Inter-study and inter-Individual Consistency and Variability of EEG/ERP Microstate Sequences in Referential Word Production

Impaired cognitive flexibility in major depressive disorder: Evidences from spatial-temporal ERPs analysis

BACKGROUND

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) may exhibit impairments in cognitive flexibility. This study investigated whether the cognitive flexibility deficits in MDD are evident across general stimuli or specific to emotional stimuli, while exploring the underlying neuropsychological mechanism.

METHODS

A total of 41 MDD patients and 42 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded when participants performed a non-emotional and an emotional task switching paradigm (N-ETSP and ETSP), both of which assessed cognitive flexibility. Microstate and source localization analysis were applied to reflect brain activity among different brain areas during task switching.

RESULTS

In the N-ETSP, MDD group showed larger P3 difference wave (Pd3) amplitudes and longer P2 difference wave (Pd2) latencies. In the ETSP, MDD group displayed smaller N2 difference wave (Nd2) amplitudes and larger Pd3 amplitudes. The comparison of sLORETA images of emotional switch task and emotional repeat task showed that MDD group had increased activation in the precentral gyrus in microstate2 of the P2 time window and had reduced activation in the middle occipital gyrus in microstate3 of the N2 time window.

LIMITATIONS

The cross-sectional design failed to capture dynamic changes in cognitive flexibility in MDD.

CONCLUSIONS

MDD demonstrated impaired cognitive flexibility respond to both non-emotional and emotional stimuli, with greater impairment for negative emotional stimuli. These deficits are evident in abnormal ERPs component during the early attention stage and the later task preparation stage. Furthermore, abnormal emotional switching cost in MDD appears to be related to early abnormal perceptual control in the parietal-occipital cortex.

Asynchronous behavioral and neurophysiological changes in word production in the adult lifespan

Behavioral and brain-related changes in word production have been claimed to predominantly occur after 70 years of age. Most studies investigating age-related changes in adulthood only compared young to older adults, failing to determine whether neural processes underlying word production change at an earlier age than observed in behavior. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating whether changes in neurophysiological processes underlying word production are aligned with behavioral changes. Behavior and the electrophysiological event-related potential patterns of word production were assessed during a picture naming task in 95 participants across five adult lifespan age groups (ranging from 16 to 80 years old). While behavioral performance decreased starting from 70 years of age, significant neurophysiological changes were present at the age of 40 years old, in a time window (between 150 and 220 ms) likely associated with lexical-semantic processes underlying referential word production. These results show that neurophysiological modifications precede the behavioral changes in language production; they can be interpreted in line with the suggestion that the lexical-semantic reorganization in mid-adulthood influences the maintenance of language skills longer than for other cognitive functions.

The accuracy of different mismatch negativity amplitude representations in predicting the levels of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness

Introduction

The mismatch negativity (MMN) index has been used to evaluate consciousness levels in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). Indeed, MMN has been validated for the diagnosis of vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS). In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of different MMN amplitude representations in predicting levels of consciousness.

Methods

Task-state electroencephalography (EEG) data were obtained from 67 patients with DoC (35 VS and 32 MCS). We performed a microstate analysis of the task-state EEG and used four different representations (the peak amplitude of MMN at electrode Fz (Peak), the average amplitude within a time window -25- 25 ms entered on the latency of peak MMN component (Avg for peak ± 25 ms), the average amplitude of averaged difference wave for 100-250 ms (Avg for 100-250 ms), and the average amplitude difference between the standard stimulus ("S") and the deviant stimulus ("D") at the time corresponding to Microstate 1 (MS1) (Avg for MS1) of the MMN amplitude to predict the levels of consciousness.

Results

The results showed that among the four microstates clustered, MS1 showed statistical significance in terms of time proportion during the 100-250 ms period. Our results confirmed the activation patterns of MMN through functional connectivity analysis. Among the four MMN amplitude representations, the microstate-based representation showed the highest accuracy in distinguishing different levels of consciousness in patients with DoC (AUC = 0.89).

Conclusion

We discovered a prediction model based on microstate calculation of MMN amplitude can accurately distinguish between MCS and VS states. And the functional connection of the MS1 is consistent with the activation mode of MMN.

Parallel or sequential? Decoding conceptual and phonological/phonetic information from MEG signals during language production

Speaking requires the temporally coordinated planning of core linguistic information, from conceptual meaning to articulation. Recent neurophysiological results suggested that these operations involve a cascade of neural events with subsequent onset times, whilst competing evidence suggests early parallel neural activation. To test these hypotheses, we examined the sources of neuromagnetic activity recorded from 34 participants overtly naming 134 images from 4 object categories (animals, tools, foods and clothes). Within each category, word length and phonological neighbourhood density were co-varied to target phonological/phonetic processes. Multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) searchlights in source space decoded object categories in occipitotemporal and middle temporal cortex, and phonological/phonetic variables in left inferior frontal (BA 44) and motor cortex early on. The findings suggest early activation of multiple variables due to intercorrelated properties and interactivity of processing, thus raising important questions about the representational properties of target words during the preparatory time enabling overt speaking.

Allocation of cognitive resources in cognitive processing of rhythmic visual stimuli before gait-related motor initiation

Rhythmic visual cues can affect the allocation of cognitive resources during gait initiation (GI) and motor preparation. However, it is unclear how the input of rhythmic visual information modulates the allocation of cognitive resources and affects GI. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of rhythmic visual cues on the dynamic allocation of cognitive resources by recording electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during exposure to visual stimuli. This study assessed event-related potentials (ERPs), event-related synchronization/desynchronization (ERS/ERD), and EEG microstates at 32 electrodes during presentation of non-rhythmic and rhythmic visual stimuli in 20 healthy participants. The ERP results showed that the amplitude of the C1 component was positive under exposure to rhythmic visual stimuli, while the amplitude of the N1 component was higher under exposure to rhythmic visual stimuli compared to their non-rhythmic counterparts. Within the first 200 ms of the onset of rhythmic visual stimuli, ERS in the theta band was highly pronounced in all brain regions analyzed. The results of microstate analysis showed that rhythmic visual stimuli were associated with an increase in cognitive processing over time, while non-rhythmic visual stimuli were associated with a decrease. Overall, these findings indicated that, under exposure to rhythmic visual stimuli, consumption of cognitive resources is lower during the first 200 ms of visual cognitive processing, but the consumption of cognitive resources gradually increases over time. After approximately 300 ms, cognitive processing of rhythmic visual stimuli consumes more cognitive resources than processing of stimuli in the non-rhythmic condition. This indicates that the former is more conducive to the completion of gait-related motor preparation activities, based on processing of rhythmic visual information during the later stages. This finding indicates that the dynamic allocation of cognitive resources is the key to improving gait-related movement based on rhythmic visual cues.

Electrophysiological Changes in Patients with Post-stroke Aphasia: A Systematic Review

Background Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) record two main types of data: continuous measurements at rest or during sleep, and event-related potentials/evoked magnetic fields (ERPs/EMFs) that involve specific and repetitive tasks. In this systematic review, we summarized longitudinal studies on recovery from post-stroke aphasia that used continuous or event-related temporal imaging (EEG or MEG). Methods We searched PubMed and Scopus for English articles published from 1950 to May 31, 2022. Results 34 studies were included in this review: 11 were non-interventional studies and 23 were clinical trials that used specific rehabilitation methods, neuromodulation, or drugs. The results of the non-interventional studies suggested that poor language recovery was associated with slow-wave activity persisting over time. The results of some clinical trials indicated that behavioral improvements were correlated with significant modulation of the N400 component. Discussion Compared with continuous EEG, ERP/EMF may more reliably identify biomarkers of therapy-induced effects. Electrophysiology should be used more often to explore language processes that are impaired after a stroke, as it may highlight treatment challenges for patients with post-stroke aphasia.

EEG microstates as markers of major depressive disorder and predictors of response to SSRIs therapy

BACKGROUND

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with abnormal neural activities and brain connectivity. EEG microstate is a voltage topology map that reflects transient activations of the brain network. A limited number of studies on EEG microstate in MDD have focused on differences between patients and healthy controls. However, EEG microstate changes in MDD patients before and after drug treatment have not been evaluated. We assessed EEG microstate characteristics and evaluated changes in brain network dynamics in MDD patients before and after drug treatment. Moreover, we evaluated the neuro-electrophysiological mechanisms of antidepressant therapies.

METHODS

64-channel resting EEG was obtained from 101 patients with first-episode untreated depression (0 week) and 45 healthy controls (HC) from January to December 2020. MDD patients were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). EEG data for 51 MDD patients who had completed an 8-week follow-up was collected. After pre-processing, EEG data from different groups were subjected to microstate analysis, and the atomize and agglomerate hierarchical clustering (AAHC) was into 4 microstates. Next, EEG signals from each patient were fitted using templates of 4 microstates. Finally, microstate indices were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

Global clustering generated 4 microstates (A, B, C, D) in all subjects, which explained 65-84% of the global variance. Compared to HC, the duration of microstate D reduced while those of microstates A and B increased in MDD patients. After the 8-week treatment period, the duration and coverage of microstate D increased, the frequency of microstate A and transition probability of microstate D to A reduced, while transition probability of microstate B to D and D to B increased in MDD patients. There were no differences in microstate features between HC and MDD at 8 weeks. In patients with first-episode untreated depression, lower average durations of microstate D, relatively higher frequencies of microstate C and lower transition probabilities of microstate D to B correlated with better effects after 8 weeks. The higher occurrence and proportion of microstate C at 8 weeks was positively correlated with the HAMD score and reduction rate. The same observation was reached for the transition probability of microstate A to C. However, the transition probability of microstate D to B showed a negative correlation with the HAMD score at 8 weeks.

CONCLUSION

Microstate D is a potential electrophysiological trait of MDD and can predict treatment outcomes of SSRIs. Therefore, EEG microstate analysis may not only be an objective method for evaluating treatment outcomes of depression, but is also a potential new approach for exploring the neuro-electrophysiological mechanisms of antidepressant therapy. Public title: Multidimensional diagnosis, individualized treatment and management techniques based on clinic-pathological characteristics of depressive disorder; Registration number: ChiCTR1900026600; Date of registration: 2019-10-15; URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.

Reliability of EEG microstate analysis at different electrode densities during propofol-induced transitions of brain states

Electroencephalogram (EEG) microstate analysis is a promising and effective spatio-temporal method that can segment signals into several quasi-stable classes, providing a great opportunity to investigate short-range and long-range neural dynamics. However, there are still many controversies in terms of reproducibility and reliability when selecting different parameters or datatypes. In this study, five electrode configurations (91, 64, 32, 19, and 8 channels) were used to measure the reliability of microstate analysis at different electrode densities during propofol-induced sedation. First, the microstate topography and parameters at five different electrode densities were compared in the baseline (BS) condition and the moderate sedation (MD) condition, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were introduced to quantify the consistency of the microstate parameters. Second, statistical analysis and classification between BS and MD were performed to determine whether the microstate differences between different conditions remained stable at different electrode densities, and ICC was also calculated between the different conditions to measure the consistency of the results in a single condition. The results showed that in both the BS or MD condition, respectively, there were few significant differences in the microstate parameters among the 91-, 64-, and 32-channel configurations, with most of the differences observed between the 19- or 8-channel configurations and the other configurations. The ICC and CV data also showed that the consistency among the 91-, 64-, and 32-channel configurations was better than that among all five electrode configurations after including the 19- and 8-channel configurations. Furthermore, the significant differences between the conditions in the 91-channel configuration remained stable at the 64- and 32-channel resolutions, but disappeared at the 19- and 8-channel resolutions. In addition, the classification and ICC results showed that the microstate analysis became unreliable with fewer than 20 electrodes. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that microstate analysis of different brain states is more reliable with higher electrode densities; the use of a small number of channels is not recommended.

Dynamics of Word Production in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Changes in word production occur across the lifespan. Previous studies have shown electrophysiological, temporal, and functional differences between children and adults accompanying behavioral changes in picture-naming tasks (Laganaro, Tzieropoulos, Fraunfelder, & Zesiger, 2015). Thus, a shift toward adult-like processes in referential word production occurs somewhere between the ages of 13 and 20. Our aim was to investigate when and how children develop adult-like behavior and brain activation in word production. Toward this aim, performance and event-related potentials (ERP) in a referential word production task were recorded and compared for two groups of adolescents (aged 14 to 16 and 17 to 18), children (aged 10 to 13), and young adults (aged 20 to 30). Both groups of adolescents displayed adult-like production latencies, which were longer only for children, while accuracy was lower in the younger adolescents and in children, compared to adults. ERP waveform analysis and topographic pattern analysis revealed significant intergroup differences in key time-windows on stimulus-locked ERPs, both early (150-220 ms)-associated with pre-linguistic processes-and late (280-330 ms)-associated with lexical processes. The results indicate that brain activation underlying referential word production is completely adult-like in 17-year-old adolescents, whereas an intermediate pattern is still observed in adolescents aged 14 to 16 years old, although their production speed, but not their accuracy, is already adult-like.

Picture naming yields highly consistent cortical activation patterns: Test-retest reliability of magnetoencephalography recordings

Reliable paradigms and imaging measures of individual-level brain activity are paramount when reaching from group-level research studies to clinical assessment of individual patients. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides a direct, non-invasive measure of cortical processing with high spatiotemporal accuracy, and is thus well suited for assessment of functional brain damage in patients with language difficulties. This MEG study aimed to identify, in a delayed picture naming paradigm, source-localized evoked activity and modulations of cortical oscillations that show high test-retest reliability across measurement days in healthy individuals, demonstrating their applicability in clinical settings. For patients with a language disorder picture naming can be a challenging task. Therefore, we also determined whether a semantic judgment task ('Is this item living?') with a spoken response ("yes"/"no") would suffice to induce comparably consistent activity within brain regions related to language production. The MEG data was collected from 19 healthy participants on two separate days. In picture naming, evoked activity was consistent across measurement days (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)>0.4) in the left frontal (400-800 ms after image onset), sensorimotor (200-800 ms), parietal (200-600 ms), temporal (200-800 ms), occipital (400-800 ms) and cingulate (600-800 ms) regions, as well as the right temporal (600-800 ms) region. In the semantic judgment task, consistent evoked activity was spatially more limited, occurring in the left temporal (200-800 ms), sensorimotor (400-800 ms), occipital (400-600 ms) and subparietal (600-800 ms) regions, and the right supramarginal cortex (600-800 ms). The delayed naming task showed typical beta oscillatory suppression in premotor and sensorimotor regions (800-1200 ms) but other consistent modulations of oscillatory activity were mostly observed in posterior cortical regions that have not typically been associated with language processing. The high test-retest consistency of MEG evoked activity in the picture naming task testifies to its applicability in clinical evaluations of language function, as well as in longitudinal MEG studies of language production in clinical and healthy populations.

How Action Context Modulates the Action-Language Relationship: A Topographic ERP Analysis

The aim of the present study was to investigate how the context in which an action is presented could modulate the effect of action observation on language processing, an effect that is classically observed in the literature. To address this question, we recorded both behavioral (reaction times) and electrophysiological measures (event-related potentials) of participants performing a semantic decision task involving a verb describing an action that was congruent or incongruent with the action presented in a prime picture that had been observed. The prime picture presented an action performed in a usual or an unusual context. The results revealed different behavioral and topographical pattern responses according to the context in which an action is presented. Importantly, only in the usual context, the congruency between the prime picture and the verb stimulus facilitated the semantic processes, leading to shorter response times in this condition compared to the others. Moreover, the topographic analysis revealed that this facilitation was related to reduced processing times for the semantic access to the verb and for the motor preparation for the answer. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the context of an action is crucial in the link between action and language.