1
|
Heemels RE, Ademi S, Hehl M. Test-retest reliability of intrahemispheric dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex dual-site TMS connectivity measures. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 165:64-75. [PMID: 38959537 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating the optimal interstimulus interval (ISI) and the 24-hour test-retest reliability for intrahemispheric dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) - primary motor cortex (M1) connectivity using dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (dsTMS). METHODS In 21 right-handed adults, left intrahemispheric PMd-M1 connectivity has been investigated with a stacked-coil dsTMS setup (conditioning stimulus: 75% of resting motor threshold; test stimulus: eliciting MEPs of 1-1.5 mV) at ISIs of 3, 5-8, and 10 ms. Additionally, M1-M1 short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were investigated to assess comparability to standard paired-pulse setups. RESULTS Conditioning PMd led to significant inhibition of M1 output at ISIs of 3 and 5 ms, whereas 10 ms resulted in facilitation (all, p < 0.001), with a fair test-retest reliability for 3 (ICC: 0.47) and 6 ms (ICC: 0.44) ISIs. Replication of SICI (p < 0.001) and ICF (p = 0.017) was successful, with excellent test-retest reliability for SICI (ICC: 0.81). CONCLUSION This dsTMS setup can probe the inhibitory and facilitatory PMd-M1 connections, as well as reliably replicate SICI and ICF paradigms. SIGNIFICANCE The stacked-coil dsTMS setup for investigating intrahemispheric PMd-M1 connectivity offers promising possibilities to better understand motor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Heemels
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sian Ademi
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melina Hehl
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bundt C, Huster RJ. Corticospinal excitability reductions during action preparation and action stopping in humans: Different sides of the same inhibitory coin? Neuropsychologia 2024; 195:108799. [PMID: 38218313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Motor functions and cognitive processes are closely associated with each other. In humans, this linkage is reflected in motor system state changes both when an action must be prepared and stopped. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation showed that both action preparation and action stopping are accompanied by a reduction of corticospinal excitability, referred to as preparatory and response inhibition, respectively. While previous efforts have been made to describe both phenomena extensively, an updated and comprehensive comparison of the two phenomena is lacking. To ameliorate such deficit, this review focuses on the role and interpretation of single-coil (single-pulse and paired-pulse) and dual-coil TMS outcome measures during action preparation and action stopping in humans. To that effect, it aims to identify commonalities and differences, detailing how TMS-based outcome measures are affected by states, traits, and psychopathologies in both processes. Eventually, findings will be compared, and open questions will be addressed to aid future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bundt
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - René J Huster
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hehl M, Van Malderen S, Geraerts M, Meesen RLJ, Rothwell JC, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Probing intrahemispheric interactions with a novel dual-site TMS setup. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 158:180-195. [PMID: 38232610 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (dsTMS), the effective connectivity between the primary motor cortex (M1) and adjacent brain areas such as the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) can be investigated. However, stimulating two brain regions in close proximity (e.g., ±2.3 cm for intrahemispheric PMd-M1) is subject to considerable spatial restrictions that potentially can be overcome by combining two standard figure-of-eight coils in a novel dsTMS setup. METHODS After a technical evaluation of its induced electric fields, the dsTMS setup was tested in vivo (n = 23) by applying a short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) protocol. Additionally, the intrahemispheric PMd-M1 interaction was probed. E-field modelling was performed using SimNIBS. RESULTS The technical evaluation yielded no major alterations of the induced electric fields due to coil overlap. In vivo, the setup reliably elicited SICI. Investigating intrahemispheric PMd-M1 interactions was feasible (inter-stimulus interval 6 ms), resulting in modulation of M1 output. CONCLUSIONS The presented dsTMS setup provides a novel way to stimulate two adjacent brain regions with fewer technical and spatial limitations than previous attempts. SIGNIFICANCE This dsTMS setup enables more accurate and repeatable targeting of brain regions in close proximity and can facilitate innovation in the field of effective connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Hehl
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Shanti Van Malderen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marc Geraerts
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raf L J Meesen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tagliaferri M, Giampiccolo D, Parmigiani S, Avesani P, Cattaneo L. Connectivity by the Frontal Aslant Tract (FAT) Explains Local Functional Specialization of the Superior and Inferior Frontal Gyri in Humans When Choosing Predictive over Reactive Strategies: A Tractography-Guided TMS Study. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6920-6929. [PMID: 37657931 PMCID: PMC10573747 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0406-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictive and reactive behaviors represent two mutually exclusive strategies in a sensorimotor task. Predictive behavior consists in internally estimating timing and features of a target stimulus and relies on a cortical medial frontal system [superior frontal gyrus (SFG)]. Reactive behavior consists in waiting for actual perception of the target stimulus and relies on the lateral frontal cortex [inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)]. We investigated whether SFG-IFG connections by the frontal aslant tract (FAT) can mediate predictive/reactive interactions. In 19 healthy human volunteers, we applied online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to six spots along the medial and lateral terminations of the FAT, during the set period of a delayed reaction task. Such scenario can be solved using either predictive or reactive strategies. TMS increased the propensity toward reactive behavior if applied to a specific portion of the IFG and increased predictive behavior when applied to a specific SFG spot. The two active spots in the SFG and IFG were directly connected by a sub-bundle of FAT fibers as indicated by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tractography. Since FAT connectivity identifies two distant cortical nodes with opposite functions, we propose that the FAT mediates mutually inhibitory interactions between SFG and IFG to implement a "winner takes all" decisional process. We hypothesize such role of the FAT to be domain-general, whenever competition occurs between internal predictive and external reactive behaviors. Finally, we also show that anatomic connectivity is a powerful factor to explain and predict the spatial distribution of brain stimulation effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We interact with sensory cues adopting two main mutually-exclusive strategies: (1) trying to anticipate the occurrence of the cue or (2) waiting for the GO-signal to be manifest and react to it. Here, we showed, by using noninvasive brain stimulation [transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)], that two specific cortical regions in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) have opposite roles in facilitating a predictive or a reactive strategy. Importantly these two very distant regions but with highly interconnected functions are specifically connected by a small white matter bundle, which mediates the direct competition and exclusiveness between predictive and reactive strategies. More generally, implementing anatomic connectivity in TMS studies strongly reduces spatial noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tagliaferri
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente e Cervello (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
| | - Davide Giampiccolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona 37124, Italy
| | - Sara Parmigiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco," Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Paolo Avesani
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente e Cervello (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
- Center for Digital Health & Well Being, Neuroinformatics Laboratory, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattaneo
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente e Cervello (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto 38068, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienze Mediche (CISMed), University of Trento, Trento 38122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guidali G, Zazio A, Lucarelli D, Marcantoni E, Stango A, Barchiesi G, Bortoletto M. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) current direction and pulse waveform on cortico-cortical connectivity: A registered report TMS-EEG study. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3785-3809. [PMID: 37649453 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked potentials (TEPs) are a promising proxy for measuring effective connectivity, that is, the directed transmission of physiological signals along cortico-cortical tracts, and for developing connectivity-based biomarkers. A crucial point is how stimulation parameters may affect TEPs, as they may contribute to the general variability of findings across studies. Here, we manipulated two TMS parameters (i.e. current direction and pulse waveform) while measuring (a) an early TEP component reflecting contralateral inhibition of motor areas, namely, M1-P15, as an operative model of interhemispheric cortico-cortical connectivity, and (b) motor-evoked potentials (MEP) for the corticospinal pathway. Our results showed that these two TMS parameters are crucial to evoke the M1-P15, influencing its amplitude, latency, and replicability. Specifically, (a) M1-P15 amplitude was strongly affected by current direction in monophasic stimulation; (b) M1-P15 latency was significantly modulated by current direction for monophasic and biphasic pulses. The replicability of M1-P15 was substantial for the same stimulation condition. At the same time, it was poor when stimulation parameters were changed, suggesting that these factors must be controlled to obtain stable single-subject measures. Finally, MEP latency was modulated by current direction, whereas non-statistically significant changes were evident for amplitude. Overall, our study highlights the importance of TMS parameters for early TEP responses recording and suggests controlling their impact in developing connectivity biomarkers from TEPs. Moreover, these results point out that the excitability of the corticospinal tract, which is commonly used as a reference to set TMS intensity, may not correspond to the excitability of cortico-cortical pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Guidali
- Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Agnese Zazio
- Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Delia Lucarelli
- Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marcantoni
- Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Stango
- Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Guido Barchiesi
- Department of Philosophy, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Bortoletto
- Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peylo C, Sterner EF, Zeng Y, Friedrich EV. TMS-induced inhibition of the left premotor cortex modulates illusory social perception. iScience 2023; 26:107297. [PMID: 37559906 PMCID: PMC10407139 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Communicative actions from one person are used to predict another person's response. However, in some cases, these predictions can outweigh the processing of sensory information and lead to illusory social perception such as seeing two people interact, although only one is present (i.e., seeing a Bayesian ghost). We applied either inhibitory brain stimulation over the left premotor cortex (i.e., real TMS) or sham TMS. Then, participants indicated the presence or absence of a masked agent that followed a communicative or individual gesture of another agent. As expected, participants had more false alarms in the communicative (i.e., Bayesian ghosts) than individual condition in the sham TMS session and this difference between conditions vanished after real TMS. In contrast to our hypothesis, the number of false alarms increased (rather than decreased) after real TMS. These pre-registered findings confirm the significance of the premotor cortex for social action predictions and illusory social perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Peylo
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
| | - Elisabeth F. Sterner
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology / School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675 Bavaria, Germany
| | - Yifan Zeng
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
| | - Elisabeth V.C. Friedrich
- Department of Psychology / Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80802 Bavaria, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Malderen S, Hehl M, Verstraelen S, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Dual-site TMS as a tool to probe effective interactions within the motor network: a review. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:129-221. [PMID: 36065080 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (ds-TMS) is well suited to investigate the causal effect of distant brain regions on the primary motor cortex, both at rest and during motor performance and learning. However, given the broad set of stimulation parameters, clarity about which parameters are most effective for identifying particular interactions is lacking. Here, evidence describing inter- and intra-hemispheric interactions during rest and in the context of motor tasks is reviewed. Our aims are threefold: (1) provide a detailed overview of ds-TMS literature regarding inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity; (2) describe the applicability and contributions of these interactions to motor control, and; (3) discuss the practical implications and future directions. Of the 3659 studies screened, 109 were included and discussed. Overall, there is remarkable variability in the experimental context for assessing ds-TMS interactions, as well as in the use and reporting of stimulation parameters, hindering a quantitative comparison of results across studies. Further studies examining ds-TMS interactions in a systematic manner, and in which all critical parameters are carefully reported, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Van Malderen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Melina Hehl
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ribot B, de Rugy A, Langbour N, Duron A, Goillandeau M, Michelet T. Competition, Conflict and Change of Mind: A Role of GABAergic Inhibition in the Primary Motor Cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:736732. [PMID: 35058762 PMCID: PMC8763692 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.736732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciding between different voluntary movements implies a continuous control of the competition between potential actions. Many theories postulate a leading role of prefrontal cortices in this executive function, but strong evidence exists that a motor region like the primary motor cortex (M1) is also involved, possibly via inhibitory mechanisms. This was already shown during the pre-movement decision period, but not after movement onset. For this pilot experiment we designed a new task compatible with the dynamics of post-onset control to study the silent period (SP) duration, a pause in electromyographic activity after single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation that reflects inhibitory mechanisms. A careful analysis of the SP during the ongoing movement indicates a gradual increase in inhibitory mechanisms with the level of competition, consistent with an increase in mutual inhibition between alternative movement options. However, we also observed a decreased SP duration for high-competition trials associated with change-of-mind inflections in their trajectories. Our results suggest a new post-onset adaptive process that consists in a transient reduction of GABAergic inhibition within M1 for highly conflicting situations. We propose that this reduced inhibition softens the competition between concurrent motor options, thereby favoring response vacillation, an adaptive strategy that proved successful at improving behavioral performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Ribot
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aymar de Rugy
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Langbour
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à Vocation Régionale du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Anne Duron
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Michelet
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neige C, Rannaud Monany D, Lebon F. Exploring cortico-cortical interactions during action preparation by means of dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:678-692. [PMID: 34274404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Action preparation is characterized by a set of complex and distributed processes that occur in multiple brain areas. Interestingly, dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a relevant technique to probe effective connectivity between cortical areas, with a high temporal resolution. In the current systematic review, we aimed at providing a detailed picture of the cortico-cortical interactions underlying action preparation focusing on dual-coil TMS studies. We considered four theoretical processes (impulse control, action selection, movement initiation and action reprogramming) and one task modulator (movement complexity). The main findings highlight 1) the interplay between primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor, prefrontal and parietal cortices during action preparation, 2) the varying (facilitatory or inhibitory) cortico-cortical influence depending on the theoretical processes and the TMS timing, and 3) the key role of the supplementary motor area-M1 interactions that shape the preparation of simple and complex movements. These findings are of particular interest for clinical perspectives, with a need to better characterize functional connectivity deficiency in clinical population with altered action preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Dylan Rannaud Monany
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stimulation of Different Sectors of the Human Dorsal Premotor Cortex Induces a Shift from Reactive to Predictive Action Strategies and Changes in Motor Inhibition: A Dense Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Mapping Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050534. [PMID: 33923217 PMCID: PMC8146001 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed motor tasks require timely interaction between immobility and action. The neural substrates of these processes probably reside in the premotor and motor circuits; however, fine-grained anatomical/functional information is still lacking. Participants performed a delayed simple reaction task, structured as a ready-set-go sequence, with a fixed, predictable, SET-period. Responses were given with lip movements. During the SET-period, we performed a systematic dense-mapping of the bilateral dorsal premotor region (dPM) by means of single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses on an 18-spot mapping grid, interleaved with sham TMS which served as a baseline. Reaction times (RTs) in TMS trials over each grid spot were compared to RTs in sham trials to build a statistical parametric z-map. The results reveal a rostro-caudal functional gradient in the dPM. TMS of the rostral dPM induced a shift from reactive towards predictive response strategies. TMS of the caudal dPM interfered with the SET-period duration. By means of dense TMS mapping, we have drawn a putative functional map of the role of the dPM during the SET-period. A higher-order rostral component is involved in setting action strategies and a caudal, lower-order, part is probably involved in the inhibitory control of motor output.
Collapse
|
11
|
Parmigiani S, Cattaneo L. Stimulation of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex, But Not of the Supplementary Motor Area Proper, Impairs the Stop Function in a STOP Signal Task. Neuroscience 2018; 394:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Takeuchi T, Ikudome S, Unenaka S, Ishii Y, Mori S, Mann DL, Nakamoto H. The inhibition of motor contagion induced by action observation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205725. [PMID: 30332470 PMCID: PMC6192637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In sports, success and failure are believed to be contagious. Yet it is unclear what might cause contagion. This study investigated whether motor contagion is associated with the active observation of the kinematic actions of others. In Experiment 1, six skilled hammer throwers threw a hammer after watching a video of a model throwing toward the left, center, or right. The video included two types of action kinematics which resulted in throw directions that were either easy or difficult to predict based on the model's kinematics. In Experiment 2, the athletes threw hammers after watching the same stimuli as Experiment 1, but while engaging in one of two types of focus (self-focus or non-self-focus) to determine whether motor contagion could be diminished. Results demonstrated that the direction of each participant's throw was more influenced by the videos that contained easy action kinematics, supporting a critical role for the meaningfulness of the link between an action and its outcome in producing motor contagion. Motion analysis revealed that motor contagion was not likely to be a result of the observer imitating the model's action kinematics. The contagion observed in Experiment 1 disappeared when participants engaged in self-focus. These results suggest that motor contagion is influenced by the predictability of an action outcome when observing an action, and that motor contagion can be inhibited through self-focus when observing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Takeuchi
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sachi Ikudome
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Unenaka
- Department of Sport Education, School of Lifelong Sport, Hokusho Universuty, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ishii
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Mori
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - David L. Mann
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroki Nakamoto
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kesar TM, Stinear JW, Wolf SL. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to evaluate cortical excitability of lower limb musculature: Challenges and opportunities. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:333-348. [PMID: 29758954 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity is a fundamental yet relatively unexplored process that can impact rehabilitation of lower extremity (LE) movements. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has gained widespread application as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique for evaluating neuroplasticity of the corticospinal pathway. However, a majority of TMS studies have been performed on hand muscles, with a paucity of TMS investigations focused on LE muscles. This perspective review paper proposes that there are unique methodological challenges associated with using TMS to evaluate corticospinal excitability of lower limb muscles. The challenges include: (1) the deeper location of the LE motor homunculus; (2) difficulty with targeting individual LE muscles during TMS; and (3) differences in corticospinal circuity controlling upper and lower limb muscles. We encourage future investigations that modify traditional methodological approaches to help address these challenges. Systematic TMS investigations are needed to determine the extent of overlap in corticomotor maps for different LE muscles. A simple, yet informative methodological solution involves simultaneous recordings from multiple LE muscles, which will provide the added benefit of observing how other relevant muscles co-vary in their responses during targeted TMS assessment directed toward a specific muscle. Furthermore, conventionally used TMS methods (e.g., determination of hot spot location and motor threshold) may need to be modified for TMS studies involving LE muscles. Additional investigations are necessary to determine the influence of testing posture as well as activation state of adjacent and distant LE muscles on TMS-elicited responses. An understanding of these challenges and solutions specific to LE TMS will improve the ability of neurorehabilitation clinicians to interpret TMS literature, and forge novel future directions for neuroscience research focused on elucidating neuroplasticity processes underlying locomotion and gait training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha M Kesar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James W Stinear
- Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steven L Wolf
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pani P, Giarrocco F, Giamundo M, Montanari R, Brunamonti E, Ferraina S. Visual salience of the stop signal affects the neuronal dynamics of controlled inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14265. [PMID: 30250230 PMCID: PMC6155270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The voluntary control of movement is often tested by using the countermanding, or stop-signal task that sporadically requires the suppression of a movement in response to an incoming stop-signal. Neurophysiological recordings in monkeys engaged in the countermanding task have shown that dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is implicated in movement control. An open question is whether and how the perceptual demands inherent the stop-signal affects inhibitory performance and their underlying neuronal correlates. To this aim we recorded multi-unit activity (MUA) from the PMd of two male monkeys performing a countermanding task in which the salience of the stop-signals was modulated. Consistently to what has been observed in humans, we found that less salient stimuli worsened the inhibitory performance. At the neuronal level, these behavioral results were subtended by the following modulations: when the stop-signal was not noticeable compared to the salient condition the preparatory neuronal activity in PMd started to be affected later and with a less sharp dynamic. This neuronal pattern is probably the consequence of a less efficient inhibitory command useful to interrupt the neural dynamic that supports movement generation in PMd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Pani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Franco Giarrocco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Montanari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ferraina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|