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Fang X, Sun C, Dai P, Xian Z, Su W, Zheng C, Xing D, Xu X, You H. Capillary Force-Driven Quantitative Plasma Separation Method for Application of Whole Blood Detection Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:619. [PMID: 38793192 PMCID: PMC11122923 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Separating plasma or serum from blood is essential for precise testing. However, extracting precise plasma quantities outside the laboratory poses challenges. A recent study has introduced a capillary force-driven membrane filtration technique to accurately separate small plasma volumes. This method efficiently isolates 100-200 μL of pure human whole blood with a 48% hematocrit, resulting in 5-30 μL of plasma with less than a 10% margin of error. The entire process is completed within 20 min, offering a simple and cost-effective approach to blood separation. This study has successfully addressed the bottleneck in self-service POCT, ensuring testing accuracy. This innovative method shows promise for clinical diagnostics and point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaotian Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.F.); (C.S.); (P.D.); (Z.X.); (W.S.); (C.Z.); (D.X.)
| | - Hui You
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.F.); (C.S.); (P.D.); (Z.X.); (W.S.); (C.Z.); (D.X.)
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2
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Amini H, Sokhansanj A, Akrami M, Haririan I. Design and Fabrication of a High Performance Microfluidic Chip for Blood Plasma Separation: Modelling and Prediction of System Behaviour via CFD Method. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:3648247. [PMID: 37404341 PMCID: PMC10317604 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3648247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a single-step microfluidic system designed for passive separation of human fresh blood plasma using direct capillary forces. Our microfluidic system is composed of a cylindrical well between upper and lower channel pairs produced by soft photolithography. The microchip was fabricated based on hydrophobicity differences upon suitable cylindrical surfaces using gravitational and capillary forces and lateral migration of plasma and red blood cells. The plasma radiation was applied to attach the polymeric segment (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) to the glass. Meanwhile, Tween 80 was used as a surfactant to increase the hydrophobicity of the lateral channel surfaces. This led to the higher movement of whole blood, including plasma. Fick's law of diffusion was validated for this diffusion transfer, the Navier-Stokes equation was used for the momentum balance, and the Laplace equation was utilized for the dynamics of the mesh. A model with high accuracy using the COMSOL Multiphysics software was created to predict the capillary forces and chip model validation. RBCs (red blood cells) were measured by the H3 cell counter instrument, by which 99% plasma purity was achieved. Practically, 58.3% of the plasma was separated from the blood within 12 min. Correlation between plasma separation results obtained from software and experimental data showed a coefficient of determination equal to 0.9732. This simple, rapid, stable, and reliable microchip can be considered as a promising candidate for providing plasma in point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Amini
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Sokhansanj
- Reactor and Catalysis Research Center (RCRC), Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akrami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, and Medicinal Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, and Medicinal Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Saikia A, Newar R, Das S, Singh A, Deuri DJ, Baruah A. Scopes and Challenges of Microfluidic Technology for Nanoparticle Synthesis, Photocatalysis and Sensor Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Merlo A, Losserand S, Yaya F, Connes P, Faivre M, Lorthois S, Minetti C, Nader E, Podgorski T, Renoux C, Coupier G, Franceschini E. Influence of storage and buffer composition on the mechanical behavior of flowing red blood cells. Biophys J 2023; 122:360-373. [PMID: 36476993 PMCID: PMC9892622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On-chip study of blood flow has emerged as a powerful tool to assess the contribution of each component of blood to its overall function. Blood has indeed many functions, from gas and nutrient transport to immune response and thermal regulation. Red blood cells play a central role therein, in particular through their specific mechanical properties, which directly influence pressure regulation, oxygen perfusion, or platelet and white cell segregation toward endothelial walls. As the bloom of in-vitro studies has led to the apparition of various storage and sample preparation protocols, we address the question of the robustness of the results involving cell mechanical behavior against this diversity. The effects of three conservation media (EDTA, citrate, and glucose-albumin-sodium-phosphate) and storage time on the red blood cell mechanical behavior are assessed under different flow conditions: cell deformability by ektacytometry, shape recovery of cells flowing out of a microfluidic constriction, and cell-flipping dynamics under shear flow. The impact of buffer solutions (phosphate-buffered saline and density-matched suspension using iodixanol/Optiprep) are also studied by investigating individual cell-flipping dynamics, relative viscosity of cell suspensions, and cell structuration under Poiseuille flow. Our results reveal that storing blood samples up to 7 days after withdrawal and suspending them in adequate density-matched buffer solutions has, in most experiments, a moderate effect on the overall mechanical response, with a possible rapid evolution in the first 3 days after sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adlan Merlo
- GDR MECABIO, France; Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Biomechanics and Bioengineering Laboratory (UMR 7338), Université de Technologie de Compiègne - CNRS, Compiègne, France
| | - Sylvain Losserand
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - François Yaya
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Faivre
- GDR MECABIO, France; University Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Lorthois
- GDR MECABIO, France; Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Minetti
- Aero Thermo Mechanics CP 165/43, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elie Nader
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Podgorski
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LRP, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Renoux
- GDR MECABIO, France; Team 'Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell', Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France; Service de biochimie et biologie moléculaire, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gwennou Coupier
- GDR MECABIO, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France.
| | - Emilie Franceschini
- GDR MECABIO, France; Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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5
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Clark AS, San-Miguel A. A bioinspired, passive microfluidic lobe filtration system. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3762-3774. [PMID: 34581374 PMCID: PMC8486309 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Size-based microfluidic filtration systems can be affected by clogging, which prevents their use in high-throughput and continuous applications. To address these concerns, we have developed two microfluidic lobe filters bioinspired by the filtration mechanism of two species of manta ray. These chips enable filtration of particles around 10-30 μm with precise control and high throughput by using two arrays of equally spaced filter lobes. For each filter design, we investigated multiple inlet flow rates and particle sizes to identify successful operational parameters. Filtration efficiency increases with fluid flow rate, suggesting that particle inertial effects play a key role in lobe filter separation. Microparticle filtration efficiencies up to 99% were obtainable with inlet flow rates of 20 mL min-1. Each filter design successfully increased microparticle concentrations by a factor of two or greater at different inlet flow rates ranging from 6-16 mL min-1. At higher inlet flow rates, ANSYS Fluent simulations of each device revealed a complex velocity profile that contains three local maxima and two inflection points. Ultimately, we show that distances from the lobe array to the closest local maxima and inflection point of the velocity profile can be used to successfully estimate lobe filtration efficiency at each operational flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Clark
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Adriana San-Miguel
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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6
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Laxmi V, Joshi SS, Agrawal A. Biophysical Phenomenon-Based Separation of Platelet-Poor Plasma from Blood. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Laxmi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suhas S. Joshi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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7
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Xu H, Wu Z, Deng J, Qiu J, Hu N, Gao L, Yang J. Microsphere-Based Microfluidic Device for Plasma Separation and Potential Biochemistry Analysis Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050487. [PMID: 33925769 PMCID: PMC8144965 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple, portable, and cost-effective plasma separation platform for blood biochemical analysis is of great interest in clinical diagnostics. We represent a plasma separation microfluidic device using microspheres with different sizes as the separation barrier. This plasma separation device, with 18 capillary microchannels, can extract about 3 μL of plasma from a 50 μL blood sample in about 55 min. The effects of evaporation and the microsphere barrier on the plasma biochemical analysis results were studied. Correction factors were applied to compensate for these two effects. The feasibility of the device in plasma biochemical analysis was validated with clinical blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Zhangying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Jinan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Information, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
| | - Lihong Gao
- Chongqing Center for Drug Evaluation and Certification, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education and Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.X.); (Z.W.); (J.D.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.Q.); (L.G.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +86-23-6875-4443 (J.Q.); +86-23-6035-3856 (L.G.); +86-23-6510-2291 (J.Y.)
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8
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Microchannel with Stacked Microbeads for Separation of Plasma from Whole Blood. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Amar LI, Hill MI, Faria M, Guisado D, van Rijn CJM, Leonard EF. Co-current crossflow microfiltration in a microchannel. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:12. [PMID: 30725201 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Steady state crossflow microfiltration (CMF) is an important and often necessary means of particle separation and concentration for both industrial and biomedical processes. The factors controlling the performance of CMF have been extensively reviewed. A major factor is transmembrane pressure (TMP). Because microchannels have small height, they tend to have high pressure gradients in the feed-flow direction. In the extreme, these gradients may even reverse the pressure across the membrane (inciting backflow). It is therefore desirable to compensate for the effect of feed-flow on the TMP, aiming at constant transmembrane pressure (cTMP) at a value which maximizes filtrate flux. This is especially critical during filtration of deformable particles (e.g. erythrocytes) through low intrinsic resistance membranes. Filtration flux is generally taken to be directly proportional to TMP, with pressure drop along the channel decreasing in the flow direction. A co-current flow of filtrate in a suitably designed filtrate collecting channel is shown to allow the TMP to remain constant and permit the sieving surface to perform optimally, permitting up to twice as much filtration over that of a naïve configuration. Manipulation of the filtrate channel may be even more beneficial if it prevents backflow that might otherwise occur at the end of a sufficiently long channel. Experiments with erythrocyte suspensions, reported here, validate these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levy I Amar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th street #811, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Michael I Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Monica Faria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Daniela Guisado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Cees J M van Rijn
- MicroFluidics and NanoTechnology/ORC, Wageningen University Stippeneng, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Edward F Leonard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th street #811, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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10
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Yap BK, M Soair SN, Talik NA, Lim WF, Mei I L. Potential Point-of-Care Microfluidic Devices to Diagnose Iron Deficiency Anemia. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2625. [PMID: 30103424 PMCID: PMC6111990 DOI: 10.3390/s18082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, rapid technological advancement in the field of microfluidics has produced a wide array of microfluidic point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices for the healthcare industry. However, potential microfluidic applications in the field of nutrition, specifically to diagnose iron deficiency anemia (IDA) detection, remain scarce. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia, which affects billions of people globally, especially the elderly, women, and children. This review comprehensively analyzes the current diagnosis technologies that address anemia-related IDA-POC microfluidic devices in the future. This review briefly highlights various microfluidics devices that have the potential to detect IDA and discusses some commercially available devices for blood plasma separation mechanisms. Reagent deposition and integration into microfluidic devices are also explored. Finally, we discuss the challenges of insights into potential portable microfluidic systems, especially for remote IDA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Kar Yap
- Electronics and Communication Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, KM-7 Jalan Uniten-Ikram, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nur'Arifah M Soair
- Electronics and Communication Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, KM-7 Jalan Uniten-Ikram, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Azrina Talik
- Electronics and Communication Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, KM-7 Jalan Uniten-Ikram, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Power Electronics (IPE), College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, KM-7 Jalan Uniten-Ikram, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wai Feng Lim
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lai Mei I
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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11
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Amar LI, Guisado D, Faria M, Jones JP, van Rijn CJM, Hill MI, Leonard EF. Erythrocyte fouling on micro-engineered membranes. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:55. [PMID: 29971550 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Crossflow microfiltration of plasma from blood through microsieves in a microchannel is potentially useful in many biomedical applications, including clinically as a wearable water removal device under development by the authors. We report experiments that correlate filtration rates, transmembrane pressures (TMP) and shear rates during filtration through a microscopically high channel bounded by a low intrinsic resistance photolithographically-produced porous semiconductor membrane. These experiments allowed observation of erythrocyte behavior at the filtering surface and showed how their unique deformability properties dominated filtration resistance. At low filtration rates (corresponding to low TMP), they rolled along the filter surface, but at higher filtration rates (corresponding to higher TMP), they anchored themselves to the filter membrane, forming a self-assembled, incomplete monolayer. The incompleteness of the layer was an essential feature of the monolayer's ability to support sustainable filtration. Maximum steady-state filtration flux was a function of wall shear rate, as predicted by conventional crossflow filtration theory, but, contrary to theories based on convective diffusion, showed weak dependence of filtration on erythrocyte concentration. Post-filtration scanning electron micrographs revealed significant capture and deformation of erythrocytes in all filter pores in the range 0.25 to 2 μm diameter. We report filtration rates through these filters and describe a largely unrecognized mechanism that allows stable filtration in the presence of substantial cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levy I Amar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Daniela Guisado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Monica Faria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - James P Jones
- Department of Nephrology, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, 10025, USA
| | - Cees J M van Rijn
- MicroFluidics and NanoTechnology/ORC, Wageningen University Stippeneng, Wageningen, 6708, WE, The Netherlands
| | - Michael I Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Edward F Leonard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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12
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Measurement of Impedimetric Ratio of Blood Cells Using Microfluidic Chip with ZnO Nanowires. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Maria MS, Rakesh PE, Chandra TS, Sen AK. Capillary flow-driven microfluidic device with wettability gradient and sedimentation effects for blood plasma separation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43457. [PMID: 28256564 PMCID: PMC5335260 DOI: 10.1038/srep43457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a capillary flow-driven microfluidic device for blood-plasma separation that comprises a cylindrical well between a pair of bottom and top channels. Exposure of the well to oxygen-plasma creates wettability gradient on its inner surface with its ends hydrophilic and middle portion hydrophobic. Due to capillary action, sample blood self-infuses into bottom channel and rises up the well. Separation of plasma occurs at the hydrophobic patch due to formation of a ‘self-built-in filter’ and sedimentation. Capillary velocity is predicted using a model and validated using experimental data. Sedimentation of RBCs is explained using modified Steinour’s model and correlation between settling velocity and liquid concentration is found. Variation of contact angle on inner surface of the well is characterized and effects of well diameter and height and dilution ratio on plasma separation rate are investigated. With a well of 1.0 mm diameter and 4.0 mm height, 2.0 μl of plasma was obtained (from <10 μl whole blood) in 15 min with a purification efficiency of 99.9%. Detection of glucose was demonstrated with the plasma obtained. Wetting property of channels was maintained by storing in DI water under vacuum and performance of the device was found to be unaffected over three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sneha Maria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - P E Rakesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - T S Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - A K Sen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
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14
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Abstract
An all-glass bifurcation microfluidic chip for blood plasma separation was fabricated by a cost-effective glass molding process using an amorphous carbon (AC) mold, which in turn was fabricated by the carbonization of a replicated furan precursor. To compensate for the shrinkage during AC mold fabrication, an enlarged photoresist pattern master was designed, and an AC mold with a dimensional error of 2.9% was achieved; the dimensional error of the master pattern was 1.6%. In the glass molding process, a glass microchannel plate with negligible shape errors (~1.5%) compared to AC mold was replicated. Finally, an all-glass bifurcation microfluidic chip was realized by micro drilling and thermal fusion bonding processes. A separation efficiency of 74% was obtained using the fabricated all-glass bifurcation microfluidic chip.
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15
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Maria MS, Rakesh PE, Chandra TS, Sen AK. Capillary flow of blood in a microchannel with differential wetting for blood plasma separation and on-chip glucose detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:054108. [PMID: 27703594 PMCID: PMC5035299 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report capillary flow of blood in a microchannel with differential wetting for the separation of a plasma from sample blood and subsequent on-chip detection of glucose present in a plasma. A rectangular polydimethylsiloxane microchannel with hydrophilic walls (on three sides) achieved by using oxygen plasma exposure enables capillary flow of blood introduced at the device inlet through the microchannel. A hydrophobic region (on all four sides) in the microchannel impedes the flow of sample blood, and the accumulated blood cells at the region form a filter to facilitate the separation of a plasma. The modified wetting property of the walls and hence the device performance could be retained for a few weeks by covering the channels with deionised water. The effects of the channel cross-section, exposure time, waiting time, and location and length of the hydrophobic region on the volume of the collected plasma are studied. Using a channel cross-section of 1000 × 400 μm, an exposure time of 2 min, a waiting time of 10 min, and a hydrophobic region of width 1.0 cm located at 10 mm from the device inlet, 450 nl of plasma was obtained within 15 min. The performance of the device was found to be unaffected (provides 450 nl of plasma in 15 min) even after 15 days. The purification efficiency and plasma recovery of the device were measured and found to be comparable with that obtained using the conventional centrifugation process. Detection of glucose at different concentrations in whole blood of normal and diabetic patients was performed (using 5 μl of sample blood within 15 min) to demonstrate the compatibility of the device with integrated detection modules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P E Rakesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | - T S Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | - A K Sen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
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Karle M, Vashist SK, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Microfluidic solutions enabling continuous processing and monitoring of biological samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 929:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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