1
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Priyanka HP, Pratap UP, Nair RS, Vasantharekha R, ThyagaRajan S. Estrogen-receptor status determines differential regulation of α1- and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated cell survival, angiogenesis, and intracellular signaling responses in breast cancer cell lines. Med Oncol 2024; 41:92. [PMID: 38526769 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress promotes cancer pathogenesis involving angiogenesis through alterations in neuroendocrine-immune functions that may involve adrenoceptor (AR)-dependent signaling mechanisms in the brain, lymphoid organs, and cancerous cells. Various concentrations of α1- and α2- AR-specific agonists and antagonists were incubated in vitro with estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) MCF-7, and ER (-) MDA MB-231 cells to examine the secretions of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and nitric oxide (NO), and expression of signaling molecules- p-ERK, p-CREB, and p-Akt on the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines. Cellular proliferation, VEGF-A and NO secretion, expression of p-ERK, p-CREB, and p-Akt were enhanced in MCF-7 cells treated with α1-AR agonist while VEGF-C secretion alone was enhanced in MDA MB-231 cells. Treatment of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells with α2- AR agonist similarly enhanced proliferation and decreased NO production and p-CREB expression while VEGF-C secretion was decreased in MCF-7 cells and p-Akt expression was decreased in MDA MB-231 cells. α1-AR inhibition reversed cellular proliferation and VEGF-A secretion by MCF-7 cells while α2-AR inhibition reversed the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells and VEGF-C secretion by MCF-7 cells. Taken together, breast cancer pathogenesis may be influenced by distinct α-AR-mediated signaling mechanisms on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis that are dependent on estrogen receptor status.
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Grants
- BT/PR9199/Med/30/12/2007 Department of Bio-Technology, Government of India, New Delhi.
- BT/PR9199/Med/30/12/2007 Department of Bio-Technology, Government of India, New Delhi.
- BT/PR9199/Med/30/12/2007 Department of Bio-Technology, Government of India, New Delhi.
- BT/PR9199/Med/30/12/2007 Department of Bio-Technology, Government of India, New Delhi.
- BT/PR9199/Med/30/12/2007 Department of Bio-Technology, Government of India, New Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Priyanka
- Institute of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uday P Pratap
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rahul S Nair
- Institute of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Vasantharekha
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Srinivasan ThyagaRajan
- Institute of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Righini M, Mancini R, Busutti M, Buscaroli A. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Extrarenal Involvement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2554. [PMID: 38473800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disorder, but kidneys are not the only organs involved in this systemic disorder. Individuals with the condition may display additional manifestations beyond the renal system, involving the liver, pancreas, and brain in the context of cystic manifestations, while involving the vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, bones, and cardiac valves in the context of non-cystic manifestations. Despite kidney involvement remaining the main feature of the disease, thanks to longer survival, early diagnosis, and better management of kidney-related problems, a new wave of complications must be faced by clinicians who treated patients with ADPKD. Involvement of the liver represents the most prevalent extrarenal manifestation and has growing importance in the symptom burden and quality of life. Vascular abnormalities are a key factor for patients' life expectancy and there is still debate whether to screen or not to screen all patients. Arterial hypertension is often the earliest onset symptom among ADPKD patients, leading to frequent cardiovascular complications. Although cardiac valvular abnormalities are a frequent complication, they rarely lead to relevant problems in the clinical history of polycystic patients. One of the newest relevant aspects concerns bone disorders that can exert a considerable influence on the clinical course of these patients. This review aims to provide the "state of the art" among the extrarenal manifestation of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Righini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raul Mancini
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Busutti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscaroli
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
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3
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Mahmoud M, Abdollah MRA, Elsesy ME, Abou El Ella DA, Zada SK, Tolba MF. The natural isoflavone Biochanin-A synergizes 5-fluorouracil anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo in Ehrlich solid-phase carcinoma model. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1310-1325. [PMID: 35112408 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are considered one of the most extensively studied plant-derived phytoestrogenic compounds. Of these, Biochanin A (Bio-A), a natural isoflavone abundant in cabbage, alfalfa, and red clover, has drawn a lot of attention. As reported in multiple studies, Bio-A possesses a promising anticancer activity against estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. The current study investigated the working hypothesis that Bio-A could synergistically enhance the potency of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in ER+ breast cancer. The hypothesis was tested both in vitro on hormone receptor-positive (MCF-7) and triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231). Additionally, in vivo studies were performed in the Ehrlich solid-phase carcinoma mouse model. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed that Bio-A synergistically increased the potency of 5-FU in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cell lines. The synergistic effect of 5-FU/Bio-A combination was verified in vivo. The combination therapy (where 5-FU was used at one fourth its full dose) led to a significant 75% reduction in tumor volume after two treatment cycles. This was in addition to producing a significant 2.1-fold increase in tumor necrosis area% compared to mock-treated control. In conclusion, the current study presents the first preclinical evidence for the potential merit of 5-FU/Bio-A combination for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer. The synergistic antitumor effect of Bio-A/ 5-FU combination can be, at least partly, attributed to Bio-A-mediated suppression of ER-α/Akt axis and the augmentation of 5-FU-mediated proapoptotic effects. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha R A Abdollah
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Elsesy
- Pharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dalal A Abou El Ella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Suher K Zada
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, the American University in Cairo (AUC), New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Life and Medical Sciences, The University of Hertfordshire-hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Egypt
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Yu T, Liu Y, Shi W, Shi F, Liu X, Sheng J, Huang H, Xu H. Reduced alternative splicing of estrogen receptor alpha in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110176-110186. [PMID: 29299139 PMCID: PMC5746374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a condition which involves the presence of uterine stroma and glands outside of the uterine cavity and represents one of the most prevalent disorders of the female reproductive tract. The key symptom of endometriosis is pain, including dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain. As such, endometriosis has significant economic consequences within the healthcare system and can influence the daily quality of life in affected patients. However, the pathophysiology of this disease and the mechanisms in which this condition generates pain are very unclear. This study, involving 30 women with endometriosis and 28 controls without endometriosis, aimed to investigate relative levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) splice variants in the endometrium of women with and without endometriosis and investigate potential links to the severity of pain. Wild type (wt)-ERα was dominantly expressed in human endometrium while the expression of ERα-del.4, ERα-del.7, and ERα-del.3,4 was significantly reduced in endometriosis patients compared with healthy patients (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the relative ratios of wtERα:ERα-del.4, and wtERα:ERα-del.3,4 were associated with the severity of pain in endometriosis patients (p < 0.05). Consequently, analyzing differences in the relative levels of four types of ERα splice variant in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis may help in the development of endometriosis-targeted treatment and the development of appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunbo Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital (Jiande Branch), Medical School of Zhejiang University, The First People's Hospital of Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Shi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengtao Shi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Sheng
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, The China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ghigna C, Riva S, Biamonti G. Alternative splicing of tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Cancer Treat Res 2013; 158:95-117. [PMID: 24222355 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31659-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a fundamental mechanism to modulate gene expression programs in response to different growth and environmental stimuli. There is now ample evidence that alternative splicing errors, caused by mutations in cis-acting elements and defects and/or imbalances in trans-acting factors, may be causatively associated to cancer progression. Recent work indicates the existence of an intricate network of interactions between alternative splicing events and signal transduction pathways. In this network, splicing factors occupy a central position and appear to function both as targets and effectors of regulatory circuits. Thus, a change in their activity deeply affects alternative splicing profiles and hence the cell behavior. Here, we discuss a number of cases that exemplify the involvement of deregulated alternative splicing in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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6
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Abstract
For most of our 25,000 genes, the removal of introns by pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing represents an essential step toward the production of functional messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA results in the production of different mRNAs. Although complex organisms use alternative splicing to expand protein function and phenotypic diversity, patterns of alternative splicing are often altered in cancer cells. Alternative splicing contributes to tumorigenesis by producing splice isoforms that can stimulate cell proliferation and cell migration or induce resistance to apoptosis and anticancer agents. Cancer-specific changes in splicing profiles can occur through mutations that are affecting splice sites and splicing control elements, and also by alterations in the expression of proteins that control splicing decisions. Recent progress in global approaches that interrogate splicing diversity should help to obtain specific splicing signatures for cancer types. The development of innovative approaches for annotating and reprogramming splicing events will more fully establish the essential contribution of alternative splicing to the biology of cancer and will hopefully provide novel targets and anticancer strategies. Metazoan genes are usually made up of several exons interrupted by introns. The introns are removed from the pre-mRNA by RNA splicing. In conjunction with other maturation steps, such as capping and polyadenylation, the spliced mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm to be translated into a functional protein. The basic mechanism of splicing requires accurate recognition of each extremity of each intron by the spliceosome. Introns are identified by the binding of U1 snRNP to the 5' splice site and the U2AF65/U2AF35 complex to the 3' splice site. Following these interactions, other proteins and snRNPs are recruited to generate the complete spliceosomal complex needed to excise the intron. While many introns are constitutively removed by the spliceosome, other splice junctions are not used systematically, generating the phenomenon of alternative splicing. Alternative splicing is therefore the process by which a single species of pre-mRNA can be matured to produce different mRNA molecules (Fig. 1). Depending on the number and types of alternative splicing events, a pre-mRNA can generate from two to several thousands different mRNAs leading to the production of a corresponding number of proteins. It is now believed that the expression of at least 70 % of human genes is subjected to alternative splicing, implying an enormous contribution to proteomic diversity, and by extension, to the development and the evolution of complex animals. Defects in splicing have been associated with human diseases (Caceres and Kornblihtt, Trends Genet 18(4):186-93, 2002, Cartegni et al., Nat Rev Genet 3(4):285-98, 2002, Pagani and Baralle, Nat Rev Genet 5(5):389-96, 2004), including cancer (Brinkman, Clin Biochem 37(7):584-94, 2004, Venables, Bioessays 28(4):378-86, 2006, Srebrow and Kornblihtt, J Cell Sci 119(Pt 13):2635-2641, 2006, Revil et al., Bull Cancer 93(9):909-919, 2006, Venables, Transworld Res Network, 2006, Pajares et al., Lancet Oncol 8(4):349-57, 2007, Skotheim and Nees, Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39:1432-1449, 2007). Numerous studies have now confirmed the existence of specific differences in the alternative splicing profiles between normal and cancer tissues. Although there are a few cases where specific mutations are the primary cause for these changes, global alterations in alternative splicing in cancer cells may be primarily derived from changes in the expression of RNA-binding proteins that control splice site selection. Overall, these cancer-specific differences in alternative splicing offer an immense potential to improve the diagnosis and the prognosis of cancer. This review will focus on the functional impact of cancer-associated alternative splicing variants, the molecular determinants that alter the splicing decisions in cancer cells, and future therapeutic strategies.
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7
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Pinto PIS, Teodósio R, Socorro S, Power DM, Canário AVM. Structure, tissue distribution and estrogen regulation of splice variants of the sea bream estrogen receptor α gene. Gene 2012; 503:18-24. [PMID: 22579469 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen actions are mainly mediated by specific nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), for which different genes and a diversity of transcript variants have been identified, mainly in mammals. In this study, we investigated the presence of ER splice variants in the teleost fish gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus), by comparison with the genomic organization of the related species Takifugu rubripes. Two exon2-deleted ERα transcript variants were isolated from liver cDNA of estradiol-treated fish. The ΔE2 variant lacks ERα exon 2, generating a premature termination codon and a putative C-terminal truncated receptor, while the ΔE2,3* variant contains an in-frame deletion of exon 2 and part of exon 3 and codes for a putative ERα protein variant lacking most of the DNA-binding domain. Both variants were expressed at very low levels in several female and male sea bream tissues, and their expression was highly inducible in liver by estradiol-17β treatment with a strong positive correlation with the typical wild-type (wt) ERα response in this tissue. These findings identify novel estrogen responsive splice variants of fish ERα, and provide the basis for future studies to investigate possible modulation of wt-ER actions by splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I S Pinto
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
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8
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Ghigna C, Valacca C, Biamonti G. Alternative splicing and tumor progression. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:556-70. [PMID: 19516963 PMCID: PMC2694562 DOI: 10.2174/138920208786847971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a key molecular mechanism for increasing the functional diversity of the eukaryotic proteomes. A large body of experimental data implicates aberrant splicing in various human diseases, including cancer. Both mutations in cis-acting splicing elements and alterations in the expression and/or activity of splicing regulatory factors drastically affect the splicing profile of many cancer-associated genes. In addition, the splicing profile of several cancer-associated genes is altered in particular types of cancer arguing for a direct role of specific splicing isoforms in tumor progression. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying aberrant splicing in cancer may prove crucial to understand how splicing machinery is controlled and integrated with other cellular processes, in particular transcription and signaling pathways. Moreover, the characterization of splicing deregulation in cancer will lead to a better comprehension of malignant transformation. Cancer-associated alternative splicing variants may be new tools for the diagnosis and classification of cancers and could be the targets for innovative therapeutical interventions based on highly selective splicing correction approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Abbiategrasso 207. 27100 Pavia, Italy
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9
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Acconcia F, Marino M. The Effects of 17β-estradiol in Cancer are Mediated by Estrogen Receptor Signaling at the Plasma Membrane. Front Physiol 2011; 2:30. [PMID: 21747767 PMCID: PMC3129035 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different isoforms of the estrogen receptors (i.e., ERα and ERβ) mediate pleiotropic 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced cellular effects. The ERs are principally localized in the nucleus where they act by globally modifying the expression of the E2-target genes. The premise that E2 effects are exclusively mediated through the nuclear localized ERs has been rendered obsolete by research over the last 15 years demonstrating that ERα and ERβ proteins are also localized at the plasma membranes and in other extra-nuclear organelles. The E2 modulation of cancer cell proliferation represents a good example of the impact of membrane-initiated signals on E2 effects. In fact, E2 via ERα elicits rapid signals driving cancer cells to proliferation (e.g., in breast cancer cells), while E2-induced ERβ rapid signaling inhibits proliferation (e.g., in colon cancer cells). In this review we provide with an overview of the complex system of E2-induced signal transduction pathways, their impact on E2-induced cancer cell proliferation, and the participation of E2-induced membrane-initiated signals in tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Acconcia
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University Roma Tre Rome, Italy
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10
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Elevated oestrogen receptor splice variant ERαΔ5 expression in tumour-adjacent hormone-responsive tissue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3871-89. [PMID: 21139866 PMCID: PMC2996214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to prostate or endometrial cancer is linked with obesity, a state of oestrogen excess. Oestrogen receptor (ER) splice variants may be responsible for the tissue-level of ER activity. Such micro-environmental regulation may modulate cancer initiation and/or progression mechanisms. Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantitatively assess the levels of four ER splice variants (ERαΔ3, ERαΔ5, ERβ2 and ERβ5), plus the full-length parent isoforms ERα and ERβ1, in high-risk [tumour-adjacent prostate (n = 10) or endometrial cancer (n = 9)] vs. low-risk [benign prostate (n = 12) or endometrium (n = 9)], as well as a comparison of UK (n = 12) vs. Indian (n = 15) benign prostate. All three tissue groups expressed the ER splice variants at similar levels, apart from ERαΔ5. This splice variant was markedly raised in all of the tumour-adjacent prostate samples compared to benign tissues. Immunofluorescence analysis for ERβ2 in prostate tissue demonstrated that such splice variants are present in comparable, if not greater, amounts as the parent full-length isoform. This small pilot study demonstrates the ubiquitous nature of ER splice variants in these tissue sites and suggests that ERαΔ5 may be involved in progression of prostate adenocarcinoma.
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11
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Onori P, Franchitto A, Mancinelli R, Carpino G, Alvaro D, Francis H, Alpini G, Gaudio E. Polycystic liver diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:261-71. [PMID: 20138815 PMCID: PMC2894157 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PCLDs) are genetic disorders with heterogeneous etiologies and a range of phenotypic presentations. PCLD exhibits both autosomal or recessive dominant pattern of inheritance and is characterized by the progressive development of multiple cysts, isolated or associated with polycystic kidney disease, that appear more extensive in women. Cholangiocytes have primary cilia, functionally important organelles (act as mechanosensors) that are involved in both normal developmental and pathological processes. The absence of polycystin-1, 2, and fibrocystin/polyductin, normally localized to primary cilia, represent a potential mechanism leading to cyst formation, associated with increased cell proliferation and apoptosis, enhanced fluid secretion, abnormal cell-matrix interactions, and alterations in cell polarity. Proliferative and secretive activities of cystic epithelium can be regulated by estrogens either directly or by synergizing growth factors including nerve growth factor, IGF1, FSH and VEGF. The abnormalities of primary cilia and the sensitivity to proliferative effects of estrogens and different growth factors in PCLD cystic epithelium provide the morpho-functional basis for future treatment targets, based on the possible modulation of the formation and progression of hepatic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Onori
- Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A. Franchitto
- Dept Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Mancinelli
- Dept Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Carpino
- Dept Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
| | - D. Alvaro
- Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - H. Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, USA
| | - G. Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, USA, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, USA
| | - E. Gaudio
- Dept Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0649918060; fax: +39 0649918062. (E. Gaudio)
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12
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Ohshiro K, Mudvari P, Meng QC, Rayala SK, Sahin AA, Fuqua SAW, Kumar R. Identification of a novel estrogen receptor-alpha variant and its upstream splicing regulator. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:914-22. [PMID: 20304996 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of precursor mRNA is a fundamental mechanism to generate multiple proteins from a single gene. Although constitutive and alternative mRNA splicing is temporally and spatially regulated, deregulation of mRNA splicing could cause development, progression, and metastasis of tumors. Through yeast two-hybrid screening of a human breast cDNA library using estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) as bait, we identified a novel nuclear receptor box containing full-length protein, nuclear protein E3-3 (NPE3-3). Our results revealed that NPE3-3 associates with not only ERalpha but also with splicing factors, serine/arginine-rich protein (SRp)-30c, SRp40, and splicing factor SC-35, suggesting that NPE3-3 is likely to be involved in regulation of mRNA splicing. Accordingly, transient expression of NPE3-3 in cells resulted in expected splicing of the CD44 control minigene. We also discovered that NPE3-3-overexpressing clones produced a novel, previously unrecognized, alternatively spliced variant of ERalpha (termed ERalphaV), which had a molecular size of 37 kDa composed of only exons 1, 2, 7, and 8. ERalphaV was expressed and sequestered in the cytoplasm in MCF-7 cells stably overexpressing NPE3-3, suggesting its involvement in nongenomic hormone signaling. NPE3-3 clones exhibited up-regulation of ERK1/2 signaling, cyclin D1, and cathepsin D and enhanced tumor cell proliferation, migration, and tumorigenicity. Moreover, direct expression of the ERalphaV in breast cancer cells stimulated ERK1/2 up-regulation and cyclin D1 expression. We found that ERalphaV physically interacted with MAPK kinase (MEK)-1/2, and thus, an ERalphaV and MEK1/2 complex could lead to the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Interestingly, NPE3-3 was up-regulated in human breast tumors. These findings revealed a role for NPE3-3 in alternative splicing and suggest that ERalpha is a physiological target of NPE3-3, leading to a constitutive nongenomic signaling pathway in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Ohshiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Coregulator Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
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Taylor SE, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Oestrogen receptor splice variants in the pathogenesis of disease. Cancer Lett 2009; 288:133-48. [PMID: 19608332 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The full-length oestrogen receptor (ER) exists in most vertebrates as two separately encoded isoforms. ER splice variants represent truncated or otherwise modified versions of the full-length alpha or beta isoforms of the parent receptor. ERalpha is found on chromosome 6q and encodes a 595 amino acid protein, while ERbeta is found on chromosome 14q and encodes a 530 amino acid protein. These receptors possess differing ligand affinities, are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific fashion and may act antagonistically. Their altered expression has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a diverse range of conditions from cancer progression in hormone-responsive tissues to neurodegenerative disease. Variously co-expressed with full-length ERs, ER splice variants may have a positive or negative influence on transcription either by modifying the effect of the parent receptor or through their own intrinsic activity. To date, the vast majority of studies have used generic primers or antibodies against the full-length receptors and would not distinguish ER-mediated effects associated with various splice variants. Thus the evidence base of the influence of ER splice variants in normal developmental physiology and in the pathogenesis of disease is weak and greater understanding of their role will undoubtedly lead to new therapeutic strategies for disease intervention and treatment. This review aims to compile the current evidence for the presence of ER splice variants in humans, their physiological roles and clinical sequelae.
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Alvaro D, Onori P, Alpini G, Franchitto A, Jefferson DM, Torrice A, Cardinale V, Stefanelli F, Mancino MG, Strazzabosco M, Angelico M, Attili A, Gaudio E. Morphological and functional features of hepatic cyst epithelium in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:321-32. [PMID: 18202196 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the morphological and functional features of hepatic cyst epithelium in adult autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In six ADPKD patients, we investigated the morphology of cyst epithelium apical surface by scanning electron microscopy and the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1 receptors (IGF1-R), growth hormone receptor, the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and pAKT by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Proliferation of liver cyst-derived epithelial cells was evaluated by both MTS proliferation assay and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The hepatic cyst epithelium displayed heterogeneous features, being normal in small cysts (<1 cm), characterized by rare or shortened cilia in 1- to 3-cm cysts, and exhibiting the absence of both primary cilia and microvilli in large cysts (>3 cm). Cyst epithelium showed marked immunohistochemical expression of ER, growth hormone receptor, IGF1, IGF1-R, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and pAKT. IGF1 was 10-fold more enriched in the hepatic cyst fluid than in serum. Serum-deprived liver cyst-derived epithelial cells proliferated when exposed to 17beta-estradiol and IGF1 and when exposed to human cyst fluid. ER or IGF1-R antagonists inhibited the proliferative effect of serum readmission, cyst fluid, 17beta-estradiol, and IGF1. Our findings could explain the role of estrogens in accelerating the progression of ADPKD and may suggest a potential benefit of therapeutic strategies based on estrogen antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, via R. Rossellini 51, 00137 Rome, Italy. domenico.alvaro@uniroma1
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Parentes-Vieira JB, Lopes-Costa PV, Pires CG, dos Santos AR, Pereira-Filho JD, da Silva BB. Quantification of angiogenesis in estrogen receptor-positive and negative breast carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2007; 4:22. [PMID: 17718911 PMCID: PMC2008197 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7800-4-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate angiogenesis according to CD34 antigen expression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and negative breast carcinomas. METHODS This study comprised 64 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma in postmenopausal women divided into two groups: Group A: ER-positive, n = 35; and Group B: ER-negative, n = 29. The anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody was used as a marker for endothelial cells. Microvessel count was carried out in 10 fields per slide using a 40x objective lens (magnification 400x). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS The mean number of vessels stained with the anti-CD34 antibody in the estrogen receptor-positive and negative tumors was 23.51 +/- 1.15 and 40.24 +/- 0.42, respectively. The number of microvessels was significantly greater in the estrogen receptor-negative tumors (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION ER-negative tumors have significantly greater CD34 antigen expression compared to ER-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- JB Parentes-Vieira
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - PV Lopes-Costa
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - CG Pires
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - AR dos Santos
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - JD Pereira-Filho
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - BB da Silva
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Avenida Elias João Tajra, 1260, Apt. 600, Bairro Jockey Club, CEP: 64049-300, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Hayes GM, Carrigan PE, Miller LJ. Serine-Arginine Protein Kinase 1 Overexpression Is Associated with Tumorigenic Imbalance in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Breast, Colonic, and Pancreatic Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2072-80. [PMID: 17332336 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant patterns of pre-mRNA processing are typical of human malignancies, yet the mechanisms responsible for these changes remain undefined. We have recently shown overexpression of a core splice regulatory protein, serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1), in dysplastic and neoplastic pancreatic ductular cells. In the present study, we have established that SRPK1 levels are similarly up-regulated in breast and colonic tumors where its expression increases coordinately with tumor grade. Targeting SRPK1 for inhibition using small interfering RNA in breast and colonic tumor cell lines in vitro resulted in both increased apoptotic potential and enhanced cell killing after treatment with gemcitabine and cisplatin. Recent reports have described multifaceted interactions between the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT signaling networks and the splice regulatory machinery. Consequently, we have shown that targeted inhibition of SRPK1 in tumor cells results in reduced phosphorylation of MAPK3, MAPK1, and AKT. Alterations in the splice pattern and resulting expression of MAPK kinase are implicated in mediating the antitumoral effects resulting from SRPK1 down-regulation. The up-regulation of SRPK1 in multiple cancers and its ability to regulate multiple relevant signaling pathways provide support for developing agents to inhibit this kinase for possible broad application to treat epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Hayes
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Townson SM, O'Connell P. Identification of estrogen receptor alpha variants in breast tumors: implications for predicting response to hormonal therapies. J Surg Oncol 2006; 94:271-3. [PMID: 16941528 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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