell culture andanalysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Mondal D, Roychaudhuri C, Das L, Chatterjee J. Microtrap electrode devices for single cell trapping and impedance measurement. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 14:955-64. [PMID: 22767244 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the design and fabrication of electrode microtraps for single cell trapping and impedance measurement. In this work, the microtrap electrodes of parallel and elliptical geometry have been fabricated by electroplating of gold electrodes of optimum thickness. This has enabled the formation of electrode traps without requiring any precision alignment between separate insulating traps like PDMS and the bottom gold electrodes. Further the improved uniformity of the electric field between the trapping electrodes as observed from COVENTORWARE simulation significantly reduces the effect of cell position inside the microwell on the electrical measurement unlike previous reports. This makes it possible to directly extract the equivalent cell parameters from the electrical measurement without introducing any correction factor corresponding to cell position. We have performed impedance spectroscopy with both the microwell electrode structures with single HeLa cell at two different positions of trapping. It has been observed that there is almost no change in the extracted values of cell resistance and capacitance for different positions within parallel electrodes and there is only 0.7 % and 0.85 % change in cell resistance and capacitance for the two positions within elliptical electrodes. Thus these microwell electrode structures can be used as an improved and a more convenient platform for single cell electrical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mondal
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
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45
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Luongo K, Holton A, Kaushik A, Spence P, Ng B, Deschenes R, Sundaram S, Bhansali S. Microfluidic device for trapping and monitoring three dimensional multicell spheroids using electrical impedance spectroscopy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:34108. [PMID: 24404028 PMCID: PMC3689825 DOI: 10.1063/1.4809590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and testing of a lab-on-a-chip based microfluidic device for application of trapping and measuring the dielectric properties of microtumors over time using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) techniques were used to embed opposing electrodes onto the top and bottom surfaces of a microfluidic channel fabricated using Pyrex substrate, chrome gold, SU-8, and polydimethylsiloxane. Differing concentrations of cell culture medium, differing sized polystyrene beads, and MCF-7 microtumor spheroids were used to validate the designs ability to detect background conductivity changes and dielectric particle diameter changes between electrodes. The observed changes in cell medium concentrations demonstrated a linear relation to extracted solution resistance (Rs), while polystyrene beads and multicell spheroids induced changes in magnitude consistent with diameter increase. This design permits optical correlation between electrical measurements and EIS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Luongo
- BioMEMs and Microfabrication system Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33172, USA ; Bioengineering Center, Draper Laboratory, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA ; Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Angela Holton
- Bioengineering Center, Draper Laboratory, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- BioMEMs and Microfabrication system Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33172, USA
| | - Paige Spence
- Bioengineering Center, Draper Laboratory, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Beng Ng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Robert Deschenes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Shankar Sundaram
- Bioengineering Center, Draper Laboratory, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- BioMEMs and Microfabrication system Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33172, USA
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46
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Fu LM, Wang YN. Optical microflow cytometer based on external total reflection. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3229-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Ming Fu
- Department of Materials Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung; Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering; National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung; Taiwan
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47
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Guofeng Qiao, Wei Wang, Wei Duan, Fan Zheng, Sinclair AJ, Chatwin CR. Bioimpedance Analysis for the Characterization of Breast Cancer Cells in Suspension. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2012; 59:2321-9. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2012.2202904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Isolation of cell nuclei in microchannels by short-term chemical treatment via two-step carrier medium exchange. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 14:751-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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Ostrovidov S, Sakai Y, Fujii T. Integration of a pump and an electrical sensor into a membrane-based PDMS microbioreactor for cell culture and drug testing. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 13:847-64. [PMID: 21728068 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To the extent possible, artificial organs should have characteristics that match those of the in vivo system. To this end, microfabrication techniques allow us to create microenvironments that can help maintain cell organization and functionality in in vitro cultures. We present three new microbioreactors, each of which allows cells to be cultured in a perfused microenvironment similar to that found in vivo. Our microbioreactors use new technology that permits integration onto the chip (35 mm × 20 mm) of an electrical sensor, in addition to one or more pumping systems and associated perfusion circuitry. The monitoring of Caco-2 cell cultures using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has allowed us to measure the effects of cell growth, cellular barrier formation and the presence of chemical compounds and/or toxins. Specifically, we have investigated the ability of the electrical sensor to maintain appropriate sensitivity and precision. Our results show that the sensor was very sensitive not only to the presence or the absence of the cells, but also to changes in cell state. Our perfused microbioreactors are highly efficient miniaturized tools that are easy to operate. We anticipate that they will offer promising new opportunities in many types of cell culture research, including drug screening and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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50
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Furutani S, Nagai H, Takamura Y, Aoyama Y, Kubo I. Detection of expressed gene in isolated single cells in microchambers by a novel hot cell-direct RT-PCR method. Analyst 2012; 137:2951-7. [PMID: 22234623 DOI: 10.1039/c2an15866c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to be able to detect the expression of a gene in individual cells, the ability to isolate and lyse a single cell and to perform reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in one device is important. As is common, when performing cell lysis and RT-PCR in the same reaction chamber, it is necessary to add the reagent for RT-PCR after cell lysis. In this study, we propose an original formula for cell lysis and RT-PCR in the same reaction chamber without the addition of reagent by only a heat process, which we termed hot cell-direct RT-PCR. Hot cell-direct RT-PCR was enabled by using Tth DNA polymerase, which is a thermostable polymerase and has high reverse transcription activity in the presence of manganese ions. Direct detection of RT-PCR products was performed by detecting fluorescence with the use of a double-dye fluorescent probe. We attempted to detect the mRNA of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene in isolated Jurkat cells on a microfluidic device, which we had already developed for single cell isolation. After cell isolation and successive hot cell-direct RT-PCR on the device, fluorescent signals from RT-PCR products for a single cell were detected and differentiated from the chamber containing no cells. A highly positive linear relationship (r = 0.9933) was observed between the number of chambers containing cell(s) and those containing RT-PCR products from 10 to 400 cells μL(-1). Thus it was possible to use the novel hot cell-direct RT-PCR method to detect the expressed gene in isolated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furutani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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