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Kalkal A, Tiwari A, Sharma D, Baghel MK, Kumar P, Pradhan R, Packirisamy G. Air-brush spray coated Ti 3C 2-MXene-graphene nanohybrid thin film based electrochemical biosensor for cancer biomarker detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127260. [PMID: 37802449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant health hazard worldwide and poses a greater threat to the quality of human life. Quantifying cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity has demonstrated considerable potential for compelling, quick, cost-effective, and minimally invasive early-stage cancer detection. In line with this, efforts have been made towards developing an f-graphene@Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid thin-film-based electrochemical biosensing platform for efficient carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection. The air-brush spray coating technique has been utilized for depositing the uniform thin films of amine functionalized graphene (f-graphene) and Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid on ITO-coated glass substrate. The chemical bonding and morphological studies of the deposited nanohybrid thin films are characterized by advanced analytical tools, including XRD, XPS, and FESEM. The EDC-NHS chemistry is employed to immobilize the deposited thin films with monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies, followed by blocking the non-specific binding sites with BSA. The electrochemical response and optimization of biosensing parameters have been conducted using CV and DPV techniques. The optimized BSA/anti-CEA/f-graphene@Ti3C2-MXene immunoelectrode showed the ability to detect CEA biomarker from 0.01 pg mL-1 to 2000 ng mL-1 having a considerably lower detection limit of 0.30 pg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kalkal
- iHub Divyasmapark, Technology Innovation Hub, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Ayush Tiwari
- iHub Divyasmapark, Technology Innovation Hub, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Deepanshu Sharma
- iHub Divyasmapark, Technology Innovation Hub, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Baghel
- iHub Divyasmapark, Technology Innovation Hub, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Institute Instrumentation Center, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Rangadhar Pradhan
- iHub Divyasmapark, Technology Innovation Hub, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Kalkal A, Pradhan R, Packirisamy G. Gold nanoparticles modified reduced graphene oxide nanosheets based dual-quencher for highly sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125157. [PMID: 37257543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario, the dominance of cancer is becoming a disastrous threat to mankind. Therefore, an advanced analytical approach is desired as the need of the hour for early diagnosis to curb the menace of cancer. In this context, the present work reports the development of nano surface energy transfer (NSET) based fluorescent immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection utilizing protein functionalized graphene quantum dots (anti-CEA/amine-GQDs) and a nanocomposite of nanostructured gold and reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs@rGO) as energy donor-acceptor pair, respectively. The obtained AuNPs@rGO nanocomposite has been characterized by different advanced analytical techniques. The functionality of the biosensor depends on quenching the fluorescence of anti-CEA/amine-GQDs donor species by AuNPs@rGO acceptor species, followed by the gradual recovery of GQDs' fluorescence after CEA addition. The efficient energy transfer kinetics have been envisaged by utilizing the AuNPs@rGO nanocomposite as a dual-quencher nanoprobe that revealed improved energy transfer and quenching efficiency (~62 %, 88 %) compared to AuNPs (~43 %, 81 %) as a single quencher. Further, the developed biosensing platform successfully detected CEA biomarker with notable biosensing parameters, including a wider linear detection range (0.001-500 ng mL-1), fast response time (24 min), and a significantly low detection limit (0.35 pg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kalkal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - Rangadhar Pradhan
- iHub Divyasmapark, Technology Innovation hub, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Das S, Chakraborty S. Simultaneous quantitative detection of hematocrit and hemoglobin from whole blood using a multiplexed paper sensor with a smartphone interface. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:318-329. [PMID: 36562505 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a highly accurate single-step label-free testing technology for simultaneous and independent hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) level detection from a drop of whole blood by employing a disposable paper strip sensor interfaced with a portable impedimetric device. The paper strip is fabricated by in situ automated printing of a customized electrode template on the non-glossy side of a commercially available photo paper substrate followed by graphite deposition. The integrated platform device technology additionally includes a compact detection cum readout unit comprising a high precision impedance converter system that combines an on-board frequency generator with an analog-to-digital converter evaluation board, collectively interfaced with a central processor, calibration circuit, and smartphone. Employing a dispensed blood sample volume of 25 μL, the device is shown to have a sensitivity of 92 Ω/Hct and 287 Ω/Hb at an optimal frequency of 57 kHz. The respective linear response regimes appear to be wide enough to cover physiologically relevant limits, with excellent stability and reproducibility. Validation with clinical samples reveals limits of detection of Hct and Hb levels as low as 4.66% and 1.89 g dL-1, respectively, which are beyond the quantitative capability of commonly used affordable point of care test kits. The envisaged paradigm of rapid, robust, highly accurate, energy-efficient, simple, user-friendly, multiplex portable detection, obviating any possible ambiguities in interpretation due to common artefacts of colorimetric detection technologies such as optical interference with the image analytical procedure due to the inherent redness of blood samples and background illumination, renders this ideal for deployment in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India.
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Kim H, Zhbanov A, Yang S. Microfluidic Systems for Blood and Blood Cell Characterization. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:13. [PMID: 36671848 PMCID: PMC9856090 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory blood test is vital for assessing a patient's health and disease status. Advances in microfluidic technology have opened the door for on-chip blood analysis. Currently, microfluidic devices can reproduce myriad routine laboratory blood tests. Considerable progress has been made in microfluidic cytometry, blood cell separation, and characterization. Along with the usual clinical parameters, microfluidics makes it possible to determine the physical properties of blood and blood cells. We review recent advances in microfluidic systems for measuring the physical properties and biophysical characteristics of blood and blood cells. Added emphasis is placed on multifunctional platforms that combine several microfluidic technologies for effective cell characterization. The combination of hydrodynamic, optical, electromagnetic, and/or acoustic methods in a microfluidic device facilitates the precise determination of various physical properties of blood and blood cells. We analyzed the physical quantities that are measured by microfluidic devices and the parameters that are determined through these measurements. We discuss unexplored problems and present our perspectives on the long-term challenges and trends associated with the application of microfluidics in clinical laboratories. We expect the characterization of the physical properties of blood and blood cells in a microfluidic environment to be considered a standard blood test in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kim
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Zhbanov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Kalkal A, Kadian S, Kumar S, Manik G, Sen P, Kumar S, Packirisamy G. Ti 3C 2-MXene decorated with nanostructured silver as a dual-energy acceptor for the fluorometric neuron specific enolase detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113620. [PMID: 34560349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanohybrids of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have shown fascinating prospects towards the fabrication of highly efficient fluorescent immunosensor. In this context, a nanohybrid of ultrathin Ti3C2-MXene nanosheets and silver nanoparticles (Ag@Ti3C2-MXene) has been reported as a dual-energy acceptor for ultrahigh fluorescence quenching of protein-functionalized graphene quantum dots (anti-NSE/amino-GQDs). The Ti3C2-MXene nanosheets are decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to obsolete the agglomeration and restacking through a one-pot direct reduction method wherein the 2D Ti3C2-MXene nanosheets acted both as a reducing agent and support matrix for AgNPs. The as-prepared nanohybrid is characterized by various techniques to analyze the optical, structural, compositional, and morphological parameters. The quenching efficiency and energy transfer capability between the anti-NSE/amino-GQDs (donor) and Ag@Ti3C2-MXene (acceptor) have been explored through steady state and time-resolved spectroscopic studies. Interestingly, the Ag@Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid exhibits better quenching and energy transfer efficiencies in contrast to bare Ti3C2-MXene, AgNPs and previously reported AuNPs. Based on optimized donor-acceptor pair, a fluorescent turn-on biosensing system is constructed that revealed improved biosensing characteristics compared to Ti3C2-MXene, graphene and AuNPs for the detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), including higher sensitivity (∼771 mL ng-1), broader linear detection range (0.0001-1500 ng mL-1), better LOD (0.05 pg mL-1), and faster response time (12 min). Besides, remarkable biosensing capability has been observed in serum samples, with fluorescence recovery of ∼98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kalkal
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sachin Kadian
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Research and Innovations, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Gaurav Manik
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India; Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Kalkal A, Allawadhi P, Pradhan R, Khurana A, Bharani KK, Packirisamy G. Allium sativum derived carbon dots as a potential theranostic agent to combat the COVID-19 crisis. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2:100102. [PMID: 34766058 PMCID: PMC8164516 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the worst pandemics to have hit the humanity. The manifestations are quite varied, ranging from severe lung infections to being asymptomatic. Hence, there is an urgent need to champion new tools to accelerate the end of this pandemic. Compromised immunity is a primary feature of COVID-19. Allium sativum (AS) is an effective dietary supplement known for its immune-modulatory, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal, and anti-viral properties. In this paper, it is hypothesized that carbon dots (CDs) derived from AS (AS-CDs) may possess the potential to downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and revert the immunological aberrations to normal in case of COVID-19. CDs have already been explored in the world of nanobiomedicine as a promising theranostic candidates for bioimaging and drug/gene delivery. The antifibrotic and antioxidant effects of AS are elaborated, as demonstrated in several studies. It is found that the most active constituent of AS, allicin has a highly potent antioxidant and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effect. The antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-viral effects along with their capability of negating inflammatory effects and cytokine storm are discussed. The synthesis of theranostic CDs from AS may provide a novel weapon in the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of COVID-19 infection and, at the same time, could act as a diagnostic agent for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kalkal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rangadhar Pradhan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University (PVNRTVU), Telangana India
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Warangal, 506166, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University (PVNRTVU), Telangana, India
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Warangal, 506166, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University (PVNRTVU), Telangana, India
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, College of Fishery Science, Pebbair, Wanaparthy, 509104, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University (PVNRTVU), Telangana, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Wang H, Wang L, Yang L, Shi X, Wen Z, Dong X. Exploring the relationship between the dielectric properties and viability of human normal hepatic tissues from 10 Hz to 100 MHz based on grey relational analysis and BP neural network. Comput Biol Med 2021; 134:104494. [PMID: 34058511 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver is an important parenchyma organ, and its tissue viability plays an important role in liver transplantation and liver ischemic injury assessment. Dielectric property is a useful biophysical feature that provides insights into the structure and composition of biological tissues. This work aims to establish the relationship between the dielectric properties and viability of human normal hepatic tissues and explore the possibility of evaluating tissue viability by using dielectric properties. First, data on dielectric properties and tissue viability (including cell morphology and enzyme indicators) were collected from human liver tissues at 0.25-24 h after isolation. Grey relational analysis was conducted to select dielectric property and tissue viability indices that were highly correlated with prolonged ex vivo time as the inputs and outputs, respectively, of back-propagation (BP) neural network analysis. Finally, a BP neural network was developed with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to explore the possibility of using dielectric properties as the basis for tissue viability evaluation. Results showed that the mean relative error for prediction was 2.40%, indicating that the model showed potential in forecasting liver tissue viability by applying dielectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhihong Wen
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuzhen Dong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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