1
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Isasi E, Wajner M, Duarte JA, Olivera-Bravo S. Cerebral White Matter Alterations Associated With Oligodendrocyte Vulnerability in Organic Acidurias: Insights in Glutaric Aciduria Type I. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:33. [PMID: 38963434 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The white matter is an important constituent of the central nervous system, containing axons, oligodendrocytes, and its progenitor cells, astrocytes, and microglial cells. Oligodendrocytes are central for myelin synthesis, the insulating envelope that protects axons and allows normal neural conduction. Both, oligodendrocytes and myelin, are highly vulnerable to toxic factors in many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders associated with disturbances of myelination. Here we review the main alterations in oligodendrocytes and myelin observed in some organic acidurias/acidemias, which correspond to inherited neurometabolic disorders biochemically characterized by accumulation of potentially neurotoxic organic acids and their derivatives. The yet incompletely understood mechanisms underlying the high vulnerability of OLs and/or myelin in glutaric acidemia type I, the most prototypical cerebral organic aciduria, are particularly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Isasi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Unidad Académica de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas da Saude, Universidade Federal de Río Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Avila Duarte
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Radiología, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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2
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Raimondi V, Ciotti G, Gottardi M, Ciccarese F. 2-Hydroxyglutarate in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Journey from Pathogenesis to Therapies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061359. [PMID: 35740380 PMCID: PMC9220225 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) plays a key role in differentiation blockade and metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Approximatively 20–30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases carry mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes, leading to a reduction in the Krebs cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-HG. Relapse and chemoresistance of AML blasts following initial good response to standard therapy account for the very poor outcome of this pathology, which represents a great challenge for hematologists. The decrease of 2-HG levels through pharmacological inhibition of mutated IDH enzymes induces the differentiation of AML blasts and sensitizes leukemic cells to several anticancer drugs. In this review, we provide an overview of the main genetic mutations in AML, with a focus on IDH mutants and the role of 2-HG in AML pathogenesis. Moreover, we discuss the impact of high levels of 2-HG on the response of AML cells to antileukemic therapies and recent evidence for highly efficient combinations of mutant IDH inhibitors with other drugs for the management of relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Raimondi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Ciotti
- Onco Hematology, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV–IRCCS, 31033 Castelfranco Veneto, Italy; (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Michele Gottardi
- Onco Hematology, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV–IRCCS, 31033 Castelfranco Veneto, Italy; (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesco Ciccarese
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV–IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy;
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3
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Wu MJ, Shi L, Merritt J, Zhu AX, Bardeesy N. Biology of IDH mutant cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2022; 75:1322-1337. [PMID: 35226770 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are the most frequently mutated metabolic genes across human cancers. These hotspot gain-of-function mutations cause the IDH enzyme to aberrantly generate high levels of the oncometabolite, R-2-hydroxyglutarate, which competitively inhibits enzymes that regulate epigenetics, DNA repair, metabolism, and other processes. Among epithelial malignancies, IDH mutations are particularly common in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of mutant IDH (mIDH) 1 delays progression of mIDH1 iCCA, indicating a role for this oncogene in tumor maintenance. However, not all patients receive clinical benefit, and those who do typically show stable disease rather than significant tumor regressions. The elucidation of the oncogenic functions of mIDH is needed to inform strategies that can more effectively harness mIDH as a therapeutic target. This review will discuss the biology of mIDH iCCA, including roles of mIDH in blocking cell differentiation programs and suppressing antitumor immunity, and the potential relevance of these effects to mIDH1-targeted therapy. We also cover opportunities for synthetic lethal therapeutic interactions that harness the altered cell state provoked by mIDH1 rather than inhibiting the mutant enzyme. Finally, we highlight key outstanding questions in the biology of this fascinating and incompletely understood oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ju Wu
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lei Shi
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joshua Merritt
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Jiahui International Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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4
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Wu B, Li Z, Kang Z, Ma C, Song H, Lu F, Zhu Z. An Enzymatic Biosensor for the Detection of D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid in Serum and Urine. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020066. [PMID: 35200327 PMCID: PMC8869338 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (D2HG) is overproduced as a result of the D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and relevant cancers, caused by gene mutation. Accurate analysis of D2HG could help rapid diagnosis of these diseases and allow for timely treatment. In this work, a D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase from Ralstonia solanacearum (RsD2HGDH) is cloned and recombinantly expressed. This enzyme features the direct electron transfer to chemical electron mediators (such as methylene blue (MB)) in the absence of additional coenzymes. Therefore, NAD+, a natural electron acceptor for the commercial D2HGDH and usually known for being unstable and difficult for immobilization can be avoided in the preparation of biosensors. The RsD2HGDH and MB are co-immobilized on a two-dimensional material, Ti3C2 MXene, followed by drop-coating on the gold screen-printed electrode (AuSPE) to construct a compact and portable biosensor. The D2HG in samples can be catalyzed by RsD2HGDH, where the current change is measured by chronoamperometry at -0.23 V. The biosensor shows a D2HG detection range of 0.5 to 120 µM (R2 = 0.9974) with a sensitivity of 22.26 μA mM-1 cm-2 and a detection limit of 0.1 µM (S/N = 3). The biosensor retains 72.52% performance of its incipient state after 30 days of storage. The samples of D2HG-containing fetal bovine serum and artificial urine were analyzed with the recovery of 99.56% to 106.83% and 97.30% to 102.47% further indicating the great application potential of our portable D2HG biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.9, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China; (B.W.); (F.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.9, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China; (Z.L.); (Z.K.); (C.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Zehua Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China; (Z.L.); (Z.K.); (C.M.); (H.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zepeng Kang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China; (Z.L.); (Z.K.); (C.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Chunling Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China; (Z.L.); (Z.K.); (C.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Haiyan Song
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China; (Z.L.); (Z.K.); (C.M.); (H.S.)
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.9, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China; (B.W.); (F.L.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.9, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China; (Z.L.); (Z.K.); (C.M.); (H.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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5
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Miskevich D, Chaban A, Dronina M, Abramovich I, Gottlieb E, Shams I. Comprehensive Analysis of 13C 6 Glucose Fate in the Hypoxia-Tolerant Blind Mole Rat Skin Fibroblasts. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110734. [PMID: 34822392 PMCID: PMC8621580 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioenergetics of the vast majority of terrestrial mammals evolved to consuming glucose (Glc) for energy production under regular atmosphere (about 21% oxygen). However, some vertebrate species, such as aquatic turtles, seals, naked mole rat, and blind mole rat, Spalax, have adjusted their homeostasis to continuous function under severe hypoxic environment. The exploration of hypoxia-tolerant species metabolic strategies provides a better understanding of the adaptation to hypoxia. In this study, we compared Glc homeostasis in primary Spalax and rat skin cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We used the targeted-metabolomics approach, utilizing liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to track the fate of heavy Glc carbons (13C6 Glc), as well as other methodologies to assist the interpretation of the metabolic landscape, such as bioenergetics profiling, Western blotting, and gene expression analysis. The metabolic profile was recorded under steady-state (after 24 h) of the experiment. Glc-originated carbons were unequally distributed between the cytosolic and mitochondrial domains in Spalax cells compared to the rat. The cytosolic domain is dominant apparently due to the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) mastering, since its level is higher under normoxia and hypoxia in Spalax cells. Consumed Glc in Spalax cells is utilized for the pentose phosphate pathway maintaining the NADPH pool, and is finally harbored as glutathione (GSH) and UDP-GlcNAc. The cytosolic domain in Spalax cells works in the semi-uncoupled mode that limits the consumed Glc-derived carbons flux to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and reduces pyruvate delivery; however, it maintains the NAD+ pool via lactate dehydrogenase upregulation. Both normoxic and hypoxic mitochondrial homeostasis of Glc-originated carbons in Spalax are characterized by their massive cataplerotic flux along with the axis αKG→Glu→Pro→hydroxyproline (HPro). The product of collagen degradation, HPro, as well as free Pro are apparently involved in the bioenergetics of Spalax under both normoxia and hypoxia. The upregulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate production detected in Spalax cells may be involved in modulating the levels of HIF-1α. Collectively, these data suggest that Spalax cells utilize similar metabolic frame for both normoxia and hypoxia, where glucose metabolism is switched from oxidative pathways (conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA and further TCA cycle processes) to (i) pentose phosphate pathway, (ii) lactate production, and (iii) cataplerotic pathways leading to hexosamine, GSH, and HPro production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Miskevich
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Anastasia Chaban
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Maria Dronina
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Ifat Abramovich
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 3525433, Israel; (I.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 3525433, Israel; (I.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Imad Shams
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (I.S.)
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6
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MYC Regulation of D2HGDH and L2HGDH Influences the Epigenome and Epitranscriptome. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:538-550.e7. [PMID: 32101699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial D2HGDH and L2HGDH catalyze the oxidation of D-2-HG and L-2-HG, respectively, into αKG. This contributes to cellular homeostasis in part by modulating the activity of αKG-dependent dioxygenases. Signals that control the expression/activity of D2HGDH/L2HGDH are presumed to broadly influence physiology and pathology. Using cell and mouse models, we discovered that MYC directly induces D2HGDH and L2HGDH transcription. Furthermore, in a manner suggestive of D2HGDH, L2HGDH, and αKG dependency, MYC activates TET enzymes and RNA demethylases, and promotes their nuclear localization. Consistent with these observations, in primary B cell lymphomas MYC expression positively correlated with enhancer hypomethylation and overexpression of lymphomagenic genes. Together, these data provide additional evidence for the role of mitochondria metabolism in influencing the epigenome and epitranscriptome, and imply that in specific contexts wild-type TET enzymes could demethylate and activate oncogenic enhancers.
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7
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Huang LE. Friend or foe-IDH1 mutations in glioma 10 years on. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1299-1307. [PMID: 31504231 PMCID: PMC6875900 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of recurrent point mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene, albeit in only a small percentage of glioblastomas a decade ago, has transformed our understanding of glioma biology, genomics and metabolism. More than 1000 scientific papers have been published since, propelling bench-to-bedside investigations that have led to drug development and clinical trials. The rapid biomedical advancement has been driven primarily by the realization of a neomorphic activity of IDH1 mutation that produces high levels of (d)-2-hydroxyglutarate, a metabolite believed to promote glioma initiation and progression through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. Thus, novel inhibitors of mutant IDH1 have been developed for therapeutic targeting. However, numerous clinical and experimental findings are at odds with this simple concept. By taking into consideration a large body of findings in the literature, this article analyzes how different approaches have led to opposing conclusions and proffers a counterintuitive hypothesis that IDH1 mutation is intrinsically tumor suppressive in glioma but functionally undermined by the glutamate-rich cerebral environment, inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and IDH1 copy-number alterations. This theory also provides an explanation for some of the most perplexing observations, including the scarcity of proper model systems and the prevalence of IDH1 mutation in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eric Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological Science, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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8
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To be Wild or Mutant: Role of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and 2-Hydroxy Glutarate (2-HG) in Gliomagenesis and Treatment Outcome in Glioma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:53-63. [PMID: 31485826 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and clinical research based on isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations is much sought after in glioma research since a decade of its discovery in 2008. IDH enzyme normally catalyzes isocitrate to α-keto-glutarate (α-KG), but once the gene is mutated it produces an 'oncometabolite', 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). 2-HG is proposed to inhibit α-KG-dependent dioxygenases and also blocks cellular differentiation. Here, we discuss the role of the IDH1 mutation in gliomagenesis. The review also focuses on the effect of 2-HG on glioma epigenetics, the cellular signaling involved in IDH1 mutant glioma cells and the therapeutic response seen in mutant IDH1(mIDH1) harboring glioma patients in comparison to the patients with wild-type IDH1. The review encompasses the debatable impacts of the mutation on immune microenvironment a propos of various mIDH1 inhibitors in practice or in trials. Recent studies revealing the relation of IDH mutation with the immune microenvironment and inflammatory status in untreated versus treated glioblastoma patients are highlighted with respect to prospective therapeutic targets. Also at the molecular level, the association of mIDH1/2-HG with the intracellular components such as mitochondria and other neighboring cells is discussed.
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9
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Phillips E, Sasarman F, Sinasac D, Al-Hertani W. D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria in a patient with speech delay due to a novel homozygous deletion in the D2HGDH gene. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 20:100482. [PMID: 31431883 PMCID: PMC6580329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a rare neurometabolic condition with a variable clinical spectrum. Here we report on a patient with speech delay, ascertained for an elevated urine 2-hydroxyglutaric acid levels, and found to have a novel pathogenic homozygous deletion in D2HGDH (NG_012012.1(NM_152783.4):c.(292 + 1_293–1)_(*847_?)del). This case expands on the reported phenotype, with speech delay being the prominent clinical finding and despite identifying a large deletion in the D2HGDH gene, the patient presents with the mild phenotype.
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11
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Winter AW, Salimi A, Ospina LH, Roos JCP. Ophthalmic manifestations of Gaucher disease: the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 103:315-326. [PMID: 30612093 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) results from a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity and the subsequent accumulation of the enzyme's metabolites, principally glucosylsphingosine and glucosylceramide. There are three principal forms: Type I, which is the most common, is usually considered non-neuronopathic. Type II, III and IIIc manifest earlier and have neurological sequelae due to markedly reduced enzyme activity. Gaucher's can be associated with ophthalmological sequelae but these have not been systematically reviewed. We therefore performed a comprehensive literature review of all such ophthalmic abnormalities associated with the different types of Gaucher disease. We systematically searched the literature (1950 - present) for functional and structural ocular abnormalities arising in patients with Gaucher disease and found that all subtypes can be associated with ophthalmic abnormalities; these range from recently described intraocular lesions to disease involving the adnexae, peripheral nerves and brain. In summary, Gaucher can affect most parts of the eye. Rarely is it sight-threatening; some but not all manifestations are amenable to treatment, including with enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy. Retinal involvement is rare but patients with ocular manifestations should be monitored and treated early to reduce the risk of progression and further complications. As Gaucher disease is also associated with Parkinsons disease and may also confer an increased risk of malignancy (particularly haematological forms and melanoma), any ocular abnormalities should be fully investigated to exclude these potential underlying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Winter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ali Salimi
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luis H Ospina
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan C P Roos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals, Norfolk, UK .,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Romanidou O, Kotoula V, Fountzilas G. Bridging Cancer Biology with the Clinic: Comprehending and Exploiting IDH Gene Mutations in Gliomas. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:421-436. [PMID: 30194083 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are enzymes that play a major role in the Krebs cycle. Mutations in these enzymes are found in the majority of lower gliomas and secondary glioblastomas, but also in myeloid malignancies and other cancers. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are restricted to specific arginine residues in the active site of the enzymes and are gain-of-function, i.e. they confer a neomorphic enzyme activity resulting in the accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). 2-HG is an oncometabolite causing profound metabolic dysregulation which, among others, results in methylator phenotypes and in defects in homologous recombination repair. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the function of normal and mutated IDH, explain the possible mechanisms through which these mutations might drive malignant transformation of progenitor cells in the central nervous system, and provide a comprehensive review of potential treatment strategies for IDH-mutated malignancies, focusing on gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania Romanidou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Reddy N, Calloni SF, Vernon HJ, Boltshauser E, Huisman TAGM, Soares BP. Neuroimaging Findings of Organic Acidemias and Aminoacidopathies. Radiographics 2018; 38:912-931. [PMID: 29757724 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although individual cases of inherited metabolic disorders are rare, overall they account for a substantial number of disorders affecting the central nervous system. Organic acidemias and aminoacidopathies include a variety of inborn errors of metabolism that are caused by defects in the intermediary metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acid oxidation. These defects can lead to the abnormal accumulation of organic acids and amino acids in multiple organs, including the brain. Early diagnosis is mandatory to initiate therapy and prevent permanent long-term neurologic impairments or death. Neuroimaging findings can be nonspecific, and metabolism- and genetics-based laboratory investigations are needed to confirm the diagnosis. However, neuroimaging has a key role in guiding the diagnostic workup. The findings at conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging may suggest the correct diagnosis, help narrow the differential diagnosis, and consequently facilitate early initiation of targeted metabolism- and genetics-based laboratory investigations and treatment. Neuroimaging may be especially helpful for distinguishing organic acidemias and aminoacidopathies from other more common diseases with similar manifestations, such as hypoxic-ischemic injury and neonatal sepsis. Therefore, it is important that radiologists, neuroradiologists, pediatric neuroradiologists, and clinicians are familiar with the neuroimaging findings of organic acidemias and aminoacidopathies. ©RSNA, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaal Reddy
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (N.R., S.F.C., T.A.G.M.H., B.P.S.), and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (H.J.V.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center Bldg, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842; Università degli Studi di Milano, Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Milan, Italy (S.F.C.); Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (H.J.V.); and Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.B.)
| | - Sonia F Calloni
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (N.R., S.F.C., T.A.G.M.H., B.P.S.), and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (H.J.V.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center Bldg, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842; Università degli Studi di Milano, Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Milan, Italy (S.F.C.); Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (H.J.V.); and Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.B.)
| | - Hilary J Vernon
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (N.R., S.F.C., T.A.G.M.H., B.P.S.), and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (H.J.V.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center Bldg, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842; Università degli Studi di Milano, Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Milan, Italy (S.F.C.); Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (H.J.V.); and Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.B.)
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (N.R., S.F.C., T.A.G.M.H., B.P.S.), and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (H.J.V.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center Bldg, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842; Università degli Studi di Milano, Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Milan, Italy (S.F.C.); Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (H.J.V.); and Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.B.)
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (N.R., S.F.C., T.A.G.M.H., B.P.S.), and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (H.J.V.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center Bldg, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842; Università degli Studi di Milano, Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Milan, Italy (S.F.C.); Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (H.J.V.); and Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.B.)
| | - Bruno P Soares
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (N.R., S.F.C., T.A.G.M.H., B.P.S.), and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (H.J.V.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center Bldg, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842; Università degli Studi di Milano, Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Milan, Italy (S.F.C.); Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (H.J.V.); and Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.B.)
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14
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Thirumal Kumar D, Jerushah Emerald L, George Priya Doss C, Sneha P, Siva R, Charles Emmanuel Jebaraj W, Zayed H. Computational approach to unravel the impact of missense mutations of proteins (D2HGDH and IDH2) causing D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria 2. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1699-1710. [PMID: 29987523 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (2-HGA) is a rare neurometabolic disorder that leads to the development of brain damage. It is classified into three categories: D-2-HGA, L-2-HGA, and combined D,L-2-HGA. The D-2-HGA includes two subtypes: type I and type II caused by the mutations in D2HGDH and IDH2 proteins, respectively. In this study, we studied six mutations, four in the D2HGDH (I147S, D375Y, N439D, and V444A) and two in the IDH2 proteins (R140G, R140Q). We performed in silico analysis to investigate the pathogenicity and stability changes of the mutant proteins using pathogenicity (PANTHER, PhD-SNP, SIFT, SNAP, and META-SNP) and stability (i-Mutant, MUpro, and iStable) predictors. All the mutations of both D2HGDH and IDH2 proteins were predicted as disease causing except V444A, which was predicted as neutral by SIFT. All the mutants were also predicted to be destabilizing the protein except the mutants D375Y and N439D. DSSP plugin of the PyMOL and Molecular Dynamics Simulations (MDS) were used to study the structural changes in the mutant proteins. In the case of D2HGDH protein, the mutations I147S and V444A that are positioned in the beta sheet region exhibited higher Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), decrease in compactness and number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds compared to the mutations N439D and D375Y that are positioned in the turn and loop region, respectively. While the mutants R140Q and R140QG that are positioned in the alpha helix region of the protein. MDS results revealed the mutation R140Q to be more destabilizing (higher RMSD values, decrease in compactness and number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds) compared to the mutation R140G of the IDH2 protein. This study is expected to serve as a platform for drug development against 2-HGA and pave the way for more accurate variant assessment and classification for patients with genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thirumal Kumar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - L Jerushah Emerald
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - P Sneha
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - R Siva
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - W Charles Emmanuel Jebaraj
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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15
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Hariharan VA, Denton TT, Paraszcszak S, McEvoy K, Jeitner TM, Krasnikov BF, Cooper AJL. The Enzymology of 2-Hydroxyglutarate, 2-Hydroxyglutaramate and 2-Hydroxysuccinamate and Their Relationship to Oncometabolites. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020024. [PMID: 28358347 PMCID: PMC5485471 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes make "mistakes". Consequently, repair enzymes have evolved to correct these mistakes. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) slowly catalyze the reduction of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) to the oncometabolite l-2-hydroxyglutarate (l-2-HG). l-2-HG dehydrogenase corrects this error by converting l-2-HG to 2-OG. LDH also catalyzes the reduction of the oxo group of 2-oxoglutaramate (2-OGM; transamination product of l-glutamine). We show here that human glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the amidation of the terminal carboxyl of both the l- and d- isomers of 2-HG. The reaction of 2-OGM with LDH and the reaction of l-2-HG with GS generate l-2-hydroxyglutaramate (l-2-HGM). We also show that l-2-HGM is a substrate of human ω-amidase. The product (l-2-HG) can then be converted to 2-OG by l-2-HG dehydrogenase. Previous work showed that 2-oxosuccinamate (2-OSM; transamination product of l-asparagine) is an excellent substrate of LDH. Finally, we also show that human ω-amidase converts the product of this reaction (i.e., l-2-hydroxysuccinamate; l-2-HSM) to l-malate. Thus, ω-amidase may act together with hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenases to repair certain "mistakes" of GS and LDH. The present findings suggest that non-productive pathways for nitrogen metabolism occur in mammalian tissues in vivo. Perturbations of these pathways may contribute to symptoms associated with hydroxyglutaric acidurias and to tumor progression. Finally, methods for the synthesis of l-2-HGM and l-2-HSM are described that should be useful in determining the roles of ω-amidase/4- and 5-C compounds in photorespiration in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek A Hariharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA.
| | - Sarah Paraszcszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Thomas M Jeitner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Boris F Krasnikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
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16
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Ravasz D, Kacso G, Fodor V, Horvath K, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. Catabolism of GABA, succinic semialdehyde or gamma-hydroxybutyrate through the GABA shunt impair mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:41-53. [PMID: 28300620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA is catabolized in the mitochondrial matrix through the GABA shunt, encompassing transamination to succinic semialdehyde followed by oxidation to succinate by the concerted actions of GABA transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH), respectively. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug that could enter the citric acid cycle through transhydrogenation with α-ketoglutarate to succinic semialdehyde and d-hydroxyglutarate, a reaction catalyzed by hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (HOT). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the elevation in matrix succinate concentration caused by exogenous addition of GABA, succinic semialdehyde or GHB shifts the equilibrium of the reversible reaction catalyzed by succinate-CoA ligase towards ATP (or GTP) hydrolysis, effectively negating substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP). Mitochondrial SLP was addressed by interrogating the directionality of the adenine nucleotide translocase during anoxia in isolated mouse brain and liver mitochondria. GABA eliminated SLP, and this was rescued by the GABA-T inhibitors vigabatrin and aminooxyacetic acid. Succinic semialdehyde was an extremely efficient substrate energizing mitochondria during normoxia but mimicked GABA in abolishing SLP in anoxia, in a manner refractory to vigabatrin and aminooxyacetic acid. GHB could moderately energize liver but not brain mitochondria consistent with the scarcity of HOT expression in the latter. In line with these results, GHB abolished SLP in liver but not brain mitochondria during anoxia and this was unaffected by either vigabatrin or aminooxyacetic acid. It is concluded that when mitochondria catabolize GABA or succinic semialdehyde or GHB through the GABA shunt, their ability to perform SLP is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Ravasz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kacso
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Fodor
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Kata Horvath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Hungary
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary.
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17
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Jones PM, Boriack R, Struys EA, Rakheja D. Measurement of Oncometabolites D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid and L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1633:219-234. [PMID: 28735490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7142-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for measurement of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid. These metabolites are increased in specific inborn errors of metabolism and are now recognized as oncometabolites. The measurement of D-2-hydroxyglutarate in peripheral blood may be used as a biomarker for screening and follow-up of patients with IDH-mutated acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richard Boriack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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18
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Nadtochiy SM, Schafer X, Fu D, Nehrke K, Munger J, Brookes PS. Acidic pH Is a Metabolic Switch for 2-Hydroxyglutarate Generation and Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20188-97. [PMID: 27510037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) is an important epigenetic regulator, with potential roles in cancer and stem cell biology. The d-(R)-enantiomer (d-2-HG) is an oncometabolite generated from α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) by mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase, whereas l-(S)-2-HG is generated by lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in response to hypoxia. Because acidic pH is a common feature of hypoxia, as well as tumor and stem cell microenvironments, we hypothesized that pH may regulate cellular 2-HG levels. Herein we report that cytosolic acidification under normoxia moderately elevated 2-HG in cells, and boosting endogenous substrate α-KG levels further stimulated this elevation. Studies with isolated lactate dehydrogenase-1 and malate dehydrogenase-2 revealed that generation of 2-HG by both enzymes was stimulated severalfold at acidic pH, relative to normal physiologic pH. In addition, acidic pH was found to inhibit the activity of the mitochondrial l-2-HG removal enzyme l-2-HG dehydrogenase and to stimulate the reverse reaction of isocitrate dehydrogenase (carboxylation of α-KG to isocitrate). Furthermore, because acidic pH is known to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and 2-HG is a known inhibitor of HIF prolyl hydroxylases, we hypothesized that 2-HG may be required for acid-induced HIF stabilization. Accordingly, cells stably overexpressing l-2-HG dehydrogenase exhibited a blunted HIF response to acid. Together, these results suggest that acidosis is an important and previously overlooked regulator of 2-HG accumulation and other oncometabolic events, with implications for HIF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keith Nehrke
- Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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19
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Hollinshead KER, Tennant DA. Mitochondrial metabolic remodeling in response to genetic and environmental perturbations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 8:272-85. [PMID: 27196610 PMCID: PMC4982039 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are metabolic hubs within mammalian cells and demonstrate significant metabolic plasticity. In oxygenated environments with ample carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid sources, they are able to use the tricarboxylic acid cycle for the production of anabolic metabolites and ATP. However, in conditions where oxygen becomes limiting for oxidative phosphorylation, they can rapidly signal to increase cytosolic glycolytic ATP production, while awaiting hypoxia‐induced changes in the proteome mediated by the activity of transcription factors such as hypoxia‐inducible factor 1. Hypoxia is a well‐described phenotype of most cancers, driving many aspects of malignancy. Improving our understanding of how mitochondria change their metabolism in response to this stimulus may therefore elicit the design of new selective therapies. Many of the recent advances in our understanding of mitochondrial metabolic plasticity have been acquired through investigations of cancer‐associated mutations in metabolic enzymes, including succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. This review will describe how metabolic perturbations induced by hypoxia and mutations in these enzymes have informed our knowledge in the control of mitochondrial metabolism, and will examine what this may mean for the biology of the cancers in which these mutations are observed. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:272–285. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1334 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E R Hollinshead
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Abstract
Aims: Somatic mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 are described in glioblastomas (GBMs). Mutant IDH1 and IDH2 reduce α-KG to D-2HG which accumulates, and is proposed to promote tumorigenesis. HOT catalyzes the conversion of γ-hydroxybutyrate to succinic semialdehyde in a reaction that produces D-2HG. Since increased HOT enzyme activity could lead to an accumulation of D-2HG, coupled with the fact that only a minority of GBMs carry IDH1/2 mutations and 2HG accumulation has recently been described in IDH wild-type tumors, we analyzed a set of GBM samples for mutations in the HOT gene. Materials & methods: We screened 42 human GBM samples for mutations in HOT. Results: No mutations in HOT were identified in the 42 GBM samples screened. Conclusion: Mutations in the coding regions of HOT do not occur at an appreciable frequency in GBM. Genetic changes in genes called IDH have been shown to occur regularly in brain tumors. These changes result in the production of a chemical called D-2HG which accumulates to a high level in cells and is thought to damage normal cells, causing them to become cancer cells. Genetic changes in other genes may also result in the production of D-2HG and cause cancer in the same way as changes in IDH do. One such gene is called HOT. This study investigated whether genetic changes in HOT could be found in brain tumors.
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21
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ω-Amidase: an underappreciated, but important enzyme in l-glutamine and l-asparagine metabolism; relevance to sulfur and nitrogen metabolism, tumor biology and hyperammonemic diseases. Amino Acids 2015; 48:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Lin AP, Abbas S, Kim SW, Ortega M, Bouamar H, Escobedo Y, Varadarajan P, Qin Y, Sudderth J, Schulz E, Deutsch A, Mohan S, Ulz P, Neumeister P, Rakheja D, Gao X, Hinck A, Weintraub ST, DeBerardinis RJ, Sill H, Dahia PLM, Aguiar RCT. D2HGDH regulates alpha-ketoglutarate levels and dioxygenase function by modulating IDH2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7768. [PMID: 26178471 PMCID: PMC4515030 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) convert isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG). In cancer, mutant IDH1/2 reduces α-KG to D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2-HG) disrupting α-KG-dependent dioxygenases. However, the physiological relevance of controlling the interconversion of D2-HG into α-KG, mediated by D2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2HGDH), remains obscure. Here we show that wild-type D2HGDH elevates α-KG levels, influencing histone and DNA methylation, and HIF1α hydroxylation. Conversely, the D2HGDH mutants that we find in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are enzymatically inert. D2-HG is a low-abundance metabolite, but we show that it can meaningfully elevate α-KG levels by positively modulating mitochondrial IDH activity and inducing IDH2 expression. Accordingly, genetic depletion of IDH2 abrogates D2HGDH effects, whereas ectopic IDH2 rescues D2HGDH-deficient cells. Our data link D2HGDH to cancer and describe an additional role for the enzyme: the regulation of IDH2 activity and α-KG-mediated epigenetic remodelling. These data further expose the intricacies of mitochondrial metabolism and inform on the pathogenesis of D2HGDH-deficient diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ping Lin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Saman Abbas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Manoela Ortega
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Hakim Bouamar
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Yissela Escobedo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Prakash Varadarajan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Yuejuan Qin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Jessica Sudderth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Eduard Schulz
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sumitra Mohan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ulz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Neumeister
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Andrew Hinck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Heinz Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia L M Dahia
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [2] Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [3] Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Ricardo C T Aguiar
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [2] Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [3] Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA [4] South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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23
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Parker SJ, Metallo CM. Metabolic consequences of oncogenic IDH mutations. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:54-62. [PMID: 25956465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Specific point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) occur in a variety of cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), low-grade gliomas, and chondrosarcomas. These mutations inactivate wild-type enzymatic activity and convey neomorphic function to produce d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG), which accumulates at millimolar levels within tumors. d-2HG can impact α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity and subsequently affect various cellular functions in these cancers. Inhibitors of the neomorphic activity of mutant IDH1 and IDH2 are currently in Phase I/II clinical trials for both solid and blood tumors. As IDH1 and IDH2 represent key enzymes within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, mutations have significant impact on intermediary metabolism. The loss of some wild-type metabolic activity is an important, potentially deleterious and therapeutically exploitable consequence of oncogenic IDH mutations and requires continued investigation in the future. Here we review how IDH1 and IDH2 mutations influence cellular metabolism, epigenetics, and other biochemical functions, discussing these changes in the context of current efforts to therapeutically target cancers bearing these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Parker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.
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Krell D, Mulholland P, Frampton AE, Krell J, Stebbing J, Bardella C. IDH mutations in tumorigenesis and their potential role as novel therapeutic targets. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1923-35. [PMID: 24295421 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Somatic mutations in genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 were first identified in glioma and subsequently in acute myeloid leukemia and other solid tumors. These heterozygous point mutations occur at the arginine residue of the enzyme's active site and cause both loss of normal enzyme function and gain of function, causing reduction of α-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which accumulates. D-2-hydroxyglutarate may act as an oncometabolite through the inhibition of various α-KG-dependent enzymes, stimulating angiogenesis, histone modifications and aberrant DNA methylation. Possibly, IDH mutations may also cause oncogenic effects through dysregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, or by increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. Clinically, IDH mutations may be useful diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and it is anticipated that a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IDH mutations will enable IDH-directed therapies to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krell
- Molecular & Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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Yang M, Soga T, Pollard PJ. Oncometabolites: linking altered metabolism with cancer. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3652-8. [PMID: 23999438 DOI: 10.1172/jci67228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cancer-associated mutations in genes encoding key metabolic enzymes has provided a direct link between altered metabolism and cancer. Advances in mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance technologies have facilitated high-resolution metabolite profiling of cells and tumors and identified the accumulation of metabolites associated with specific gene defects. Here we review the potential roles of such "oncometabolites" in tumor evolution and as clinical biomarkers for the detection of cancers characterized by metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Rakheja D, Medeiros LJ, Bevan S, Chen W. The emerging role of d-2-hydroxyglutarate as an oncometabolite in hematolymphoid and central nervous system neoplasms. Front Oncol 2013; 3:169. [PMID: 23847760 PMCID: PMC3698461 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of unselected cases and 30% cytogenetically diploid cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 80% of grade II–III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas carry mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes. IDH1/2 mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and modulate the function of IDH (neomorphic activity) thereby facilitating reduction of α-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), a putative oncometabolite. D-2HG is thought to act as a competitive inhibitor of α-KG-dependent dioxygenases that include prolyl hydroxylases and chromatin-modifying enzymes. The end result is a global increase of cellular DNA hypermethylation and alterations of the cellular epigenetic state, which has been proposed to play a role in the development of a variety of tumors. In this review, we provide an update on potential molecular mechanisms linking IDH1/2 mutations and the resulting oncometabolite, D-2HG, with malignant transformation. In addition, in patients with AML and glioma we focus on the associations between IDH1/2 mutations and clinical, morphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
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27
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Cairns RA, Mak TW. Oncogenic isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations: mechanisms, models, and clinical opportunities. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:730-41. [PMID: 23796461 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in catalytic arginine residues of isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are common in glioma, acute myeloid leukemia, chondrosarcoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. The mutant enzymes acquire a neomorphic activity that converts α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG), a rare metabolite. In cells and tissues expressing mutant IDH, D2HG concentrations are highly elevated. D2HG may act as an "oncometabolite" by inhibiting a class of α-KG-dependent enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation, collagen synthesis, and cell signaling. Knock-in mouse models of IDH1 mutations have shed light on these mechanisms and will provide valuable animal models for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A Cairns
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Horbinski C. What do we know about IDH1/2 mutations so far, and how do we use it? Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:621-36. [PMID: 23512379 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome analyses have facilitated the discovery of clinically relevant genetic alterations in a variety of diseases, most notably cancer. A prominent example of this was the discovery of mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) in a sizeable proportion of gliomas and some other neoplasms. Herein the normal functions of these enzymes, how the mutations alter their catalytic properties, the effects of their D-2-hydroxyglutarate metabolite, technical considerations in diagnostic neuropathology, implications about prognosis and therapeutic considerations, and practical applications and controversies regarding IDH1/2 mutation testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, 307 Combs Cancer Research Facility, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Mullen AR, DeBerardinis RJ. Genetically-defined metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:552-9. [PMID: 22858391 PMCID: PMC3466334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenes and tumor suppressors regulate cell metabolism. Evidence demonstrates that tumorigenic mutations in these genes tend to orchestrate metabolic activity into a platform that promotes cell survival, growth, and proliferation. Recent work has shown that some metabolic enzymes are also mutated in cancer, and that these mutations may influence malignancy directly. Thus, these enzymes seem to function as oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and would appear to be compelling targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review several enzymes mutated in cancer - phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2, succinate dehydrogenase, and fumarate hydratase - and discuss exciting new work that has begun to pull back the curtain on how mutations in these enzymes influence tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mullen
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8502, USA
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30
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Choo HJ, Cho TJ, Song J, Tiller GE, Lee SH, Park G, Lee IS, Lachman R, Superti-Furga A, Kim OH. Metaphyseal chondromatosis combined with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria in four patients. Skeletal Radiol 2012; 41:1479-87. [PMID: 22639207 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-012-1442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report four patients who presented with a severe form of metaphyseal chondromatosis in association with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA). All patients showed splaying columns of irregular ossification defects with bulbous metaphyses of the long tubular bones, as well as remarkable involvement of the short tubular and flat bones. The vertebral bodies revealed platyspondyly with irregular, stippled endplates. D-2-HGA has been described as a neurometabolic disorder manifesting a broad range of impairment in mental and motor development. Although hydroxyglutaric acid was excreted in high amounts in the urine of all four patients described herein, no significant neurologic abnormalities were evident. This unusual combination of characteristic skeletal and metabolic abnormalities has rarely been reported. Thus, our report will facilitate the recognition of this distinctive entity, and we suggest that a urine organic acid screening be obtained in patients who present with generalized enchondromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Choo
- Department of Radiology, Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital, Pusan, Korea
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31
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Lazovic J, Soto H, Piccioni D, Lou JR, Li S, Mirsadraei L, Yong W, Prins R, Liau LM, Ellingson BM, Cloughesy TF, Lai A, Pope WB. Detection of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid in vivo by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in U87 glioma cells overexpressing isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 mutation. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:1465-72. [PMID: 23090985 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The arginine 132 (R132) mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase -1 (IDH1(R132)) results in production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and is associated with a better prognosis compared with wild-type (WT) in glioma patients. The majority of lower-grade gliomas express IDH1(R132), whereas this mutation is rare in grade IV gliomas. The aim of this study was to noninvasively investigate metabolic and physiologic changes associated with the IDH1 mutation in a mouse glioma model. Using a 7T magnet, we compared MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in U87 glioma cells overexpressing either the mutated IDH1(R132) or IDH1 wild-type (IDH1(WT)) gene in a mouse flank xenograft model. Flank tumors overexpressing IDH1(R132) showed a resonance at 2.25 ppm corresponding to the 2-HG peak described for human IDH1(R132) gliomas. WT tumors lacked this peak in all cases. IDH1 mutant tumors demonstrated significantly reduced glutamate by in vivo MRS. There were no significant differences in T(2), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), or perfusion values between the mutant and IDH1(WT) tumors. The IDH1(R132) mutation results in 2-HG resonance at 2.25 ppm and a reduction of glutamate levels as determined by MRS. Our results establish a model system where 2-HG can be monitored noninvasively, which should be helpful in validating 2-HG levels as a prognostic and/or predictive biomarker in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lazovic
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Rakheja D, Konoplev S, Medeiros LJ, Chen W. IDH mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1541-51. [PMID: 22917530 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous group of diseases. Mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes represent a novel class of point mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. These mutations prevent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate and confer novel enzymatic activity, facilitating the reduction of α-ketoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate, a putative oncometabolite. IDH1/IDH2 mutations are heterozygous, and their combined frequency is approximately 17% in unselected acute myeloid leukemia cases, 27% in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia cases, and up to 67% in acute myeloid leukemia cases with cuplike nuclei. These mutations are largely mutually exclusive. Despite many similarities of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations, it is possible that they represent distinct molecular or clinical subgroups of acute myeloid leukemia. All known mutations involve arginine (R), in codon 132 of IDH1 or codon 140 or 172 of IDH2. IDH1(R132) and IDH2(R140) mutations are frequently accompanied by normal cytogenetics and NPM1 mutation, whereas IDH2(R172) is frequently the only mutation detected in acute myeloid leukemia. There is increasing evidence that the prognostic impact of IDH1/2 mutations varies according to the specific mutation and also depends on the context of concurrent mutations of other genes. IDH1(R132) mutation may predict poor outcome in a subset of patients with molecular low-risk acute myeloid leukemia, whereas IDH2(R172) mutations confer a poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Expression of IDH1/2 mutants induces an increase in global DNA hypermethylation and inhibits TET2-induced cytosine 5-hydroxymethylation, DNA demethylation. These data suggest that IDH1/2 mutations constitute a distinct mutational class in acute myeloid leukemia, which affects the epigenetic state, an important consideration for the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Zhu J, Cui G, Chen M, Xu Q, Wang X, Zhou D, Lv S, Fu L, Wang Z, Zuo J. Expression of R132H mutational IDH1 in human U87 glioblastoma cells affects the SREBP1a pathway and induces cellular proliferation. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:165-71. [PMID: 23011765 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a (SREBP1a) is a member of the SREBP family of transcription factors, which mainly controls homeostasis of lipids. SREBP1a can also activate the transcription of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) by binding to its promoter region. IDH1 mutations, especially R132H mutation of IDH1, are a common feature of a major subset of human gliomas. There are few data available on the relationship between mutational IDH1 expression and SREBP1a pathway. In this study, we investigated cellular effects and SREBP1a pathway alterations caused by R132H mutational IDH1 expression in U87 cells. Two glioma cell lines, stably expressing mutational (U87/R132H) or wild type (U87/wt) IDH1, were established. A cell line, stably transfected with pcDNA3.1(+) (U87/vector), was generated as a control. Click-iT EdU assay, sulforhodamine B assay, and wound healing assay respectively showed that the expression of R132H induced cellular proliferation, cell growth, and cell migration. Western blot revealed that SREBP1 was increased in U87/R132H compared with that in U87/wt. Elevated SREBP1a and several its target genes, but not SREBP1c, were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction in U87/R132H. All these findings indicated that R132H mutational IDH1 is involved in the regulation of proliferation, growth, and migration of glioma cells. These effects may partially be mediated by SREBP1a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (The First People's Hospital of Yancheng), Yancheng 224006 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
A novel mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) was recently found in a large percentage of secondary human gliomas. Unlike previously discovered prognostic molecular characteristics, IDH1 mutations were found across gliomas of many different grades and histologies. Further studies have illuminated its utility as a prognostic marker in low-grade and high-grade gliomas and its ability to aid the differentiation and diagnosis of various tumors with histologic ambiguity. As a metabolic enzyme, its inhibitory actions and neomorphic activity present a unique avenue in the understanding of these tumors and potentially a novel mechanism through which they may be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, USA.
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Van Hove JLK, Lohr NJ. Metabolic and monogenic causes of seizures in neonates and young infants. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:214-30. [PMID: 21839663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seizures in neonates or young infants present a frequent diagnostic challenge. After exclusion of acquired causes, disturbances of the internal homeostasis and brain malformations, the physician must evaluate for inborn errors of metabolism and for other non-malformative genetic disorders as the cause of seizures. The metabolic causes can be categorized into disorders of neurotransmitter metabolism, disorders of energy production, and synthetic or catabolic disorders associated with brain malformation, dysfunction and degeneration. Other genetic conditions involve channelopathies, and disorders resulting in abnormal growth, differentiation and formation of neuronal populations. These conditions are important given their potential for treatment and the risk for recurrence in the family. In this paper, we will succinctly review the metabolic and genetic non-malformative causes of seizures in neonates and infants less than 6 months of age. We will then provide differential diagnostic clues and a practical paradigm for their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Clinical Genetics, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Cyr AR, Domann FE. The redox basis of epigenetic modifications: from mechanisms to functional consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:551-89. [PMID: 20919933 PMCID: PMC3118659 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications represent mechanisms by which cells may effectively translate multiple signaling inputs into phenotypic outputs. Recent research is revealing that redox metabolism is an increasingly important determinant of epigenetic control that may have significant ramifications in both human health and disease. Numerous characterized epigenetic marks, including histone methylation, acetylation, and ADP-ribosylation, as well as DNA methylation, have direct linkages to central metabolism through critical redox intermediates such as NAD(+), S-adenosyl methionine, and 2-oxoglutarate. Fluctuations in these intermediates caused by both normal and pathologic stimuli may thus have direct effects on epigenetic signaling that lead to measurable changes in gene expression. In this comprehensive review, we present surveys of both metabolism-sensitive epigenetic enzymes and the metabolic processes that may play a role in their regulation. To close, we provide a series of clinically relevant illustrations of the communication between metabolism and epigenetics in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease, cancer, and environmental toxicity. We anticipate that the regulatory mechanisms described herein will play an increasingly large role in our understanding of human health and disease as epigenetics research progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Cyr
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1181, USA
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Thon N, Eigenbrod S, Kreth S, Lutz J, Tonn JC, Kretzschmar H, Peraud A, Kreth FW. IDH1 mutations in grade II astrocytomas are associated with unfavorable progression-free survival and prolonged postrecurrence survival. Cancer 2011; 118:452-60. [PMID: 21717448 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The favorable prognostic impact of mutations in the IDH1 gene is well documented for malignant gliomas; its influence on World Health Organization (WHO) grade II astrocytomas, however, is still under debate. METHODS A previously published database of 127 predominantly surgically treated patients harboring WHO grade II astrocytomas was revisited. Patients were screened for TP53 mutations (sequencing analysis), IDH1 mutations (pyrosequencing), and MGMT promoter methylation (methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite sequencing). Endpoints were overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), time to malignant transformation, and postrecurrence survival. Radiotherapy was usually withheld until tumor progression/malignant transformation occurred. RESULTS IDH1 mutations, TP53 mutations, and methylated MGMT promoters were seen in 78.1%, 51.2%, and 80.0% of the analyzed tumors, respectively. IDH1 mutations, which were significantly associated with TP53 mutations and/or MGMT promoter methylation (P < .001), resulted in shortened PFS (median, 47 vs 84 months; P = .004); postrecurrence survival, however, was significantly increased in those patients undergoing malignant transformation (median, 49 vs 13.5 months; P = .006). Overall survival was not affected by IDH1. A similar pattern of influence was seen for MGMT promoter methylation. Methylated tumors did significantly worse (better) in terms of PFS (postrecurrence survival); a low number of unmethylated tumors, however, limited the power of this analysis. Conversely, TP53 mutations were stringently associated with a worse prognosis throughout the course of the disease. CONCLUSIONS IDH1 mutations are associated with a Janus headlike phenomenon; unfavorable prognostic influence on PFS turns into favorable impact on postrecurrence survival. A similar pattern of influence might exist for MGMT methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Thon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Wajner M, Goodman SI. Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis in organic acidurias: insights from human and animal studies. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:31-8. [PMID: 21249436 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic acidurias or organic acidemias constitute a group of inherited disorders caused by deficient activity of specific enzymes of amino acids, carbohydrates or lipids catabolism, leading to large accumulation and excretion of one or more carboxylic (organic) acids. Affected patients usually present neurologic symptoms and abnormalities, sometimes accompanied by cardiac and skeletal muscle alterations, whose pathogenesis is poorly known. However, in recent years growing evidence has emerged indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction is directly or indirectly involved in the pathology of various organic acidemias. Mitochondrial impairment in some of these diseases are generally due to mutations in nuclear genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle or oxidative phosphorylation, while in others it seems to result from toxic influences of the endogenous organic acids to the mitochondrion. In this minireview, we will briefly summarize the present knowledge obtained from human and animal studies showing that disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis may represent a relevant pathomechanism of tissue damage in selective organic acidemias. The discussion will focus on mitochondrial alterations found in patients affected by organic acidemias and by the deleterious effects of the accumulating organic acids on mitochondrial pathways that are crucial for ATP formation and transfer. The elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity of these acidic compounds offers new perspectives for potential novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies in selected disorders of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Brauburger K, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC. The sodium-dependent di- and tricarboxylate transporter, NaCT, is not responsible for the uptake of D-, L-2-hydroxyglutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate into neurons. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:477-82. [PMID: 21264516 PMCID: PMC3063566 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of glutarate (GA) and its derivatives such as 3-hydroxyglutarate (3OHGA), D- (D-2OHGA) and L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2OHGA) are increased in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine of patients suffering from different forms of organic acidurias. It has been proposed that these derivatives cause neuronal damage in these patients, leading to dystonic and dyskinetic movement disorders. We have recently shown that these compounds are eliminated by the kidneys via the human organic anion transporters, OAT1 and OAT4, and the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter 3, NaDC3. In neurons, where most of the damage occurs, a sodium-dependent citrate transporter, NaCT, has been identified. Therefore, we investigated the impact of GA derivatives on hNaCT by two-electrode voltage clamp and tracer uptake studies. None of these compounds induced substrate-associated currents in hNaCT-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes nor did GA derivatives inhibit the uptake of citrate, the prototypical substrate of hNaCT. In contrast, D- and L-2OHGA, but not 3OHGA, showed affinities to NaDC3, indicating that D- and L-2OHGA impair the uptake of dicarboxylates into astrocytes thereby possibly interfering with their feeding of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Brauburger
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgitta C. Burckhardt
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Chowdhury R, Yeoh KK, Tian YM, Hillringhaus L, Bagg EA, Rose NR, Leung IKH, Li XS, Woon ECY, Yang M, McDonough MA, King ON, Clifton IJ, Klose RJ, Claridge TDW, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ, Kawamura A. The oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate inhibits histone lysine demethylases. EMBO Rep 2011; 12:463-9. [PMID: 21460794 PMCID: PMC3090014 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2011.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 771] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) have a gain-of-function effect leading to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG) accumulation. By using biochemical, structural and cellular assays, we show that either or both R- and S-2HG inhibit 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases with varying potencies. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values for the R-form of 2HG varied from approximately 25 μM for the histone N(ɛ)-lysine demethylase JMJD2A to more than 5 mM for the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase. The results indicate that candidate oncogenic pathways in IDH-associated malignancy should include those that are regulated by other 2OG oxygenases than HIF hydroxylases, in particular those involving the regulation of histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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Rose NR, McDonough MA, King ONF, Kawamura A, Schofield CJ. Inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4364-97. [PMID: 21390379 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases are ubiquitous iron enzymes that couple substrate oxidation to the conversion of 2OG to succinate and carbon dioxide. In humans their roles include collagen biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, DNA repair, RNA and chromatin modifications, and hypoxic sensing. Commercial applications of 2OG oxygenase inhibitors began with plant growth retardants, and now extend to a clinically used pharmaceutical compound for cardioprotection. Several 2OG oxygenases are now being targeted for therapeutic intervention for diseases including anaemia, inflammation and cancer. In this critical review, we describe studies on the inhibition of 2OG oxygenases, focusing on small molecules, and discuss the potential of 2OG oxygenases as therapeutic targets (295 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Rose
- Department of Chemistry and the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Ali Pervaiz M, Patterson MC, Struys EA, Salomons GS, Jakobs C, Oglesbee D, Kirmani S. Co-morbidity of Sanfilippo syndrome type C and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. J Neurol 2011; 258:1564-5. [PMID: 21384162 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-5977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rakheja D, Mitui M, Boriack RL, DeBerardinis RJ. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 mutational analyses and 2-hydroxyglutarate measurements in Wilms tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:379-83. [PMID: 21225914 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is an uncommon inborn error of metabolism, in which the patients are predisposed to develop brain tumors. Elevated levels of D-2-hydroxyglutarate have been demonstrated with malignant gliomas and myeloid leukemias associated with somatic mutations of the genes encoding NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1 and IDH2, respectively). Recently, we noted a Wilms tumor in a child with L-2-HGA. Given the accumulating evidence that both enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate are associated with cellular transformation, we investigated if sporadic Wilms tumors are associated with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations or with elevated levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate. PROCEDURE We retrieved 21 frozen Wilms tumor tissues. In 20 cases, we sequenced exon 4 and flanking intronic regions of IDH1 and IDH2. In all 21 cases, we measured 2-hydroxyglutarate levels by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We did not find mutations at the hot spots IDH1 codon 132 or IDH2 codon 172. Two cases (1 with favorable histology and 1 with unfavorable histology) showed heterozygous change c.211G>A (p.Val71Ile) in IDH1, a change previously reported as a mutation but listed as a single nucleotide polymorphism in the NCBI SNP database. We did not find increased levels of 2-hydroxygluatric acid in any sample. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that IDH1 codon 132 or IDH2 codon 172 mutations or elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate levels do not play a role in the biology of sporadic Wilms tumors. The significance of heterozygous change c.211G>A (p.Val71Ile) in IDH1, seen in two tumors, is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Engqvist MKM, Kuhn A, Wienstroer J, Weber K, Jansen EEW, Jakobs C, Weber APM, Maurino VG. Plant D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase participates in the catabolism of lysine especially during senescence. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11382-90. [PMID: 21296880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.194175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
D-2-Hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D-2HGDH) catalyzes the specific and efficient oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) to 2-oxoglutarate using FAD as a cofactor. In this work, we demonstrate that D-2HGDH localizes to plant mitochondria and that its expression increases gradually during developmental and dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating an enhanced demand of respiration of alternative substrates through this enzymatic system under these conditions. Using loss-of-function mutants in D-2HGDH (d2hgdh1) and stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS, we found that the D-isomer of 2HG accumulated in leaves of d2hgdh1 during both forms of carbon starvation. In addition to this, d2hgdh1 presented enhanced levels of most TCA cycle intermediates and free amino acids. In contrast to the deleterious effects caused by a deficiency in D-2HGDH in humans, d2hgdh1 and overexpressing lines of D-2HGDH showed normal developmental and senescence phenotypes, indicating a mild role of D-2HGDH in the tested conditions. Moreover, metabolic fingerprinting of leaves of plants grown in media supplemented with putative precursors indicated that D-2HG most probably originates during the catabolism of lysine. Finally, the L-isomer of 2HG was also detected in leaf extracts, indicating that both chiral forms of 2HG participate in plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K M Engqvist
- Botanisches Institut, Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany
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Bhagwat N, Levine RL. Metabolic syndromes and malignant transformation: where the twain shall meet. Sci Transl Med 2011; 2:54ps50. [PMID: 20962328 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 genes that result in the accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) have been identified in malignant gliomas and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the function of this metabolite in normal and malignant tissues remains uncertain. A report in the current issue of Science describes a germline IDH2 mutation in a subset of patients with a rare metabolic disorder--D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria-that is similar to mutations seen in cancer patients. These observations further elucidate the effects of IDH mutations on normal and malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhagwat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Rakheja D, Boriack RL, Mitui M, Khokhar S, Holt SA, Kapur P. Papillary thyroid carcinoma shows elevated levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:325-33. [PMID: 21080253 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of D: -2-hydroxyglutarate (D: -2-HG) occur in gliomas and myeloid leukemias associated with mutations of IDH1 and IDH2. L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, an inherited metabolic disorder, predisposes to brain tumors. Therefore, we asked whether sporadic cancers, without IDH1 or IDH2 hot-spot mutations, show elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate levels. We retrieved 15 pairs of frozen papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and adjacent non-neoplastic thyroid, and 14 pairs of hyperplastic nodule (HN) and adjacent non-hyperplastic thyroid. In all lesions, exon 4 sequencing confirmed the absence of known mutations of IDH1 and IDH2. We measured 2-hydroxyglutarate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Compared to normal thyroid, PTCs had significantly higher D: -2-HG and L: -2-hydroxyglutarate (L: -2-HG) levels, and compared to HNs, PTCs had significantly higher D: -2-HG levels. D: -2-HG/L: -2-HG levels were not significantly different between HNs and normal thyroid. Further studies should clarify if elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate in PTC may be useful as cancer biomarker and evaluate the role of 2-hydroxyglutarate in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Short AD, Mellersh CS, Platt H, Carter SD, Timofte D, Lohi H, Ollier WER. Exonic mutations in the L2HGDH
gene in Staffordshire bull terriers. Vet Rec 2010; 167:455-7. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research; School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences; University of Manchester; Stopford Building Manchester M13 9PT
| | - C. S. Mellersh
- Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU
| | - H. Platt
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research; School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences; University of Manchester; Stopford Building Manchester M13 9PT
| | - S. D. Carter
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZL
| | - D. Timofte
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZL
| | - H. Lohi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences and Medical Genetics, Programme in Molecular Medicine; University of Helsinki; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics; PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - W. E. R. Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research; School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences; University of Manchester; Stopford Building Manchester M13 9PT
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Dang L, Jin S, Su SM. IDH mutations in glioma and acute myeloid leukemia. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:387-97. [PMID: 20692206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The systematic sequencing of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) genomes has identified the recurrent mutation of IDH1, a gene encoding NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate yielding alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG). Subsequent studies have confirmed recurrent IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in up to 70% of low-grade glioma and secondary GBM, as well as in 10% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases. The heterozygous somatic mutations at arginine R132 (IDH1) and at R140 or R172 (IDH2) in the enzyme active site confer a gain of function to the enzymes, which can both produce the metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate. This review surveys the prevalence of IDH mutations in cancer and explores current mechanistic understanding of IDH mutations with implications for diagnostic and therapeutic development for the treatment of gliomas and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Dang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Bayley JP, Devilee P. Warburg tumours and the mechanisms of mitochondrial tumour suppressor genes. Barking up the right tree? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:324-9. [PMID: 20304625 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a revival of interest in the metabolic adaptations of tumours, named for their original discoverer, Otto Warburg. Warburg reported a high rate of glycolysis in tumours, and a concurrent defect in mitochondrial respiration. The rediscovery of Warburg's hypothesis coincided with the discovery of mitochondrial tumours suppressor genes that may conform to Warburg's hypothesis. Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase are mitochondrial proteins of the TCA cycle and the respiratory chain and when mutated lead to tumours of the nervous system known as paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas, and in the case of fumarate hydratase, cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer. Recently a novel mitochondrial protein, SDHAF2 (SDH5), was also shown to be a paraganglioma-related tumour suppressor gene. Another mitochondrial and TCA cycle-related protein, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 is, together with IDH1, frequently mutated in the brain tumour glioblastoma. There are currently many competing hypotheses on the role of these genes in tumourigenesis, but frequent themes are the stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor 1 and upregulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, glucose transport and glycolysis. Other postulated mechanisms include the inhibition of developmental apoptosis, altered gene expression due to histone deregulation and the acquisition of novel catalytic properties. Here we discuss these diverse hypotheses and highlight very recent findings on the possible effects of IDH gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bayley
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gross S, Cairns RA, Minden MD, Driggers EM, Bittinger MA, Jang HG, Sasaki M, Jin S, Schenkein DP, Su SM, Dang L, Fantin VR, Mak TW. Cancer-associated metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate accumulates in acute myelogenous leukemia with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:339-44. [PMID: 20142433 PMCID: PMC2822606 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), are present in most gliomas and secondary glioblastomas, but are rare in other neoplasms. IDH1/2 mutations are heterozygous, and affect a single arginine residue. Recently, IDH1 mutations were identified in 8% of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients. A glioma study revealed that IDH1 mutations cause a gain-of-function, resulting in the production and accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). Genotyping of 145 AML biopsies identified 11 IDH1 R132 mutant samples. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolite screening revealed increased 2-HG levels in IDH1 R132 mutant cells and sera, and uncovered two IDH2 R172K mutations. IDH1/2 mutations were associated with normal karyotypes. Recombinant IDH1 R132C and IDH2 R172K proteins catalyze the novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)–dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-HG. The IDH1 R132C mutation commonly found in AML reduces the affinity for isocitrate, and increases the affinity for NADPH and α-KG. This prevents the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-KG, and facilitates the conversion of α-KG to 2-HG. IDH1/2 mutations confer an enzymatic gain of function that dramatically increases 2-HG in AML. This provides an explanation for the heterozygous acquisition of these mutations during tumorigenesis. 2-HG is a tractable metabolic biomarker of mutant IDH1/2 enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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