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Valdivia-Silva J, Chinney-Herrera A. Chemokine receptors and their ligands in breast cancer: The key roles in progression and metastasis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 388:124-161. [PMID: 39260935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are a family of chemotactic cytokines with important functions in the immune response in both health and disease. Their known physiological roles such as the regulation of leukocyte trafficking and the development of immune organs generated great interest when it was found that they were also related to the control of early and late inflammatory stages in the tumor microenvironment. In fact, in breast cancer, an imbalance in the synthesis of chemokines and/or in the expression of their receptors was attributed to be involved in the regulation of disease progression, including invasion and metastasis. Research in this area is progressing rapidly and the development of new agents based on chemokine and chemokine receptor antagonists are emerging as attractive alternative strategies. This chapter provides a snapshot of the different functions reported for chemokines and their receptors with respect to the potential to regulate breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Valdivia-Silva
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingenieria (BIO), Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia-UTEC, Barranco, Lima, Peru.
| | - Alberto Chinney-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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2
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Hernández A, Miranda DA, Pertuz S. An in silico study on the detectability of field cancerization through parenchymal analysis of digital mammograms. Med Phys 2023; 50:6379-6389. [PMID: 36994613 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenchymal analysis has shown promising performance for the assessment of breast cancer risk through the characterization of the texture features of mammography images. However, the working principles behind this practice are yet not well understood. Field cancerization is a phenomenon associated with genetic and epigenetic alterations in large volumes of cells, putting them on a path of malignancy before the appearance of recognizable cancer signs. Evidence suggests that it can induce changes in the biochemical and optical properties of the tissue. PURPOSE The aim of this work was to study whether the extended genetic mutations and epigenetic changes due to field cancerization, and the impact they have on the biochemistry of breast tissues are detectable in the radiological patterns of mammography images. METHODS An in silico experiment was designed, which implied the development of a field cancerization model to modify the optical tissue properties of a cohort of 60 voxelized virtual breast phantoms. Mammography images from these phantoms were generated and compared with images obtained from their non-modified counterparts, that is, without field cancerization. We extracted 33 texture features from the breast area to quantitatively assess the impact of the field cancerization model. We analyzed the similarity and statistical equivalence of texture features with and without field cancerization using the t-test, Wilcoxon sign rank test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and performed a discrimination test using multinomial logistic regression analysis with lasso regularization. RESULTS With modifications of the optical tissue properties on 3.9% of the breast volume, some texture features started to fail to show equivalence (p < 0.05). At 7.9% volume modification, a high percent of texture features showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) and non-equivalence. At this level, multinomial logistic regression analysis of texture features showed a statistically significant performance in the discrimination of mammograms from breasts with and without field cancerization (AUC = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75-1.00). CONCLUSIONS These results support the idea that field cancerization is a feasible underlying working principle behind the distinctive performance of parenchymal analysis in breast cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Hernández
- Connectivity and Signal Processing group - CPS, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - David A Miranda
- Biological and Semiconductor Materials Science - CIMBIOS, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Said Pertuz
- Connectivity and Signal Processing group - CPS, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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3
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Gadaleta E, Thorn GJ, Ross-Adams H, Jones LJ, Chelala C. Field cancerization in breast cancer. J Pathol 2022; 257:561-574. [PMID: 35362092 PMCID: PMC9322418 DOI: 10.1002/path.5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer affects one in seven women worldwide during their lifetime. Widespread mammographic screening programs and education campaigns allow for early detection of the disease, often during its asymptomatic phase. Current practice in treatment and recurrence monitoring is based primarily on pathological evaluations but can also encompass genomic evaluations, both of which focus on the primary tumor. Although breast cancer is one of the most studied cancers, patients still recur at a rate of up to 15% within the first 10 years post‐surgery. Local recurrence was originally attributed to tumor cells contaminating histologically normal (HN) tissues beyond the surgical margin, but advances in technology have allowed for the identification of distinct aberrations that exist in the peri‐tumoral tissues themselves. One leading theory to explain this phenomenon is the field cancerization theory. Under this hypothesis, tumors arise from a field of molecularly altered cells that create a permissive environment for malignant evolution, which can occur with or without morphological changes. The traditional histopathology paradigm dictates that molecular alterations are reflected in the tissue phenotype. However, the spectrum of inter‐patient variability of normal breast tissue may obfuscate recognition of a cancerized field during routine diagnostics. In this review, we explore the concept of field cancerization focusing on HN peri‐tumoral tissues: we present the pathological and molecular features of field cancerization within these tissues and discuss how the use of peri‐tumoral tissues can affect research. Our observations suggest that pathological and molecular evaluations could be used synergistically to assess risk and guide the therapeutic management of patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gadaleta
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Graeme J Thorn
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen Ross-Adams
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Kotoula V, Papadopoulou K, Tikas I, Fostira F, Vrettou E, Chrisafi S, Fountzilas E, Koliou GA, Apostolou P, Papazisis K, Zaramboukas T, Asimaki-Vlachopoulou A, Miliaras S, Ananiadis A, Poulios C, Natsiopoulos I, Tsiftsoglou A, Demiri E, Fountzilas G. Follow-up of tissue genomics in BRCA1/2 carriers who underwent prophylactic surgeries. Breast Cancer 2021; 28:1367-1382. [PMID: 34304347 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The genomic status of non-malignant tissues from carriers of pathogenic germline BRCA1/2 (gBRCA1/2) variants may reveal information towards individualized prophylaxis. We performed spatiotemporal tissue genotype comparisons in a real-life cohort of gBRCA1/2 carriers of Greek origin, who underwent multiple risk-reducing/prophylactic surgeries at various time points. METHODS Fifty-three women (median age 36 years) within cancer families were observed for up to 37.5 years; 43 were cancer carriers and 10 were healthy carriers. Histology review and genotyping were performed for 187 paraffin tissues (average: 3.5 per carrier) including 46 carcinomas (40 breast) and 141 non-malignant breast and gynecological samples. RESULTS High allelic imbalance (AI) and somatic pathogenic TP53 variants were present in cancer carriers only (p values < 0.0001). High AI was associated with gBRCA1/2 indels (p < 0.0001) and gBRCA2 alterations (p = 0.0109). Somatic (pathogenic) variants were infrequently shared between non-malignant tissues and matched carcinomas. Aberrations of gBRCA1 variant heterozygosity were noticed in tissues from cancer carriers only (13/43, 30.2%). These pertained to classic LOH (neoplastic lesions in 9/43 carriers, 20.9%) and under-representation of the germline variants (5 samples, 4 non-malignant, all in the breast). Both aberrations coexisted in matched samples in one case. Over time, germline variant heterozygosity prevailed in non-malignant tissues; intra-carrier genomic alterations were aggravated (21.1%), ameliorated (26.3%) or remained stable. CONCLUSION This real-life case study supports the need to address tissue genotypes from prophylactic surgeries in combination with polygenic scores towards personalized prophylaxis. To this end, knowing the traditionally classified pathogenic potential of a gBRCA1/2 variant may not be enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus, bld. 17b, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece. .,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece.
| | - Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tikas
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus, bld. 17b, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Florentia Fostira
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Vrettou
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus, bld. 17b, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Sofia Chrisafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Elena Fountzilas
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Euromedica General Clinic of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece.,European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Paraskevi Apostolou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papazisis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Interbalkan European Medical Center, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Thomas Zaramboukas
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus, bld. 17b, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | | | - Spyros Miliaras
- First Department of Surgery, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | | | - Christos Poulios
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus, bld. 17b, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Natsiopoulos
- Department of Breast Surgery, Interbalkan European Medical Center, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Aris Tsiftsoglou
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Efterpi Demiri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece.,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece.,German Oncology Center, Limassol, Cyprus
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5
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Taylor NJ, Gaynanova I, Eschrich SA, Welsh EA, Garrett TJ, Beecher C, Sharma R, Koomen JM, Smalley KSM, Messina JL, Kanetsky PA. Metabolomics of primary cutaneous melanoma and matched adjacent extratumoral microenvironment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240849. [PMID: 33108391 PMCID: PMC7591037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma causes the vast majority of deaths attributable to skin cancer, largely due to its propensity for metastasis. To date, few studies have examined molecular changes between primary cutaneous melanoma and adjacent putatively normal skin. To broaden temporal inferences related to initiation of disease, we performed a metabolomics investigation of primary melanoma and matched extratumoral microenvironment (EM) tissues; and, to make inferences about progressive disease, we also compared unmatched metastatic melanoma tissues to EM tissues. METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling was performed on frozen human tissues. RESULTS We observed 824 metabolites as differentially abundant among 33 matched tissue samples, and 1,118 metabolites as differentially abundant between metastatic melanoma (n = 46) and EM (n = 34) after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment (p<0.01). No significant differences in metabolite abundances were noted comparing primary and metastatic melanoma tissues. CONCLUSIONS Overall, pathway-based results significantly distinguished melanoma tissues from EM in the metabolism of: ascorbate and aldarate, propanoate, tryptophan, histidine, and pyrimidine. Within pathways, the majority of individual metabolite abundances observed in comparisons of primary melanoma vs. EM and metastatic melanoma vs. EM were directionally consistent. This observed concordance suggests most identified compounds are implicated in the initiation or maintenance of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Irina Gaynanova
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Eschrich
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Welsh
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chris Beecher
- IROA Technologies, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John M. Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Keiran S. M. Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jane L. Messina
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Kutasovic JR, McCart Reed AE, Sokolova A, Lakhani SR, Simpson PT. Morphologic and Genomic Heterogeneity in the Evolution and Progression of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E848. [PMID: 32244556 PMCID: PMC7226487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Breast cancer is a remarkably complex and diverse disease. Subtyping based on morphology, genomics, biomarkers and/or clinical parameters seeks to stratify optimal approaches for management, but it is clear that every breast cancer is fundamentally unique. Intra-tumour heterogeneity adds further complexity and impacts a patient's response to neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. Here, we review some established and more recent evidence related to the complex nature of breast cancer evolution. We describe morphologic and genomic diversity as it arises spontaneously during the early stages of tumour evolution, and also in the context of treatment where the changing subclonal architecture of a tumour is driven by the inherent adaptability of tumour cells to evolve and resist the selective pressures of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Kutasovic
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Amy E. McCart Reed
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Anna Sokolova
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Sunil R. Lakhani
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Peter T. Simpson
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia; (J.R.K.); (A.E.M.R.); (A.S.); (S.R.L.)
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7
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Tharmapalan P, Mahendralingam M, Berman HK, Khokha R. Mammary stem cells and progenitors: targeting the roots of breast cancer for prevention. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100852. [PMID: 31267556 PMCID: PMC6627238 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer prevention is daunting, yet not an unsurmountable goal. Mammary stem and progenitors have been proposed as the cells-of-origin in breast cancer. Here, we present the concept of limiting these breast cancer precursors as a risk reduction approach in high-risk women. A wealth of information now exists for phenotypic and functional characterization of mammary stem and progenitor cells in mouse and human. Recent work has also revealed the hormonal regulation of stem/progenitor dynamics as well as intrinsic lineage distinctions between mammary epithelial populations. Leveraging these insights, molecular marker-guided chemoprevention is an achievable reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathepan Mahendralingam
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Hal K Berman
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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8
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Fisk HA, Thomas JL, Nguyen TB. Breaking Bad: Uncoupling of Modularity in Centriole Biogenesis and the Generation of Excess Centrioles in Cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:391-411. [PMID: 31435805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are tiny yet complex cytoplasmic structures that perform a variety of roles related to their ability to act as microtubule-organizing centers. Like the genome, centrosomes are single copy structures that undergo a precise semi-conservative replication once each cell cycle. Precise replication of the centrosome is essential for genome integrity, because the duplicated centrosomes will serve as the poles of a bipolar mitotic spindle, and any number of centrosomes other than two will lead to an aberrant spindle that mis-segregates chromosomes. Indeed, excess centrosomes are observed in a variety of human tumors where they generate abnormal spindles in situ that are thought to participate in tumorigenesis by driving genomic instability. At the heart of the centrosome is a pair of centrioles, and at the heart of centrosome duplication is the replication of this centriole pair. Centriole replication proceeds through a complex macromolecular assembly process. However, while centrosomes may contain as many as 500 proteins, only a handful of proteins have been shown to be essential for centriole replication. Our observations suggest that centriole replication is a modular, bottom-up process that we envision akin to building a house; the proper site of assembly is identified, a foundation is assembled at that site, and subsequent modules are added on top of the foundation. Here, we discuss the data underlying our view of modularity in the centriole assembly process, and suggest that non-essential centriole assembly factors take on greater importance in cancer cells due to their function in coordination between centriole modules, using the Monopolar spindles 1 protein kinase and its substrate Centrin 2 to illustrate our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Fisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tan B Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Barrow TM, Klett H, Toth R, Böhm J, Gigic B, Habermann N, Scherer D, Schrotz-King P, Skender S, Abbenhardt-Martin C, Zielske L, Schneider M, Ulrich A, Schirmacher P, Herpel E, Brenner H, Busch H, Boerries M, Ulrich CM, Michels KB. Smoking is associated with hypermethylation of the APC 1A promoter in colorectal cancer: the ColoCare Study. J Pathol 2017; 243:366-375. [PMID: 28791728 DOI: 10.1002/path.4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco is a known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer and for mortality associated with the disease. Smoking has been reported to be associated with changes in DNA methylation in blood and in lung tumour tissues, although there has been scant investigation of how epigenetic factors may be implicated in the increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. To identify epigenetic changes associated with smoking behaviours, we performed epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in colorectal tumours from 36 never-smokers, 47 former smokers, and 13 active smokers, and in adjacent mucosa from 49 never-smokers, 64 former smokers, and 18 active smokers. Our analyses identified 15 CpG sites within the APC 1A promoter that were significantly hypermethylated and 14 CpG loci within the NFATC1 gene body that were significantly hypomethylated (pLIS < 1 × 10-5 ) in the tumours of active smokers. The APC 1A promoter was hypermethylated in 7 of 36 tumours from never-smokers (19%), 12 of 47 tumours from former smokers (26%), and 8 of 13 tumours from active smokers (62%). Promoter hypermethylation was positively associated with duration of smoking (Spearman rank correlation, ρ = 0.26, p = 0.03) and was confined to tumours, with hypermethylation never being observed in adjacent mucosa. Further analysis of adjacent mucosa revealed significant hypomethylation of four loci associated with the TNXB gene in tissue from active smokers. Our findings provide exploratory evidence for hypermethylation of the key tumour suppressor gene APC being implicated in smoking-associated colorectal carcinogenesis. Further work is required to establish the validity of our observations in independent cohorts. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Barrow
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hagen Klett
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reka Toth
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Böhm
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Biljana Gigic
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Surgical Oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Habermann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Scherer
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schrotz-King
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Skender
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clare Abbenhardt-Martin
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lin Zielske
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Pathology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Pathology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Karin B Michels
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Lebya K, Garcia‐Smith R, Swaminathan R, Jones A, Russell J, Joste N, Bisoffi M, Trujillo K. Towards a personalized surgical margin for breast conserving surgery—Implications of field cancerization in local recurrence. J Surg Oncol 2017; 115:109-115. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.24469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Lebya
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Randi Garcia‐Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | | | - Anna Jones
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - John Russell
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Nancy Joste
- Department of PathologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Science CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchmid College of Science and Technology Chapman UniversityOrangeCalifornia
| | - Kristina Trujillo
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
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Danforth DN. Genomic Changes in Normal Breast Tissue in Women at Normal Risk or at High Risk for Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 10:109-46. [PMID: 27559297 PMCID: PMC4990153 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s39384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic breast cancer develops through the accumulation of molecular abnormalities in normal breast tissue, resulting from exposure to estrogens and other carcinogens beginning at adolescence and continuing throughout life. These molecular changes may take a variety of forms, including numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, epigenetic changes, and gene expression alterations. To characterize these abnormalities, a review of the literature has been conducted to define the molecular changes in each of the above major genomic categories in normal breast tissue considered to be either at normal risk or at high risk for sporadic breast cancer. This review indicates that normal risk breast tissues (such as reduction mammoplasty) contain evidence of early breast carcinogenesis including loss of heterozygosity, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and other genes, and telomere shortening. In normal tissues at high risk for breast cancer (such as normal breast tissue adjacent to breast cancer or the contralateral breast), these changes persist, and are increased and accompanied by aneuploidy, increased genomic instability, a wide range of gene expression differences, development of large cancerized fields, and increased proliferation. These changes are consistent with early and long-standing exposure to carcinogens, especially estrogens. A model for the breast carcinogenic pathway in normal risk and high-risk breast tissues is proposed. These findings should clarify our understanding of breast carcinogenesis in normal breast tissue and promote development of improved methods for risk assessment and breast cancer prevention in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Costi R, Santi C, Bottarelli L, Azzoni C, Zarzavadjian Le Bian A, Riccó M, Sarli L, Silini EM, Violi V. Anastomotic recurrence of colon cancer: Genetic analysis challenges the widely held theories of cancerous cells' intraluminal implantation and metachronous carcinogenesis. J Surg Oncol 2016; 114:228-36. [PMID: 27158137 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anastomotic recurrence (AR), whose etiopathogenesis is attributed to intraluminal implantation of cancerous cells or metachronous carcinogenesis, is a major issue for patients undergoing colon cancer (CC) resection. The objective of the study is to throw some light on AR etiopathogenesis and to identify risk factors of AR in selecting patients to undergo early endoscopy. METHODS An analysis of clinical and histopathological parameters, including MSI and LOH of seven sites (Myc-L, BAT26, BAT40, D5S346, D18S452, D18S64, D16S402) was performed in primary CC and AR of 18 patients. They were then compared to 36 controls not developing AR. RESULTS A genetic instability was present in 16/18 patients, with distinct genetic patterns between primaries and ARs. LOH at 5q21 and/or 18p11.23 were found in both primary and AR in >50% of cases, but this rate was no different from control population. CEA resulted as associated with AR (P = 0.03), whereas N status presented a borderline result (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Our findings challenge present theories about AR development. No "genetic marker" has been found. CEA and, to a lesser extent, N status, appear associated with AR. Rectal washout is seemingly meaningless. Iterative resection should be recommended since a long survival may be expected. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:228-236. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Costi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
| | - Caterina Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
| | - Lorena Bottarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali-S.Bi.Bi.T., Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
| | - Cinzia Azzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali-S.Bi.Bi.T., Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
| | | | - Matteo Riccó
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali-S.Bi.Bi.T., Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
| | - Leopoldo Sarli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
| | - Enrico Maria Silini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali-S.Bi.Bi.T., Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
| | - Vincenzo Violi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italia
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Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (or LCM) allows for isolation of cells from specific tissue compartments, which can then be followed by DNA, RNA, and/or protein isolation and downstream characterization. Unlike other methods for cell isolation, LCM can be directed towards cells situated in specific anatomical contexts, and is therefore of significant value when investigating the tumor microenvironment, where localization is often key to function. Here, we present a summary of ways in which LCM can be utilized, as well as protocols for the isolation of tumor and tumor-associated stromal elements from frozen breast cancer samples, with a focus on preparation of samples for RNA characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Bertos
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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The extracellular matrix in breast cancer predicts prognosis through composition, splicing, and crosslinking. Exp Cell Res 2015; 343:73-81. [PMID: 26597760 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix in the healthy breast has an important tumor suppressive role, whereas the abnormal ECM in tumors can promote aggressiveness, and has been linked to breast cancer relapse, survival and resistance to chemotherapy. This review article gives an overview of the elements of the ECM which have been linked to prognosis of breast cancers, including changes in ECM protein composition, splicing, and microstructure.
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Ellsworth RE, Toro AL, Blackburn HL, Decewicz A, Deyarmin B, Mamula KA, Costantino NS, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Ellsworth DL. Molecular Heterogeneity in Primary Breast Carcinomas and Axillary Lymph Node Metastases Assessed by Genomic Fingerprinting Analysis. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:15-24. [PMID: 26279627 PMCID: PMC4511091 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s29490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular heterogeneity within primary breast carcinomas and among axillary lymph node (LN) metastases may impact diagnosis and confound treatment. In this study, we used short tandem repeated sequences to assess genomic heterogeneity and to determine hereditary relationships among primary tumor areas and regional metastases from 30 breast cancer patients. We found that primary carcinomas were genetically heterogeneous and sampling multiple areas was necessary to adequately assess genomic variability. LN metastases appeared to originate at different time periods during disease progression from different sites of the primary tumor and the extent of genomic divergence among regional metastases was associated with a less favorable patient outcome (P = 0.009). In conclusion, metastasis is a complex process influenced by primary tumor heterogeneity and variability in the timing of dissemination. Genomic variation in primary breast tumors and regional metastases may negatively impact clinical diagnostics and contribute to therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allyson L Toro
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA, USA
| | | | - Alisha Decewicz
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA, USA
| | - Brenda Deyarmin
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Mamula
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Windber Research Institute, Windber, PA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Hooke
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig D Shriver
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Iobagiu C, Lambert C, Raica M, Lima S, Khaddage A, Peoc'h M, Genin C. Loss of heterozygosity in tumor tissue in hormonal receptor genes is associated with poor prognostic criteria in breast cancer. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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ZUBOR PAVOL, HATOK JOZEF, MORICOVA PETRA, KAPUSTOVA IVANA, KAJO KAROL, MENDELOVA ANDREA, SIVONOVA MONIKAKMETOVA, DANKO JAN. Gene expression profiling of histologically normal breast tissue in females with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1421-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Holliday C, Rummel S, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Ellsworth DL, Ellsworth RE. Genomic instability in the breast microenvironment? A critical evaluation of the evidence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:667-78. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ruggiero S, Gralow J, Marx RE, Hoff AO, Schubert MM, Huryn JM, Toth B, Damato K, Valero V. Practical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer. J Oncol Pract 2013; 2:7-14. [PMID: 20871729 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2006.2.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This article discusses osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and offers health care professionals practical guidelines and recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of ONJ in cancer patients receiving bisphosphonate treatment. METHODS A panel of experts representing oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine, endocrinology, and medical oncology was convened to review the literature and clinical evidence, identify risk factors for ONJ, and develop clinical guidelines for the prevention, early diagnosis, and multidisciplinary treatment of ONJ in patients with cancer. The guidelines are based on experience and have not been evaluated within the context of controlled clinical trials. RESULTS ONJ is a clinical entity with many possible etiologies; historically identified risk factors include corticosteroids, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, trauma, infection, and cancer. With emerging concern for potential development of ONJ in patients receiving bisphosphonates, the panel recommends a dental examination before patients begin therapy with intravenous bisphosphonates. Dental treatments and procedures that require bone healing should be completed before initiating intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. Patients should be instructed on the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene and having regular dental assessments. For patients currently receiving bisphosphonates who require dental procedures, there is no evidence to suggest that interrupting bisphosphonate therapy will prevent or lower the risk of ONJ. Frequent clinical assessments and conservative dental management are suggested for these patients. For treatment of patients who develop ONJ, a conservative, nonsurgical approach is strongly recommended. CONCLUSION An increased awareness of the potential risk of ONJ in patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy is needed. Close coordination between the treating physician and oral surgeon and/or a dental specialist is strongly recommended in making treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ruggiero
- Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; University of Washington Medical Center; Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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Costi R, Azzoni C, Marchesi F, Bottarelli L, Violi V, Bordi C. Repeated anastomotic recurrence of colorectal tumors: Genetic analysis of two cases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3752-8. [PMID: 21990958 PMCID: PMC3181462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i32.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate genetics of two cases of colorectal tumor local recurrence and throw some light on the etiopathogenesis of anastomotic recurrence.
METHODS: Two cases are presented: a 65-year-old female receiving two colonic resections for primary anastomotic recurrences within 21 mo, and a 57-year-old female undergoing two local excisions of recurrent anastomotic adenomas within 26 mo. A loss of heterozygosity (LOH) study of 25 microsatellite markers and a mutational analysis of genes BRAF, K-RAS and APC were performed in samples of neoplastic and normal colonic mucosa collected over the years.
RESULTS: A diffuse genetic instability was present in all samples, including neoplastic and normal colonic mucosa. Two different patterns of genetic alterations (LOH at 5q21 and 18p11.23 in the first case, and LOH at 1p34 and 3p14 in the second) were found to be associated with carcinogenesis over the years. A role for the genes MYC-L (mapping at 1p34) and FIHT (mapping at 3p14.2) is suggested, whereas a role for APC (mapping at 5q21) is not shown.
CONCLUSION: The study challenges the most credited intraluminal implantation and metachronous carcinogenesis theories, and suggests a persistent, patient-specific alteration as the trigger of colorectal cancer anastomotic recurrence.
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van der Sangen MJC, van de Wiel FMM, Poortmans PMP, Tjan-Heijnen VCG, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, Roumen RMH, Ernst MF, Tutein Nolthenius-Puylaert MCBJE, Voogd AC. Are breast conservation and mastectomy equally effective in the treatment of young women with early breast cancer? Long-term results of a population-based cohort of 1,451 patients aged ≤ 40 years. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:207-15. [PMID: 20703938 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To compare the effectiveness of breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and mastectomy, all women aged ≤ 40 years, treated for early-stage breast cancer in the southern part of the Netherlands between 1988 and 2005, were identified. A total of 562 patients underwent mastectomy and 889 patients received BCT. During follow-up, 23 patients treated with mastectomy and 135 patients treated with BCT developed a local relapse without previous or simultaneous evidence of distant disease. The local relapse risk for patients treated with mastectomy was 4.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-6.4) at 5 years and reached a plateau after 6 years at 6.0% (95% CI 3.5-8.5). After BCT, the 5-, 10- and 15-year risks were 8.3% (95% CI 6.3-10.5), 18.4% (95% CI 15.0-21.8) and 28.2% (95% CI 23.0-33.4), respectively (P < 0.0001). Adjuvant systemic therapy following BCT reduced the 15-year local relapse risk from 32.9% (95% CI 26.7-39.1) to 16.1% (95% CI 9.1-23.1), (P = 0.0007). In conclusion, local tumor control in young patients with early-stage breast cancer is worse after BCT than after mastectomy. Adjuvant systemic therapy significantly improves local control following BCT and also for that reason it should be considered for most patients ≤ 40 years. Long-term follow-up is highly recommended for young patients after BCT, because even with systemic treatment an annual risk of local relapse of 1% remains up to 15 years after treatment.
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Michels KB. The promises and challenges of epigenetic epidemiology. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:297-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stop Breast Cancer Now! Imagining Imaging Pathways Toward Search, Destroy, Cure, and Watchful Waiting of Premetastasis Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-314-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lobar Anatomy of Human Breast and Its Importance for Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-314-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gebara SN, Moubayed H. Risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients taking bisphosphonates. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009; 66:1541-7. [PMID: 19710437 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) associated with bisphosphonate use in patients with cancer is reviewed. SUMMARY ONJ is a relatively new complication of supportive care in cancer. Bisphosphonate-associated ONJ can be generally defined as necrotic bone exposure to the oral cavity and inflammatory reactions of the surrounding soft tissue in patients receiving bisphosphonates but not radiotherapy to the head and neck. The risk of development of ONJ varies with the type of bisphosphonate used and the duration of exposure, with more potent agents increasing the risk with shorter durations of exposure. From the current evidence, the incidence of this disorder in cancer patients receiving bisphosphonates can be as high as 10% when patients have more than one risk factor. Risk factors include type of bisphosphonate, duration of exposure, concomitant medications, comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus), and lifestyle behaviors (e.g., smoking, obesity). To minimize the risk of ONJ, patients initiated on bisphosphonates should optimize routine dental care and have their baseline oral cavity status evaluated by both clinical and radiographic examinations before initiation of bisphosphonate therapy. Current management of ONJ is difficult and empirical. At present, a conservative approach is recommended, including systemic antibiotics, antiseptic oral rinses, pain control, and limited debridement. CONCLUSION Cancer patients receiving bisphosphonates are at risk for developing ONJ. Clinicians should evaluate patients' oral integrity and existing risk factors before initiating bisphosphonate therapy. Once treatment is started, patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of ONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Nabhani Gebara
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston KT1 2EE, United Kingdom.
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Kasbek C, Yang CH, Fisk HA. Mps1 as a link between centrosomes and genomic instability. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:654-665. [PMID: 19274768 PMCID: PMC2760674 DOI: 10.1002/em.20476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers that must be precisely duplicated before mitosis. Centrosomes regulate mitotic spindle assembly, and the presence of excess centrosomes leads to the production of aberrant mitotic spindles which generate chromosome segregation errors. Many human tumors possess excess centrosomes that lead to the production of abnormal spindles in situ. In some tumors, these extra centrosomes appear before aneuploidy, suggesting that defects in centrosome duplication might promote genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The Mps1 protein kinase is required for centrosome duplication, and preventing the proteasome-dependent degradation of Mps1 at centrosomes increases its local concentration and causes the production of excess centrosomes during a prolonged S-phase. Here, we show that Mps1 degradation is misregulated in two tumor-derived cell lines, and that the failure to appropriately degrade Mps1 correlates with the ability of these cells to produce extra centrosomes during a prolonged S-phase. In the 21NT breast-tumor derived cell line, a mutant Mps1 protein that is normally constitutively degraded can accumulate at centrosomes and perturb centrosome duplication, suggesting that these cells have a defect in the mechanisms that target Mps1 to the proteasome. In contrast, the U2OS osteosarcoma cell line expresses a nondegradable form of Mps1, which we show causes the dose-dependent over duplication of centrioles even at very low levels of expression. Our data demonstrate that defects in Mps1 degradation can occur through multiple mechanisms, and suggest that Mps1 may provide a link between the control of centrosome duplication and genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kasbek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1292, USA
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27
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Mammary field cancerization: molecular evidence and clinical importance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118:229-39. [PMID: 19685287 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The term "field cancerization" originally denoted the presence of histologically abnormal tissue/cells surrounding primary tumors of the head and neck. Similar concepts with different and continuously changing definitions have been used for other types of tumors including breast adenocarcinoma, where field cancerization presently denotes the occurrence of molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues surrounding areas of overt cancer. Human mammary tissue morphology lends itself to the proposed concepts of field cancerization, which may include the gradual accumulation of genetic and other aberrations in stationary epithelial cells with intact morphology, or the spread of histologically normal yet genetically aberrant epithelial cells within mammary tissue. In this report, we review published molecular genetic, epigenetic, and gene expressional data in support of field cancerization in human mammary tissues. We then discuss the clinical implications of mammary field cancerization, including its source for potential biomarkers with diagnostic/prognostic potential, and its relationship to surgical margins and disease recurrence. We conclude with a future outlook on further research on mammary field cancerization addressing experimental methods, as well as the development of possible models and integrated approaches to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms with the ultimate goal of developing clinical applications.
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Genomic instability demonstrates similarity between DCIS and invasive carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 117:17-24. [PMID: 18785004 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess telomere DNA content (TC) and the number of sites of allelic imbalance (AI) as a function of breast cancer progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TC and AI were determined in 54 histologically normal tissues, 10 atypical ductal hyperplasias (ADH), 122 in situ ductal carcinomas (DCIS) and 535 invasive carcinomas (Stage I-IIIA). RESULTS TC was altered in ADH lesions (20%), DCIS specimens (53%) and invasive carcinomas (51%). The mean number of sites of AI was 0.26 in histologically normal group tissue, increased to 1.00 in ADH, 2.94 in DCIS, and 3.07 in invasive carcinomas. All groups were statistically different from the histologically normal group (P < 0.001 for each); however, there was no difference between DCIS and the invasive groups. CONCLUSIONS Genomic instability increases in ADH and plateaus in DCIS without further increase in the invasive carcinomas, supporting the notion that invasive carcinomas evolve from or in parallel with DCIS.
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Tripathi A, King C, de la Morenas A, Perry VK, Burke B, Antoine GA, Hirsch EF, Kavanah M, Mendez J, Stone M, Gerry NP, Lenburg ME, Rosenberg CL. Gene expression abnormalities in histologically normal breast epithelium of breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2007; 122:1557-66. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Callaghan KA, Becker TE, Ellsworth DL, Hooke JA, Ellsworth RE, Shriver CD. Genomic instability and the development of metastatic lymph node tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:3125-32. [PMID: 17653592 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent data suggest that cells with metastatic potential disseminate from the primary breast tumor early in tumor development, the mechanism by which disseminated breast cancer cells proliferate within foreign tissues is not well understood. Here, we examined levels and patterns of allelic imbalance (AI) in metastatic lymph node (LN) tumors to identify molecular signals that promote the survival and growth of disseminated breast tumor cells. METHODS DNA from 106 metastatic LN tumors from 25 patients was isolated after laser microdissection of pure tumor cell populations. AI was assessed at 26 chromosomal regions frequently altered in breast cancer. Tumor burden was calculated by dividing the area of the metastatic tumor in the node by the area of the entire LN. RESULTS Metastatic tumor burden ranged from focal to complete replacement of the LN with tumor. Grouping the nodes as < 25% tumor, 25-50% tumor, 50-75% tumor, and > or = 75% tumor replacement revealed the average frequency of AI ranged from 0.13 (+/-0.11) in the < 25% group to 0.17 (+/-0.13) in LNs with > or = 75% tumor burden. The range of AI in both the < 25% and > 75% replacement group was 0.00-0.48. Allelic losses at chromosomal regions 1p36.1-36.2, 5q21.1-21.3, 6q15, 10q23.31-23.33, and 17p13.1 were significantly higher in metastatic LNs with > 75% compared with < 25% tumor burden. CONCLUSIONS In metastatic LNs, levels of AI were not associated with tumor burden, suggesting that accumulation of genetic changes is not coincidental with tumor growth; rather the accumulation of specific genetic changes is a prerequisite to the transformation of disseminated breast cells into metastatic LN tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Callaghan
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Yan PS, Venkataramu C, Ibrahim A, Liu JC, Shen RZ, Diaz NM, Centeno B, Weber F, Leu YW, Shapiro CL, Eng C, Yeatman TJ, Huang THM. Mapping geographic zones of cancer risk with epigenetic biomarkers in normal breast tissue. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6626-36. [PMID: 17121881 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic alterations were previously identified in normal epithelia adjacent to invasive cancers. The aim of this study was to determine DNA methylation in histologically normal tissues from multiple geographic zones adjacent to primary breast tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN First, methylation status of a 4-kb region of RASSF1A promoter was interrogated using oligonucleotide-based microarray in 144 samples (primary tumors, 47; adjacent normals, 69; reduction mammoplasty tissues, 28). Second, allelic imbalance (AI)/loss of heterozygosity (LOH) surrounding RASSF1A promoter were analyzed in 30 samples (tumors, 8; adjacent normals, 22). Third, global methylation screening of 49 samples (tumors, 12; adjacent normals, 25; reduction mammoplasty, 12) was done by differential methylation hybridization. Real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR was used to validate the microarray findings. RESULTS DNA methylation in the core RASSF1A promoter was low in reduction mammoplasty tissues (P=0.0001) when compared with primary tumors. The adjacent normals had an intermediate level of methylation. The regions surrounding the core were highly methylated in all sample types. Microsatellite markers showed AI/LOH in tumors and some of the adjacent normals. Concurrent AI/LOH and DNA methylation in RASSF1A promoter occurred in two of six tumors. Global methylation screening uncovered genes more methylated in adjacent normals than in reduction mammoplasty tissues. The methylation status of four genes was confirmed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a field of methylation changes extending as far as 4 cm from primary tumors. These frequent alterations may explain why normal tissues are at risk for local recurrence and are useful in disease prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearlly S Yan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA, and Department of Pathology, Addenbrooks' Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Similar histologic subtypes of cancers often exhibit different spectrum of genetic and epigenetic alterations. The heterogeneity observed due to lack of consistent and defined alterations affecting a unique set of gene(s) or gene products in cancers derived from a specific tissue, or an organ, pose a challenge in unraveling the molecular basis of the disease. This dilemma also complicates diagnosis, prognosis, effective management, and treatment modalities. To streamline the available and emerging data into a coherent scheme of events, a multimodular molecular network (MMMN) cancer progression model is presented as a roadmap to dissect the complexity inherent to this disease. The fact that disruption/dysregulation of more than one alternate target gene could affect the functionality of each specific module of a cascade provides a molecular basis for genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity in any given cancer. Polymorphisms/mutations as well as the extracellular matrix and or the epigenetically/genetically conditioned surrounding stromal cells could also influence the rate of tumorigenesis and the properties of the tumor cells. The formulation of MMMN cancer progression models for specific cancers is likely to provide the blueprints for the markers and targets to aid diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Genetics Program and Cancer Research Center), Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
Tumours are known as wounds that do not heal - this implies that cells that are involved in angiogenesis and the response to injury, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts, have a prominent role in the progression, growth and spread of cancers. Fibroblasts are associated with cancer cells at all stages of cancer progression, and their structural and functional contributions to this process are beginning to emerge. Their production of growth factors, chemokines and extracellular matrix facilitates the angiogenic recruitment of endothelial cells and pericytes. Fibroblasts are therefore a key determinant in the malignant progression of cancer and represent an important target for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Center for Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Moberg KH, Schelble S, Burdick SK, Hariharan IK. Mutations in erupted, the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian tumor susceptibility gene 101, elicit non-cell-autonomous overgrowth. Dev Cell 2006; 9:699-710. [PMID: 16256744 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The reproducible pattern of organismal growth during metazoan development is the product of genetically controlled signaling pathways. Patterned activation of these pathways shapes developing organs and dictates overall organismal shape and size. Here, we show that patches of tissue that are mutant for the Drosophila Tsg101 ortholog, erupted, cause dramatic overproliferation of adjacent wild-type tissue. Tsg101 proteins function in endosomal sorting and are required to incorporate late endosomes into multivesicular bodies. Drosophila cells with impaired Tsg101 function show accumulation of the Notch receptor in intracellular compartments marked by the endosomal protein Hrs. This causes increased Notch-mediated signaling and ectopic expression of the Notch target gene unpaired (upd), which encodes the secreted ligand of the JAK-STAT pathway. Activation of JAK-STAT signaling in surrounding wild-type cells correlates with their overgrowth. These findings define a pathway by which changes in endocytic trafficking can regulate tissue growth in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Heaphy CM, Bisoffi M, Fordyce CA, Haaland CM, Hines WC, Joste NE, Griffith JK. Telomere DNA content and allelic imbalance demonstrate field cancerization in histologically normal tissue adjacent to breast tumors. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:108-16. [PMID: 16450377 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises from an accumulation of mutations that promote the selection of cells with progressively malignant phenotypes. Previous studies have shown that genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer cells, is a driving force in this process. In the present study, two markers of genomic instability, telomere DNA content and allelic imbalance, were examined in two independent cohorts of mammary carcinomas. Altered telomeres and unbalanced allelic loci were present in both tumors and surrounding histologically normal tissues at distances at least 1 cm from the visible tumor margins. Although the extent of these genetic changes decreases as a function of the distance from the visible tumor margin, unbalanced loci are conserved between the surrounding tissues and the tumors, implying cellular clonal evolution. Our results are in agreement with the concepts of "field cancerization" and "cancer field effect," concepts that were previously introduced to describe areas within tissues consisting of histologically normal, yet genetically aberrant, cells that represent fertile grounds for tumorigenesis. The finding that genomic instability occurs in fields of histologically normal tissues surrounding the tumor is of clinical importance, as it has implications for the definition of appropriate tumor margins and the assessment of recurrence risk factors in the context of breast-sparing surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Bissell MJ, Kenny PA, Radisky DC. Microenvironmental regulators of tissue structure and function also regulate tumor induction and progression: the role of extracellular matrix and its degrading enzymes. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2005; 70:343-56. [PMID: 16869771 PMCID: PMC3004779 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that elements of the cellular and tissue microenvironment are crucial regulators of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo, and that many of the same factors influence the course of tumor progression. Less well established is the extent to which extracellular factors actually cause cancer, and the circumstances under which this may occur. Using physiologically relevant three-dimensional culture assays and transgenic animals, we have explored how the environmental and architectural context of cells, tissues, and organs controls mammary-specific gene expression, growth regulation, apoptosis, and drug resistance and have found that loss of tissue structure is a prerequisite for cancer progression. Here we summarize this evidence and highlight two of our recent studies. Using mouse mammary epithelial cells, we show that exposure to matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) stimulates production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destabilize the genome and induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition, causing malignant transformation. Using a human breast cancer progression series, we find that ADAM-dependent growth factor shedding plays a crucial role in acquisition of the malignant phenotype. These findings illustrate how normal tissue structure controls the response to extracellular signals so as to preserve tissue specificity and growth status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bissell
- Cancer Biology Department, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, 94720, USA
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