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Sun H, Ding Q, Sahin AA. Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis and Classification of Breast Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2023; 147:1119-1132. [PMID: 37490413 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0464-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— In the clinical practice of breast pathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of different markers is widely used for the diagnosis and classification of breast lesions. OBJECTIVE.— To provide an overview of currently used and recently identified IHC stains that have been implemented in the field of diagnostic breast pathology. DATA SOURCES.— Data were obtained from literature review and clinical experience of the authors as breast pathologists. CONCLUSIONS.— In the current review, we summarize the common uses of IHC stains for diagnosing different types of breast lesions, especially invasive and noninvasive breast lesions, and benign and malignant spindle cell lesions. In addition, the cutting-edge knowledge of diagnostic carcinoma markers will lead us to further understand the different types of breast carcinoma and differentiate breast carcinomas from other carcinomas of similar morphology. Knowing the strengths and limitations of these markers is essential to the clinical practice of breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Sun
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Qingqing Ding
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Ragab Ibrahim FA, Naser Hussein ZU, Yousef AI, Abd El Moneim NA, Hussein AM, Ahmed AFM, Ragab NM, Al-Masry O. Insights on possible interplay between epithelial-mesenchymal transition and T-type voltage gated calcium channels genes in metastatic breast carcinoma. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10160. [PMID: 36060991 PMCID: PMC9434037 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common life-threatening malignancy amongst women with high incidence worldwide. In Egypt, it is the most known malignancy amongst females. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) participates in breast tumors’ invasiveness, and metastasis, but the process is poorly understood. The involvement of voltage-gated calcium channels signaling in EMT has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of T-type calcium channels in metastasis and EMT among breast cancer patients. The study was carried out on 48 female breast cancer patients who were divided into two groups; metastatic and non-metastatic. qRT-PCR was employed to measure the expression of EMT marker genes (N- cadherin, E-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin and T-type VGCCs genes (CACNA1G, CACNA1H, and CACNA1I). The results of the present study revealed differential expression of the EMT marker genes in blood and tissue of non-metastatic and metastatic breast cancer patients, with a clear tendency for the mesenchymal markers to be significantly elevated in metastatic patients as well as malignant tissues taken from non-metastatic patients as compared to their paired tumor adjacent normal (TAN) tissue. Both CACNA1H and CACNA1I (T-type VGCCs oncogenes) were significantly elevated in blood of metastatic patients when compared to non-metastatic ones. In contrast, CACNA1G (tumor suppressor) exhibited a significant decrease in metastatic patients. The strong correlation between the expression of T-type VGCCs and mesenchymal marker genes in metastatic breast cancer patients casts light on the role of T-type VGCCs in metastasis and their involved in tumor invasiveness.
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The Autophagic Route of E-Cadherin and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246328. [PMID: 34944948 PMCID: PMC8699259 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A hallmark of carcinoma progression is the loss of epithelial integrity. In this context, the deregulation of adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin, affects epithelial structures and associates with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This, in turn, fosters cancer progression. Autophagy endows cancer cells with the ability to overcome intracellular and environmental stress stimuli, such as anoikis, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and drugs. Furthermore, it plays an important role in the degradation of cell adhesion proteins and in EMT. This review focuses on the interplay between the turnover of adhesion molecules, primarily E-cadherin, and autophagy in cancer progression. Abstract Cell-to-cell adhesion is a key element in epithelial tissue integrity and homeostasis during embryogenesis, response to damage, and differentiation. Loss of cell adhesion and gain of mesenchymal features, a phenomenon known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), are essential steps in cancer progression. Interestingly, downregulation or degradation by endocytosis of epithelial adhesion molecules (e.g., E-cadherin) associates with EMT and promotes cell migration. Autophagy is a physiological intracellular degradation and recycling process. In cancer, it is thought to exert a tumor suppressive role in the early phases of cell transformation but, once cells have gained a fully transformed phenotype, autophagy may fuel malignant progression by promoting EMT and conferring drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk between autophagy, EMT, and turnover of epithelial cell adhesion molecules, with particular attention to E-cadherin.
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Sheng X, Zhu P, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Li H, Zhao H, Qin J. Effect of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway on Regulating and Controlling the Anti-Invasion and Metastasis of Hepatoma Cells by Bufalin. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 16:54-65. [PMID: 33530915 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210201120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy plays a "double-edged sword" in the process of tumorigenesis, development and metastasis. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the effect of PI3K/AKT/mTOR autophagy-related signaling pathway on regulating and controlling the invasion and metastasis of liver cancer cells by Bufalin. METHODS The cell counting, migration, adhesion and invasion assay were used to evaluate the effect of Bufalin on cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. The protein expression of PI3K/AKT/ mTOR signaling pathway were detected by the Western Blotting technique. RESULTS After inhibiting autophagy of HCC-LM3 cells, the inhibitory effect of Bufalin on adhesion, migration and invasion of HCC-LM3 cells was significantly enhanced. Synergistic inhibition was strongest when different autophagy inhibitors were combined with 3MA and CQ. After inhibiting autophagy, Bufalin significantly inhibited the protein expression of P-AKT, Cyclin D1, MMP- 2, MMP-9 and VEGF in HCC-LM3 cells. The protein expression of PTEN and E-Cadherin in HCC-LM3 cells was significantly increased. CONCLUSION The present study shows that the anti-tumor effect of Bufalin mainly inhibit proliferation, extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis of HCC by influencing autophagy. These findings confirm the capability of Bufalin in inhibiting metastasis of HCC and in parallel to current patents, could be applied as a novel therapeutic strategy in the prevention of metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated to Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Xinsong Rd. 170, Minhang District, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated to the Third Hospital, Naval Medical University, North Moyu Rd. 700, Jiangding District, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated to the Third Hospital, Naval Medical University, North Moyu Rd. 700, Jiangding District, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated to the Third Hospital, Naval Medical University, North Moyu Rd. 700, Jiangding District, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Haijia Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated to the Third Hospital, Naval Medical University, North Moyu Rd. 700, Jiangding District, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated to the Third Hospital, Naval Medical University, North Moyu Rd. 700, Jiangding District, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Jianmin Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated to the Third Hospital, Naval Medical University, North Moyu Rd. 700, Jiangding District, Shanghai 201805, China
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Farzanehpour M, Faghihloo E, Salimi V, Jalilvand S, Akhavan S, Muhammadnejad A, Emami Razavi AN, Kakavandi E, Mokhtari Azad T. Comparison of Snail1, ZEB1, E-Cadherin Expression Levels in HPV-Induced Cervical Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 49:2179-2188. [PMID: 33708739 PMCID: PMC7917501 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i11.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Molecular profiling techniques are the rapid detection of biomarkers in the human papillomavirus (HPV) infected cells. We aimed to measure the expression level of three cell factors including Snail1, ZEB-1, and E-cadherin in cervical cancer (CC), precancerous and healthy samples, simultaneously, to find potential biomarkers. Methods: The expression level of the mentioned cell factors were investigated in 72 CC patients, precancerous patients, and healthy controls by using Real-Time PCR. Results: The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the expression level of E-cadherin in cancer and precancerous cases than that in healthy cases; whereas the expression level of ZEB-1 and Snail1 were upregulated in cancer and precancerous samples. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses shows the highest AUC value emerged for Snail1: 1(95% CI: 1-1) in comparing CC and healthy groups with a sensitivity of 100.0 % and specificity of 100.0%. Conclusion: The molecular biomarker Snail1 may be helpful to early diagnosis and prognosis of CC in the HPV-infected human populations. Considering the increased expression level of Snail1 in cancer and precancerous tissue compared to healthy tissue as well as the area under the ROC curve, Snail1 can be used for early detection of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Akhavan
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Valiasr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Muhammadnejad
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Nader Emami Razavi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Kakavandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Despite the decline in death rate from breast cancer and recent advances in targeted therapies and combinations for the treatment of metastatic disease, metastatic breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-associated death in U.S. women. The invasion-metastasis cascade involves a number of steps and multitudes of proteins and signaling molecules. The pathways include invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, infiltration into a distant site to form a metastatic niche, and micrometastasis formation in a new environment. Each of these processes is regulated by changes in gene expression. Noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in breast cancer tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis by post-transcriptional regulation of target gene expression. miRNAs can stimulate oncogenesis (oncomiRs), inhibit tumor growth (tumor suppressors or miRsupps), and regulate gene targets in metastasis (metastamiRs). The goal of this review is to summarize some of the key miRNAs that regulate genes and pathways involved in metastatic breast cancer with an emphasis on estrogen receptor α (ERα+) breast cancer. We reviewed the identity, regulation, human breast tumor expression, and reported prognostic significance of miRNAs that have been documented to directly target key genes in pathways, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributing to the metastatic cascade. We critically evaluated the evidence for metastamiRs and their targets and miRNA regulation of metastasis suppressor genes in breast cancer progression and metastasis. It is clear that our understanding of miRNA regulation of targets in metastasis is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Petri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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Prognostic value of PSMA, c-MET and E-cadherin in salivary duct carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2020; 110:105018. [PMID: 33039794 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of salivary gland cancer. Androgen receptor (AR) (96%) and HER2 (29-46%) expression, and a high propensity for regional lymph node metastases are hallmarks of the disease. We hypothesized that c-MET, E-cadherin, PSMA tumor and PSMA neovascular expression may be prognostic factors in SDC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression levels of these proteins were established on tissue microarrays containing 165 primary SDC tumor specimens. Association with survival was studied with Kaplan-Meier curves, and univariable and multivariable Cox regression models. Furthermore, association with lymph node status, AR and HER2 expression, and gender was studied. RESULTS We found that patients with high PSMA tumor expression showed a significantly longer overall survival (OS) (median 83 vs. 43 months, P = 0.022), a trend towards a longer DFS (median 51 vs. 22 months, P = 0.094), and significantly reduced hazard ratio for death in the univariable Cox regression model (HR 0.46, P = 0.034). In the multivariable model only a high number of tumor-positive lymph nodes and high age (>80) at diagnosis were prognostic for poor OS. High PSMA tumor expression was also significantly associated with low N-stage (P = 0.001) and expression was higher in women versus men (P = 0.029). High PSMA tumor expression and E-cadherin loss were significantly associated with strong and weak AR-expression, respectively (P = 0.033 and P = 0.007). None of the factors were significantly associated with HER2 expression. CONCLUSION c-MET, E-cadherin, and tumor and neovascular PSMA expression are no independent prognostic factors in SDC.
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Sári Z, Kovács T, Csonka T, Török M, Sebő É, Toth J, Tóth D, Mikó E, Kiss B, Szeőcs D, Uray K, Karányi Z, Kovács I, Méhes G, Árkosy P, Bai P. Fecal expression of Escherichia coli lysine decarboxylase (LdcC) is downregulated in E-cadherin negative lobular breast carcinoma. Physiol Int 2020; 107:349-358. [PMID: 32692716 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by oncobiosis, the abnormal composition of the microbiome in neoplastic diseases. The biosynthetic capacity of the oncobiotic flora in breast cancer is suppressed, as suggested by metagenomic studies. The microbiome synthesizes a set of cytostatic and antimetastatic metabolites that are downregulated in breast cancer, including cadaverine, a microbiome metabolite with cytostatic properties. We set out to assess how the protein expression of constitutive lysine decarboxylase (LdcC), a key enzyme for cadaverine production, changes in the feces of human breast cancer patients (n = 35). We found that the fecal expression of Escherichia coli LdcC is downregulated in lobular cases as compared to invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) cases. Lobular breast carcinoma is characterized by low or absent expression of E-cadherin. Fecal E. coli LdcC protein expression is downregulated in E-cadherin negative breast cancer cases as compared to positive ones. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of LdcC expression in lobular and NST cases revealed that fecal E. coli LdcC protein expression might have predictive values. These data suggest that the oncobiotic transformation of the microbiome indeed leads to the downregulation of the production of cytostatic and antimetastatic metabolites. In E-cadherin negative lobular carcinoma that has a higher potential for metastasis formation, the protein levels of enzymes producing antimetastatic metabolites are downregulated. This finding represents a new route that renders lobular cases permissive for metastasis formation. Furthermore, our findings underline the role of oncobiosis in regulating metastasis formation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs Sári
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - T Kovács
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - T Csonka
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - M Török
- 3Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - É Sebő
- 4Kenézy Breast Center, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - J Toth
- 5Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - D Tóth
- 6Department of Surgery, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, Miskolc, 3526, Hungary
| | - E Mikó
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - B Kiss
- 5Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - D Szeőcs
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - K Uray
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zs Karányi
- 7Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - I Kovács
- 3Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula County Hospital, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - G Méhes
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Árkosy
- 5Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Bai
- 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,8MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,9Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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Bonneau C, Eliès A, Kieffer Y, Bourachot B, Ladoire S, Pelon F, Hequet D, Guinebretière JM, Blanchet C, Vincent-Salomon A, Rouzier R, Mechta-Grigoriou F. A subset of activated fibroblasts is associated with distant relapse in early luminal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:76. [PMID: 32665033 PMCID: PMC7362513 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early luminal breast cancer (BC) represents 70% of newly diagnosed BC cases. Among them, small (under 2 cm) BC without lymph node metastasis (classified as T1N0) have been rarely studied, as their prognosis is generally favorable. Nevertheless, up to 5% of luminal T1N0 BC patients relapse with distant metastases that ultimately prove fatal. The aim of our work was to identify the mechanisms involved in metastatic recurrence in these patients. Methods Our study addresses the role that autonomous and non-autonomous tumor cell features play with regard to distant recurrence in early luminal BC patients. We created a cohort of T1N0 luminal BC patients (tumors between 0.5–2 cm without lymph node metastasis) with metastatic recurrence (“cases”) and corresponding “controls” (without relapse) matched 1:1 on main prognostic factors: age, grade, and proliferation. We deciphered different characteristics of cancer cells and their tumor micro-environment (TME) by deep analyses using immunohistochemistry. We performed in vitro functional assays and highlighted a new mechanism of cooperation between cancer cells and one particular subset of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). Results We found that specific TME features are indicative of relapse in early luminal BC. Indeed, quantitative histological analyses reveal that “cases” are characterized by significant accumulation of a particular CAF subset (CAF-S1) and decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes, without any other association with immune cells. In multivariate analysis, TME features, in particular CAF-S1 enrichment, remain significantly associated with recurrence, thereby demonstrating their clinical relevance. Finally, by performing functional analyses, we demonstrated that CAF-S1 pro-metastatic activity is mediated by the CDH11/osteoblast cadherin, consistent with bones being a major site of metastases in luminal BC patients. Conclusions This study shows that distant recurrence in T1N0 BC is strongly associated with the presence of CAF-S1 fibroblasts. Moreover, we identify CDH11 as a key player in CAF-S1-mediated pro-metastatic activity. This is independent of tumor cells and represents a new prognostic factor. These results could assist clinicians in identifying luminal BC patients with high risk of relapse. Targeted therapies against CAF-S1 using anti-FAP antibody or CDH11-targeting compounds might help in preventing relapse for such patients with activated stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bonneau
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labelisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U830, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Department of Surgery, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Antoine Eliès
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labelisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U830, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Department of Surgery, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Yann Kieffer
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labelisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U830, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Bourachot
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labelisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U830, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Ladoire
- Inserm U1231, Chemotherapy and immune response, Center Georges François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Floriane Pelon
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labelisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Inserm U830, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Hequet
- Department of Surgery, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Jean-Marc Guinebretière
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Christophe Blanchet
- Inserm U1231, Chemotherapy and immune response, Center Georges François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Roman Rouzier
- Department of Surgery, Institut Curie Hospital Group, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France.,Inserm U900, Cancer et génome : bioinformatique, biostatistiques et épidémiologie, Institut Curie, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint-Cloud, France.,UR 7285, Risques cliniques et sécurité en santé des femmes et en santé périnatale, Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines University, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labelisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U830, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Mehralikhani A, Movahedi M, Larypoor M, Golab F. Evaluation of the Effect of Foeniculum vulgare on the Expression of E-Cadherin, Dysadherin and Ki-67 in BALB/C Mice with 4T1 Model of Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:318-328. [PMID: 32266842 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1746365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is described as a serious disease and one of the important factors of cancer-related deaths. Considering the drug resistance, special attention has been paid to natural compounds. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-metastatic activity of fennel in a breast cancer mouse model.Methods: A total of 28 adult female BALB/C mice were used in this study. Breast cancer was induced by subcutaneous injection of 4T1 cells in the right lower flank. The mice received fennel extracts daily via intraperitoneal injection for two weeks. Meanwhile, tumor volume was measured every day using calipers. After two weeks, each animal was anesthetized. The expression levels of ki-67 and dysadherin as tumor markers, as well as E-cadherin as a tumor suppressor, were measured in tumor tissue and ovary. Also the expression of her2 was measured in ovary.Results: Tumor size significantly decreased after nine days treatment of the fennel. Fennel treatment caused an increase in the ratio of the expression of E-cadherin to Ki-67 and dysadherin in the tumor tissues. On the other hand, the expression of Ki-67 and HER2 decreased in the ovary.Conclusion: Based on our findings, fennel has anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activities against aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monireh Movahedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Venhuizen JH, Jacobs FJ, Span PN, Zegers MM. P120 and E-cadherin: Double-edged swords in tumor metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Esparza-López J, Alvarado-Muñoz JF, Escobar-Arriaga E, Ulloa-Aguirre A, de Jesús Ibarra-Sánchez M. Metformin reverses mesenchymal phenotype of primary breast cancer cells through STAT3/NF-κB pathways. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:728. [PMID: 31337349 PMCID: PMC6651945 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer currently is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm and the leading cause of death from cancer in women worldwide, which is mainly due to metastatic disease. Increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to metastasis might thus improve the pharmacological management of the disease. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key factor that plays a major role in tumor metastasis. Some pro-inflammatory cytokines, like IL-6, have been shown to stimulate phenotypes consistent with EMT in transformed epithelial cells as well as in carcinoma cell lines. Since the EMT is one of the crucial steps for metastasis, we studied the effects of metformin (MTF) on EMT. METHODS Cytotoxic effect of MTF was evaluated in eight primary breast cancer cell cultures by crystal violet assay. EMT markers and downstream signaling molecules were measured by Western blot. The effect of MTF on cell proliferation and cell migration were analyzed by MTT and Boyden chamber assays respectively. RESULTS We observed that the response of cultured breast cancer primary cells to MTF varied; mesenchymal cells were resistant to 10 mM MTF and expressed Vimentin and SNAIL, which are associated with a mesenchymal phenotype, whereas epithelial cells were sensitive to this MTF dose, and expressed E-cadherin but not mesenchymal markers. Further, exposure of mesenchymal cells to MTF down-regulated both Vimentin and SNAIL as well as cell proliferation, but not cell migration. In an in vitro IL-6-induced EMT assay, primary breast cancer cells showing an epithelial phenotype underwent EMT upon exposure to IL-6, with concomitant activation of STAT3 and NF-κB; addition of MTF to IL-6-induced EMT reversed the expression of the mesenchymal markers Vimentin and SNAIL, decreased pSTAT3 Y705 and pNF-κB S536 and increased E-cadherin. In addition, downregulation of STAT3·activation was dependent on AMPK, but not NF-κB phosphorylation. Further, MTF inhibited cell proliferation and migration stimulated by IL-6. CONCLUSION These results suggest that MTF inhibits IL-6-induced EMT, cell proliferation, and migration of primary breast cancer cells by preventing the activation of STAT3 and NF-κB. STAT3 inactivation occurs through AMPK, but not NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Esparza-López
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, CP, Mexico.,Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Juan Francisco Alvarado-Muñoz
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Escobar-Arriaga
- Hospital Ángeles del Pedregal, Camino a Santa Teresa # 1055, Col. Héroes de Padierna, 10700, Mexico City, CP, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, CP, Mexico.
| | - María de Jesús Ibarra-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, CP, Mexico. .,Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, CP, Mexico.
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Profiling of Invasive Breast Carcinoma Circulating Tumour Cells-Are We Ready for the 'Liquid' Revolution? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020143. [PMID: 30691008 PMCID: PMC6406427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As dissemination through blood and lymph is the critical step of the metastatic cascade, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have attracted wide attention as a potential surrogate marker to monitor progression into metastatic disease and response to therapy. In patients with invasive breast carcinoma (IBC), CTCs are being considered nowadays as a valid counterpart for the assessment of known prognostic and predictive factors. Molecular characterization of CTCs using protein detection, genomic and transcriptomic panels allows to depict IBC biology. Such molecular profiling of circulating cells with increased metastatic abilities appears to be essential, especially after tumour resection, as well as in advanced disseminated disease, when information crucial for identification of therapeutic targets becomes unobtainable from the primary site. If CTCs are truly representative of primary tumours and metastases, characterization of the molecular profile of this easily accessible ‘biopsy’ might be of prime importance for clinical practice in IBC patients. This review summarizes available data on feasibility and documented benefits of monitoring of essential IBC biological features in CTCs, with special reference to multifactorial proteomic, genomic, and transcriptomic panels of known prognostic or predictive value.
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14
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Sun HF, Yang XL, Zhao Y, Tian Q, Chen MT, Zhao YY, Jin W. Loss of TMEM126A promotes extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and breast cancer metastasis by regulating mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Cancer Lett 2019; 440-441:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ilie SM, Bacinschi XE, Botnariuc I, Anghel RM. Potential clinically useful prognostic biomarkers in triple-negative breast cancer: preliminary results of a retrospective analysis. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2018; 10:177-194. [PMID: 30538542 PMCID: PMC6257362 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s175556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor prognosis, even in its early stages. In the absence of postoperative targeted treatments, intensive adjuvant chemotherapy regimens are proposed. For those favorable histologies, such as apocrine and adenoid cystic carcinoma, which frequently belong to TNBC, aggressive treatments are unnecessary. Patients and methods We retrospectively analyzed 631 cases of breast cancer, primary operated curatively, and followed up at our institution for at least 36 months to identify the bio-markers assessable by immunohistochemistry, to be proposed as prognostic score for tailoring adjuvant treatment to TNBC patients. Results The triple-negative phenotype was found in 85 patients (13.5%). Over a mean followup of 55.7 months, relapses occurred in 106 patients (16.8%), of which 18 (2.8%) were TNBC. Recurrence was directly correlated with Ki67 and cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) immunoreactivity in all breast cancer patients (P=0.005), but only marginally with CK5/6 and epithelial cadherin (E-cad) expression in TNBC patients (P=0.07). Mean event-free survival (EFS) in TNBC patients was 85.52 months compared with 100.4 months in non-TNBC patients (P=0.228). The EFS of CK5/6-negative triple-negative patients was 68.84 months compared with 98.84 months in those who were CK5/6 positive (HR =5.08; P=0.038). EFS differed among patients identified as double-positive for E-cad and CK5/6 (83.87 months), those expressing E-cad or CK5/6 (64.23 months), and those negative for both biomarkers (39.64 months). Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that CK5/6 and E-cad are possible core biomarkers for a cost-effective prognostic evaluation of primary operable TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xenia Elena Bacinschi
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila," Bucharest, Romania, .,Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof Dr Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania
| | - Inga Botnariuc
- Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof Dr Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Maricela Anghel
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila," Bucharest, Romania, .,Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology "Prof Dr Alexandru Trestioreanu," Bucharest, Romania
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Muñoz-San Martín C, Pedrero M, Manuel de Villena FJ, Garranzo-Asensio M, Rodríguez N, Domínguez G, Barderas R, Campuzano S, Pingarrón JM. Disposable Amperometric Immunosensor for the Determination of the E-Cadherin Tumor Suppressor Protein in Cancer Cells and Human Tissues. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Muñoz-San Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de CC. Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María Pedrero
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de CC. Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
| | - F. Javier Manuel de Villena
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de CC. Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Medical Oncology Department; Hospital Universitario La Paz; E-28046 Madrid Spain
| | - Gemma Domínguez
- Departamento de Medicina; Facultad de Medicina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC-UAM; E-28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- UFIEC, CROSADIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; 28220 Majadahonda Madrid Spain
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de CC. Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
| | - José M. Pingarrón
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de CC. Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; E-28040 Madrid Spain
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Re M, Gioacchini FM, Scarpa A, Cassandro C, Tulli M, Cassandro E. The prognostic significance of E-cadherin expression in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 38:504-510. [PMID: 30499566 PMCID: PMC6325659 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically review publications that investigated the prognostic role of E-cadherin immunostaining in patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. An appropriate string was run on PubMed to retrieve articles dealing with this topic. A double cross-check was performed on citations and full-text articles by two authors independently to analyse all manuscripts and perform a comprehensive quality assessment. Among 89 abstracts identified, 13 articles were included. These studies reported on 1,121 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, there were 10 studies that showed a significant correlation between E-cadherin immunohistochemical expression and at least one of the clinical and histopathological parameters considered by the authors. In particular E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with N stage (five studies), grading (four studies) and disease-free survival/disease-specific survival (six studies). In conclusion, the findings of our review appear similar to the results published by other authors on the putative role of E-cadherin in progression of malignancy. In fact, for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma it seems that lower levels of E-cadherin correlate with increased tumoural aggressiveness and worse prognosis. Nevertheless, further high-quality prospective studies should be carried out to clarify if E-cadherin expression may be considered as an independent prognostic factor for patients affected by laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Re
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - F M Gioacchini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Scarpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - C Cassandro
- Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Italy
| | - M Tulli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Cassandro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy
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Borcherding N, Cole K, Kluz P, Jorgensen M, Kolb R, Bellizzi A, Zhang W. Re-Evaluating E-Cadherin and β-Catenin: A Pan-Cancer Proteomic Approach with an Emphasis on Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1910-1920. [PMID: 29879416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is conventionally considered to be a good prognostic marker in cancer. The loss of E-cadherin is one of the key hallmarks of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a biological process that promotes cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. Recent evidence has cast doubt on the importance of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in metastasis. The availability of protein-level data in the Cancer Genome Atlas allows for the quantitative analysis of protein and prognosis. The prognostic values of E-cadherin and β-catenin were revisited across 19 cancer types, and high E-cadherin was found to correlate with good prognosis in most cancers. Conversely, higher E-cadherin and β-catenin correlated with shorter survival in invasive breast carcinoma. Stratifying breast cancers by histologic subtype revealed that the poor prognosis of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins was characteristic of infiltrating ductal, but not lobular, carcinomas. To further corroborate the protein findings and examine cellular localization, immunohistochemistry was used for E-cadherin and β-catenin in 163 breast patient samples from the Iowa cohort. Most previous studies showing that reduced or absent E-cadherin and β-catenin was inversely associated with tumor stages in ductal carcinomas were confirmed. Taken together, these results lead us to question the prognostic values of E-cadherin and β-catenin in ductal carcinomas and indicate a complicated role of E-cadherin and β-catenin in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kimberly Cole
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Paige Kluz
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Andrew Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Zhang S, Zhou Y, Zha Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Li J, Jin W. PYGB siRNA inhibits the cell proliferation of human osteosarcoma cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:715-722. [PMID: 29845265 PMCID: PMC6059700 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone carcinoma that primarily occurs between childhood to adolescence. It was suggested by recent research that the Brain type glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB) gene may serve an important role in various types of cancer. In the present study, the PYGB gene was knocked down in order to evaluate the cell viability, invasion and migration of the human osteosarcoma cell lines MG63 and HOS. The expression levels of PYGB in osteosarcoma and bone cyst tissue samples, as well as in the osteosarcoma cell lines were identified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay. Subsequently, a Cell Counting kit 8 assay was employed to evaluate cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis rate and cell cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry. In addition, cell invasion and migration were evaluated through a Transwell assay. The expression levels of the cell apoptosis and tumor metastasis associated proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein, E-cadherin, Twist, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP2 were measured via western blotting. PYGB exhibited a higher expression level in the osteosarcoma tissue samples, particularly in the human osteosarcoma cell lines MG63 and HOS. Knockdown of PYGB resulted in a decline in cell proliferation, invasion and migration, which was coupled with induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MG63 and HOS cells. Furthermore, alterations in the expression of apoptosis and metastasis associated proteins indicated that small interfering (si)PYGB may have regulated cell viability by targeting the Bcl/Caspase and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)-1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, PYGB siRNA exerted an inhibitory effect on the cell viability of the human osteosarcoma cells MG63 and HOS by blocking the Caspase/Bcl and CDK1 signaling pathway, highlighting novel potential therapeutic methods for treating osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yichi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyu Zha
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Linlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Révillion F, Lhotellier V, Hornez L, Leroy A, Baranzelli M, Giard S, Bonneterre J, Peyrat J. Real-Time Reverse-Transcription PCR to Quantify a Panel of 19 Genes in Breast Cancer: Relationships with Sentinel Lymph Node Invasion. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080802300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
At the Centre Oscar Lambret, the anticancer centre of the North of France, sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedures are routinely performed for localized (T0–T1, N0, M0) breast carcinoma without any previous treatment, in order to prevent the deleterious effects of axillary lymph node dissection. The present study was undertaken to assess if the expression in the tumor of a panel of 19 genes would allow to predict histological SLN involvement. We looked at cytokeratin 19 (CK19), mucin-1 (MUC1), mammaglobin (MGB1), cyclin D1 (CCND1), the four members of the HER/ErbB growth factor receptor family (EGFR, HER2–4), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), estradiol receptors (ERcx, ERβ), progesterone receptor (PR), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF, VEGF-C), urokinase-like plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2, MMP9), ets-related transcription factor ERM, and E-cadherin (CDH1). Their expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR in 134 breast cancer samples and the relationships with SLN metastases were analyzed. A slight increase (35–40%) in CK19 and HER3 expression was observed in the tumors of patients with SLN metastases compared to those of patients without metastases, even if neither CK19 expression nor HER3 expression allowed to distinguish patients with micrometastases from patients with macrometastases. We conclude that the tumoral expression of biological parameters involved in cell proliferation or playing a critical role in the metastatic process, including tumor invasion and angiogenesis, is not strongly associated with SLN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Hornez
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire Humaine
| | - A. Leroy
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire Humaine
| | | | - S. Giard
- Département de Sénologie, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Oscar Lambret, Lille - France
| | - J. Bonneterre
- Département de Sénologie, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Oscar Lambret, Lille - France
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Tramm T, Kyndi M, Sørensen FB, Overgaard J, Alsner J. Influence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on the evaluation of BCL2, E-cadherin, EGFR, EMMPRIN, and Ki-67 expression in tissue microarrays from breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2018; 57:102-106. [PMID: 29202620 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2017.1404128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on the evaluation of immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker expression may affect the analytical validity of new biomarkers substantially and hence compromise the clinical utility. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity as well as inter-observer variability on the evaluation of various IHC markers with potential prognostic impact in breast cancer (BCL2, E-cadherin, EGFR, EMMPRIN and Ki-67). MATERIAL AND METHODS From each of 27 breast cancer patients, two tumor-containing paraffin blocks were chosen. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity was evaluated (1) within a single tumor-containing paraffin block ('intra-block agreement') by comparing information from a central, a peripheral tissue microarray (TMA) core and a whole slide section (WS), (2) between two different tumor-containing blocks from the same primary tumor ('inter-block agreement') by comparing information from TMA cores (central/peripheral) and WS. IHC markers on WS and TMA cores were evaluated by two observers independently, and agreements were estimated by Kappa statistics. RESULTS For BCL2, E-cadherin and EGFR, an almost perfect intra- and inter-block agreement was found. EMMPRIN and Ki-67 showed a more heterogeneous expression with moderate to substantial intra-block agreements. For both stainings, there was a moderate inter-block agreement that improved slightly for EMMPRIN, when using WS instead of TMA cores. Inter-observer agreements were found to be almost perfect for BCL2, E-cadherin and EGFR (WS: κ > 0.82, TMAs: κ > 0.90), substantial for EMMPRIN (κ > 0.63), but only fair to moderate for Ki-67 (WS: κ = 0.54, TMAs: κ = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS BCL2, E-cadherin and EGFR were found to be homogeneously expressed, whereas EMMPRIN and Ki-67 showed a more pronounced degree of intra-tumoral heterogeneity. The results emphasize the importance of securing the analytical validity of new biomarkers by examining the intra-tumoral heterogeneity of immunohistochemical stainings applied to TMA cores individually in each type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Tramm
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Kyndi
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Overgaard
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
The majority of cancer-related deaths result from metastasis, the process by which cancer cells escape the primary tumor site and enter into the blood circulation in order to disseminate to secondary locations throughout the body. Tumor cells found within the circulation are referred to as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and their detection and enumeration correlate with poor prognosis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that imparts epithelial cells with mesenchymal-like properties, thus facilitating tumor cell dissemination and contributing to metastasis. However, EMT also results in the downregulation of various epithelial proteins typically utilized by CTC technologies for enrichment and detection of these rare cells, resulting in reduced detection of some CTCs, potentially those with a more metastatic phenotype. In addition to the current clinical role of CTCs as a prognostic biomarker, they also have potential as a predictive biomarker via CTC characterization. However, CTC characterization is complicated by the unknown biological significance of CTCs possessing an EMT-like phenotype, and the ability to capture and understand this CTC subpopulation is an essential step in the utilization of CTCs for patient management. This chapter will review the process of EMT and its contribution to metastasis; discusses current and future clinical applications of CTCs; and describes both traditional and novel methods for CTC enrichment, detection, and characterization with a specific focus on CTCs with an EMT phenotype.
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Adamo B, Ricciardi GRR, Ieni A, Franchina T, Fazzari C, Sanò MV, Angelico G, Michele C, Tuccari G, Adamo V. The prognostic significance of combined androgen receptor, E-Cadherin, Ki67 and CK5/6 expression in patients with triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76974-76986. [PMID: 29100362 PMCID: PMC5652756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) represents a heterogeneous group of tumors with poor prognosis owing to aggressive tumor biology and lack of targeted therapies. No clear prognostic biomarkers have been identified to date for this subgroup. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study we evaluated the prognostic role of 4 different molecular determinants, including androgen receptor (AR), E-cadherin (CDH1), Ki67 index, and basal cytokeratins (CKs) 5/6, in a cohort of 99 patients with TNBC. All patients received neo/adjuvant chemotherapy (mostly anthracycline/taxane-based). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary tumor samples. CDH1 expression was considered positive as ≥ 30% of the membrane cells staining. AR positivity was defined as > 10% of positive tumor cells. High Ki67 was defined as ≥20% positive tumor cells. CK5/6 expression was judged positive if the score was ≥1. Results The absence of AR expression was significantly associated with highly undifferentiated tumors. Univariate analyses showed that lack of expression of CDH1, tumor size and nodal status were significantly correlated with worse RFS and OS (p< 0.05). AR expression and low Ki67 showed a trend towards better RFS and OS. Patients with absent CK5/6 expression in univariate and multivariate analyses had poorer RFS (p=0.02 and p=0.002, respectively) and OS (p=0.05 and p=0.02, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed an independent association between CDH1 expression and better RFS and OS (p< 0.05) beyond tumor size, nodal status, and grade. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with AR and CDH1 negative expression and high Ki-67 levels have a significant correlation with poor outcome. Conclusions Our study supports the use of IHC expression of AR, CDH1, Ki67, and CK5/6 as prognostic markers in TNBCs and suggests a link between their expression and prognosis and may help to stratify TNBC patients in different prognostic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Adamo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino" Messina, Italy
| | - Tindara Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit A.O. Papardo & Department of Human Pathology University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmine Fazzari
- Pathology Unit, Humanitas Center of Oncology, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Vita Sanò
- Medical Oncology, Humanitas Catania Oncology Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Angelico
- G. F. Ingrassia Department, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy
| | - Caruso Michele
- Medical Oncology, Humanitas Catania Oncology Center, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino" Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Adamo
- Medical Oncology Unit A.O. Papardo & Department of Human Pathology University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Shen T, Zhang K, Siegal GP, Wei S. Prognostic Value of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:603-610. [PMID: 27780797 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to assess their prognostic significance. METHODS The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin was examined semiquantitatively and correlated with other pathologic factors and survival outcomes. RESULTS Of 72 consecutive TNBCs, 56% showed reduced membranous expression of E-cadherin or β-catenin, with a strong correlation to each other. Of the clinicopathologic factors analyzed, tumor size and nodal status were significantly associated with overall survival and disease-specific survival, while the latter remained an independent factor by multivariate analysis. Reduced E-cadherin and β-catenin were both significantly associated with a poor overall survival and disease-specific survival by univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin and β-catenin expression provides discriminative prognostic power independent of conventional pathologic factors, thus further reinforcing the important role of cell adhesion molecules in the process of tumor metastasis, especially in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Shen
- From the Department of Pathology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton
| | - Gene P Siegal
- From the Department of Pathology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Shi Wei
- From the Department of Pathology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham
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25
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Canas-Marques R, Schnitt SJ. E-cadherin immunohistochemistry in breast pathology: uses and pitfalls. Histopathology 2016; 68:57-69. [PMID: 26768029 DOI: 10.1111/his.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin immunohistochemistry is used commonly in surgical pathology practice to help distinguish lobular carcinoma in situ from ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive lobular carcinoma from invasive ductal carcinoma in histologically problematic or indeterminate cases. However, the interpretation of E-cadherin immunostains is not always straightforward. Failure to recognize the pitfalls and limitations of E-cadherin immunostains can lead to an erroneous diagnosis which may result in inappropriate patient management, particularly for patients with in-situ lesions. In this paper we review the uses and, particularly, the pitfalls in the interpretation of E-cadherin immunostains in distinguishing lobular from ductal lesions of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart J Schnitt
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Expression of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-related Factors in Adherent Placenta. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2016; 34:584-9. [PMID: 26447356 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a key process influencing cancer progression and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related factors in chorionic villi and decidual cells in adherent placenta. The current study included 19 patients diagnosed with adherent placenta after hysterectomy. The expression of E-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, and transforming growth factor-β in placental tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Immunostaining intensity was semiquantitatively evaluated using the HSCORE algorithm. In the chorionic villi of the invasive part (placenta with invasion into myometrium), E-cadherin expression was significantly lower than that in the noninvasive part (placenta with no invasion). In the decidual cells of the invasive part, expression of transforming growth factor-β and Snail significantly increased. These results suggest that epithelial-mesenchymal transition may contribute to excessive trophoblast invasion into the myometrium in adherent placenta.
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Ren X, Wang J, Lin X, Wang X. E-cadherin expression and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: evidence from 19 published investigations. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2447-53. [PMID: 27217768 PMCID: PMC4853145 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to review the published literature and investigate whether E-cadherin gene is a prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by conducting a meta-analysis. Methods Studies were identified from the databases Embase, Medline, and Cochrane Library by using the keywords “E-cadherin gene” and “head and neck cancer”. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were the primary outcome measurements. Results Our literature review identified 1,458 articles; 19 studies with a total number of 2,012 cases were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS of patients with decreased expression of E-cadherin gene was 0.57 (95% CI =0.37, 0.89; P=0.000). However, statistical heterogeneity was unacceptably high (I2=74.5%, P=0.000). After sensitivity analysis, heterogeneity became acceptable, and the effect measure was still significant (I2=7.0%; HR =0.52; 95% CI =0.40, 0.66; P=0.000). The HR for DFS was 0.53 (95% CI =0.42, 0.67; P=0.000). Conclusion This meta-analysis showed clear evidence that high E-cadherin gene expression is a positive prognostic factor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, resulting in better OS and DFS. However, this conclusion must be interpreted with caution due to a few limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianning Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Cardoso TC, Sakamoto SS, Stockmann D, Souza TFB, Ferreira HL, Gameiro R, Vieira FV, Louzada MJQ, Andrade AL, Flores EF. A three-dimensional cell culture system as an in vitro canine mammary carcinoma model for the expression of connective tissue modulators. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:582-593. [PMID: 26991309 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, derived complex carcinoma (CC) and simple carcinoma (SC) cell lines were established and cultured under two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) conditions. The 3D was performed in six-well AlgiMatrix™ (LifeTechnologies®, Carlsbad, CA, USA) scaffolds, resulting in spheroids sized 50-125 µm for CC and 175-200 µm for SC. Cell viability was demonstrated up to 14 days for both models. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was expressed in CC and SC in both systems. However, higher mRNA and protein levels were observed in SC 2D and 3D systems when compared with CC (P < 0.005). The connective tissue modulators, metalloproteinases-1, -2, -9 and -13 (MMPs), relaxin receptors 1 and 2 (RXR1 and RXR2) and E-cadherin (CDH1) were quantitated. All were upregulated similarly when canine mammary tumour (CMT)-derived cell lines were cultured under 3D AlgiMatrix, except CDH1 that was downregulated (P < 0.005). These results are promising towards the used of 3D system to increase a high throughput in vitro canine tumour model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Cardoso
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil.,Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - S S Sakamoto
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - D Stockmann
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - T F B Souza
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - H L Ferreira
- Department of de Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade Zotecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos-USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - R Gameiro
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - F V Vieira
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - M J Q Louzada
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - A L Andrade
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020013. [PMID: 26821054 PMCID: PMC4773769 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and distant site metastasis is the main cause of death in breast cancer patients. There is increasing evidence supporting the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cell progression, invasion, and metastasis. During the process of EMT, epithelial cancer cells acquire molecular alternations that facilitate the loss of epithelial features and gain of mesenchymal phenotype. Such transformation promotes cancer cell migration and invasion. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that EMT is associated with the increased enrichment of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and these CSCs display mesenchymal characteristics that are resistant to chemotherapy and target therapy. However, the clinical relevance of EMT in human cancer is still under debate. This review will provide an overview of current evidence of EMT from studies using clinical human breast cancer tissues and its associated challenges.
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Clinical implications of epithelial cell plasticity in cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2015; 366:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yadunandam AK, Yoon JS, Jeong YT, Kim WY, Lee SY, Kim GD. Differential effects of tetrahydropyridinol derivatives on β-catenin signaling and invasion in human hepatocellular and breast carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:577-87. [PMID: 26059838 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In continuation of previous efforts to investigate the biological potency of tetrahydropyridinol derivatives, the present study synthesized three target compounds: N-(bromoacetyl)-3-carboxyethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4-O-(pentafluorobenzoyl)-Δ3-tetra-hydropyridine (5a), N-(chloroacetyl)-3-carboxyethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4-O-(pentafluorobenzoyl)-Δ3-tetrahydropyridine (5b) and N-(2-bromopropanoyl)-3-carboxyethyl-2,6-diphenyl-4-O-(pentafluorobenzoyl)-Δ3-tetrahydropyridine (5c), and examined their anticancer potency. Experiments were performed using the Sk-Hep1 and Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell line. Among the three compounds, 5a and 5b were comparably and significantly cytotoxic to the Sk-Hep1, Hep3B and MDA-MB-231 cells. The highest level of cytotoxicity was detected in theSk-Hep1 cells with half maximal inhibitory concentrations for compounds 5a and 5b at 12 and 6 µM, respectively. These two compounds induced cell cycle arrest in the Sk-Hep1 and MDA-MB-231 cells through the downregulation of β-catenin and upregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and E-cadherin. By contrast, 5a and 5b induced G1 arrest in the Hep3B cells by modulating the p21 and p27 cell cycle regulatory molecules and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. In addition, 5a and 5b significantly inhibited the invasion of Sk-Hep1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggested that the 5a and 5b compounds induce cell cycle arrest by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling in highly invasive Sk-Hep1 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and by inducing p53 independent cell cycle arrest in Hep3B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandam Kasin Yadunandam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Yoon
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yeon Tae Jeong
- Department of Image Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Ricciardi GRR, Adamo B, Ieni A, Licata L, Cardia R, Ferraro G, Franchina T, Tuccari G, Adamo V. Androgen Receptor (AR), E-Cadherin, and Ki-67 as Emerging Targets and Novel Prognostic Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128368. [PMID: 26039245 PMCID: PMC4454487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TNBC is an aggressive subset of breast cancer (BC) without specific target therapy. Methods This observational, retrospective study included 45 cases of TNBC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the AR, E-cadherin and Ki-67 in relation to histological type, time to relapse and overall survival (OS). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples obtained from patients defined TNBC. Results The AR was positive (IHC >10%) in 26.6%. E-cadherin (CDH1) expression was considered positive if the score was ≥ 2. This expression was negative in 53.3% cases. The Ki-67 index was ≥ 20% in 37.7%. Univariate analyses showed that AR, CDH1 and Ki-67 are significantly associated with OS. Multivariate analysis showed that AR and Ki-67 expression are independent variables associated with OS. The statistical analysis showed that patients with AR negative and Ki-67 positive expression have a significant correlation with poor outcome. Conclusions Our data suggest that the combination of AR and E-cadherin expression as well as Ki-67 status might be useful prognostic markers in TNBC. Hence, these molecular determinants could play an interesting role to classify subgroups of TNBC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Medullary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/mortality
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/genetics
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Analysis
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Ferraro
- Medical Oncology Unit AOOR Papardo-Piemonte & Department of Human Pathology University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tindara Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit AOOR Papardo-Piemonte & Department of Human Pathology University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Adamo
- Medical Oncology Unit AOOR Papardo-Piemonte & Department of Human Pathology University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers predict worse outcome in metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 150:31-41. [PMID: 25677743 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinomas are known to overexpress markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells. We evaluated their immunohistochemical expression, correlating with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcomes. The study cohort comprised 63 cases diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital. Tumor size, grade, lymph node stage, and metaplastic components were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections cut from tissue microarray blocks. Antibodies to ER, PR, HER2, CK14, EGFR, 34βE12, cancer stem cell markers (CD44, CD24, ALDH1A1), epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (Twist and E-cadherin), were applied. Survival outcomes were correlated with immunohistochemical findings. T2 tumors accounted for 74.7 % of cases, with grade 3 tumors predominating (71.4 %). Triple negativity occurred in 87.3 %, and basal-like subtype in 69.8 % of tumors. CD44+, CD44+CD24-, ALDH1A1+, loss of membranous E-cadherin (Ecadloss) and positive Twist expression was found in 82.5, 73.0, 77.8, 54.0, and 57.1 % of tumors, respectively. Combinational phenotypes of CD44+EcadlossTwist+, CD44+CD24-EcadlossTwist+, and ALDH1A1+EcadlossTwist+ were observed in 28.6, 25.4, and 2.6 % of tumors. Histologic grade was significantly correlated with E-cadherin loss (p = 0.042), Twist positivity (P = 0.001), CD44+EcadlossTwist+ (P = 0.010), CD44+CD24-EcadlossTwist+ (P = 0.018), and ALDH1A1+EcadlossTwist+(P = 0.010). Lymph node stage was significantly associated with CD44+EcadlossTwist+(P = 0.044) and CD44+CD24-EcadlossTwist+ (P = 0.044). Basal-like phenotype was significantly correlated with CD44 expressing (P = 0.004) and CD44+CD24- tumors (P = 0.049). Tumors harboring CD44+EcadlossTwist+ and CD44+CD24-EcadlossTwist+ phenotypes disclosed early recurrence (P = 0.027, P = 0.006) and poorer overall survival (P = 0.037, P = 0.006), respectively. Expression of cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in metaplastic breast cancers correlates with adverse pathological parameters and outcome.
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MicroRNA-10b Triggers the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Laryngeal Carcinoma Hep-2 Cells by Directly Targeting the E-cadherin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:33-44. [PMID: 25875782 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal carcinoma is the second most common malignancy of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the molecular mechanism of its metastasis. The present study was designed to investigate effects of miR-10b on the invasion and migration of laryngeal Hep-2 cells. We found that miR-10b had limited effects on cell proliferation; however, it can significantly promote the migration and invasion of Hep-2 cells. Further studies revealed that overexpression of miR-10b can induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of Hep-2 cells by acquiring mesenchymal spindle-like morphology and increasing the expression of N-cadherin (N-Cad) with a concomitant decrease of E-cadherin (E-Cad). However, the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level of transcription factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist and ZEB was not changed during this process. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that miR-10b can directly target CDH1 (E-Cad gene) at nucleotides 461 and 481 within the 3'-UTR. This was confirmed by the results that miR-10 downregulated the protein and mRNA levels of E-Cad via a time-dependent manner and luciferase analysis by use of four-nucleotide substitution in the core binding sites. The present study provided a better understanding of laryngeal carcinoma metastasis and the roles of miR-10b during this process.
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Engstrøm MJ, Opdahl S, Vatten LJ, Haugen OA, Bofin AM. Invasive lobular breast cancer: the prognostic impact of histopathological grade, E-cadherin and molecular subtypes. Histopathology 2014; 66:409-19. [PMID: 25283075 PMCID: PMC4329418 DOI: 10.1111/his.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to compare breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) for invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and, further, to evaluate critically the prognostic value of histopathological grading of ILC and examine E-cadherin as a prognostic marker in ILC. Methods and results The study comprised 116 lobular and 611 ductal breast carcinomas occurring between 1961 and 2008. All cases had been classified previously according to histopathological type and grade, stained for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), antigen Ki67 (Ki67), epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and classified into molecular subtypes. For the present study, immunohistochemical staining for E-cadherin was performed. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used in the analyses. Grade 2 tumours comprised 85.3% of the lobular tumours and 51.9% of the ductal tumours. BCSS in ILC grade 2 was comparable to that of IDC grade 3. E-cadherin-negative ILC had a poorer prognosis compared to E-cadherin positive ILC and to IDC regardless of E-cadherin status. Conclusions The implication of histopathological grading may differ in ILC compared to IDC. E-cadherin may be useful in prognostication in ILC and thereby influence the determination of treatment strategies for this group of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica J Engstrøm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Zhang P, Hu P, Shen H, Yu J, Liu Q, Du J. Prognostic role of Twist or Snail in various carcinomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:1072-94. [PMID: 25257753 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twist and Snail are considered as key transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin tightly related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer progression. Numerous studies have investigated the prognostic value of Twist and Snail. However, the published results were controversial or even opposite. Our article aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of Twist and Snail in patients with cancer. DESIGN A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science was conducted. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed to quantify the prognostic role. RESULTS The pooled HR with 38 studies for Twist was 2·18 (95% CI: 1·77-2·68, I(2) = 69·8%, P = 0·000) and for Snail with 40 studies was 1·58 (95% CI: 1·33-1·87, I(2) = 70·0%, P = 0·000), suggesting high Twist/Snail expression predicted poor prognosis related to all clinical outcomes. For Twist, the pooled HR for overall survival (OS) was 2·07 (95% CI: 1·63-2·63, I(2) = 72·6%, P = 0·000) and for progression-free/recurrence-free/metastasis-free/disease-free/cancer-free survival (PFS/RFS/MFS/DFS/CFS) was 2·36 (95% CI: 1·76-3·17, I(2) = 65·0%, P = 0·000). For Snail, the pooled HR for OS was 1·63 (95% CI: 1·33-1·99, I(2) = 70·8%, P = 0·000) and for PFS/RFS/MFS/DFS/CFS was 1·54 (95% CI: 1·17-2·02, I(2) = 59·1%, P = 0·001). All of those results were suggesting that high Twist/Snail expression was associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, when grouped into different types of cancers, the pooled HRs were also calculated for the subgroups. No publication bias was found except studies evaluating all clinical outcomes of Twist (P = 0·006 for Begg's test and 0·006 for Egger's test). CONCLUSIONS Elevated Twist or Snail expression in tumour tissue indicated poor prognosis for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Cheung KJ, Ewald AJ. Illuminating breast cancer invasion: diverse roles for cell-cell interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:99-111. [PMID: 25137487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis begins when tumors invade into surrounding tissues. In breast cancer, the study of cell interactions has provided fundamental insights into this complex process. Powerful intravital and 3D organoid culture systems have emerged that enable biologists to model the complexity of cell interactions during cancer invasion in real-time. Recent studies utilizing these techniques reveal distinct mechanisms through which multiple cancer cell and stromal cell subpopulations interact, including paracrine signaling, direct cell-cell adhesion, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Three cell interaction mechanisms have emerged to explain how breast tumors become invasive: epithelial-mesenchymal transition, collective invasion, and the macrophage-tumor cell feedback loop. Future work is needed to distinguish whether these mechanisms are mutually exclusive or whether they cooperate to drive metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cheung
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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38
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Poblete CE, Fulla J, Gallardo M, Muñoz V, Castellón EA, Gallegos I, Contreras HR. Increased SNAIL expression and low syndecan levels are associated with high Gleason grade in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:647-54. [PMID: 24424718 PMCID: PMC3928469 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a leading male oncologic malignancy wideworld. During malignant transformation, normal epithelial cells undergo genetic and morphological changes known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Several regulatory genes and specific marker proteins are involved in PC EMT. Recently, syndecans have been associated with malignancy grade and Gleason score in PC. Considering that SNAIL is mainly a gene repressor increased in PC and that syndecan promoters have putative binding sites for this repressor, we propose that SNAIL might regulate syndecan expression during PC EMT. The aim of this study was to analyze immunochemically the expression of SNAIL, syndecans 1 and 2 and other EMT markers in a tissue microarray (TMA) of PC samples and PC cell lines. The TMAs included PC samples of different Gleason grade and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples, as non-malignant controls. PC3 and LNCaP cell lines were used as models of PC representing different tumorigenic capacities. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed on TMAs and fluorescence immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis were conducted on cell cultures. Results show that SNAIL exhibits increased expression in high Gleason specimens compared to low histological grade and BPH samples. Accordingly, PC3 cells show higher SNAIL expression levels compared to LNCaP cells. Conversely, syndecan 1, similarly to E-cadherin (a known marker of EMT), shows a decreased expression in high Gleason grades samples and PC3 cells. Interestingly, syndecan 2 shows no changes associated to histological grade. It is concluded that increased SNAIL levels in advanced PC are associated with low expression of syndecan 1. The mechanism by which SNAIL regulates the expression of syndecan 1 remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian E Poblete
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Fulla
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Gallardo
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Muñoz
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique A Castellón
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivan Gallegos
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Clinic Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector R Contreras
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Rothberg BEG, Rimm DL. Construction and analysis of multiparameter prognostic models for melanoma outcome. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1102:227-58. [PMID: 24258982 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of Stage II melanoma is uncertain. Despite that 10-year melanoma-specific survival can approach 50 % following curative-intent wide local excision and negative sentinel lymph node biopsy, the adverse risk-benefit ratio of interferon-based adjuvant regimens precludes their use in most patients. The discovery and translation of protein-based prognostic biomarkers into the clinic offers the promise for residual risk stratification of Stage II melanoma patients beyond conventional clinicopathologic criteria to identify an additional subset of patients who, based upon tumor molecular profiles, might also derive benefit from adjuvant regimens. Despite incorporation of Ki-67 assays into clinical practice, systematic review of REMARK-compliant, immunostain-based prognostic biomarker assays in melanoma suggests that residual risk of recurrence might be best explained by a composite score derived from a small panel of proteins representing independent features of melanoma biology. Reflecting this trend, to date, five such multiparameter melanoma prognostic models have been published. Here, we review these five models and provide detailed protocols for discovering and validating multiparameter models including: appropriate cohort recruitment strategies, comprehensive laboratory protocols supporting fully quantitative chromogenic or fluorescent immunostaining platforms, statistical approaches to create composite prognostic indices recommended steps for model validation in independent cohorts.
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40
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype is associated with patient survival in small intestinal adenocarcinoma. Pathology 2013; 45:567-73. [DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e3283650bab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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41
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Yuan XW, Wang DM, Hu Y, Tang YN, Shi WW, Guo XJ, Song JG. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 suppresses the migration and invasive growth of lung cancer cells through p53 and the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31206-16. [PMID: 24022481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.480285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition plays an important role in many patho-physiological processes, including cancer invasion and metastatic progression. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6) has been known to be an important factor for both physiological and pathological functions in liver and pancreas. However, its role in EMT and lung cancer progression remains unidentified. We observed that HNF6 level can be down-regulated by TGF-β1 in human lung cancer cells. Knockdown of HNF6 induced EMT and increased cell migration. In contrast, ectopically expression of HNF6 inhibited cell migration and attenuated TGF-β1-induced EMT. The data suggest that HNF6 plays a role in maintaining epithelial phenotype, which suppresses EMT. HNF6 also inhibits both colony formation and proliferation of lung cancer cells. It pronouncedly reduced the formation of tumor xenografts in nude mice. In addition, HNF6 can activate the promoter activity of p53 by directly binding to a specific region of its promoter and therefore increase the protein level of tumor suppressor p53. p53 knockdown induced EMT and increased cell migration, whereas the opposite effect was generated by p53 overexpression. p53 knockdown also inhibited the effect of HNF6 on EMT and cell migration, indicating that p53 is required for the functions of HNF6 herein. Moreover, there is a high positive correlation among the expression levels of HNF6, p53, and E-cadherin in human lung cancer cells and tissues. The data suggest that HNF6 inhibits EMT, cell migration, and invasive growth through a mechanism involving the transcriptional activation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wang Yuan
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Schackmann RCJ, Klarenbeek S, Vlug EJ, Stelloo S, van Amersfoort M, Tenhagen M, Braumuller TM, Vermeulen JF, van der Groep P, Peeters T, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Jonkers J, Derksen PWB. Loss of p120-catenin induces metastatic progression of breast cancer by inducing anoikis resistance and augmenting growth factor receptor signaling. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4937-49. [PMID: 23733751 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer remains the chief cause of cancer-related death among women in the Western world. Although loss of cell-cell adhesion is key to breast cancer progression, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that drive tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we show that somatic loss of p120-catenin (p120) in a conditional mouse model of noninvasive mammary carcinoma results in formation of stromal-dense tumors that resemble human metaplastic breast cancer and metastasize to lungs and lymph nodes. Loss of p120 in anchorage-dependent breast cancer cell lines strongly promoted anoikis resistance through hypersensitization of growth factor receptor (GFR) signaling. Interestingly, p120 deletion also induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, a feature that likely underlies the formation of the prometastatic microenvironment in p120-negative mammary carcinomas. Our results establish a preclinical platform to develop tailored intervention regimens that target GFR signals to treat p120-negative metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C J Schackmann
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, and Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Song J, Su H, Zhou YY, Guo LL. Prognostic value of survivin expression in breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2053-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Rakha EA, Teoh TK, Lee AHS, Nolan CC, Ellis IO, Green AR. Further evidence that E-cadherin is not a tumour suppressor gene in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: an immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 2013; 62:695-701. [PMID: 23347178 DOI: 10.1111/his.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS E-cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed in normal breast tissue; it is used generally as a phenotypical marker in breast cancer, with the absence of its expression observed frequently in lobular tumours. We have reported E-cadherin expression previously in 1516 ductal breast carcinoma using tissue microarray (TMA), where 7% of cases showed a complete absence of membrane staining. In this study, we investigated further the existence of E-cadherin-negative ductal carcinoma and evaluated the status of the E-cadherin-catenin complex in this subgroup. MATERIAL AND METHODS Full-face sections from excision specimens of 72 ductal breast carcinomas reported previously as E-cadherin-negative were assessed morphologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemically using two E-cadherin antibodies (HECD-1 and CDH1/4A2C7) and antibodies recognizing β-catenin and p120 proteins. Only membrane expression was considered. RESULTS Forty-seven ductal carcinomas were assessed after the exclusion of inappropriate cases; 34 of these showed positive E-cadherin (HECD-1) membrane expression which was focal and weak and seen mainly in invasion fronts. Ten cases showed E-cadherin (4A2C7) staining. Staining for p120 and β-catenin showed membrane staining in all cases for both antibodies, which was variable in both intensity and the proportion of positive cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that E-cadherin-negative ductal carcinoma is rare, and in these cases p120 and β-catenin maintained their membranous localization, suggesting a functional E-cadherin-membrane complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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45
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Cadherin cell adhesion system in canine mammary cancer: a review. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:357187. [PMID: 22973534 PMCID: PMC3432389 DOI: 10.1155/2012/357187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin adhesion complexes play important roles by providing cell-cell adhesion and communication in different organ systems. Abnormal expression of cadherin adhesion molecules constitutes a common phenomenon in canine mammary cancer and has been frequently implicated in tumour progression. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on cadherin/catenin adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, β-catenin, and P-cadherin) in canine mammary cancer, focusing on the putative biological functions and clinical significance of these molecules in this disease. This paper highlights the need for further research studies in this setting in order to elucidate the role of these adhesion molecules during tumour progression and metastasis.
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhang PY, Zhang Y, Sun SY, Yu SY, Xi QS. MicroRNA-10b targets E-cadherin and modulates breast cancer metastasis. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:BR299-308. [PMID: 22847191 PMCID: PMC3560697 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that microRNA-10b (miR-10b) acts as a promoter of metastasis in breast cancer, although the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we provide the first evidence that E-cadherin (E-cad) is a potential target of miR-10b. MATERIAL/METHOD By applying gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, we demonstrated that miR-10b is necessary and sufficient to regulate the cellular expression of E-cad and in vitro tumor cell invasion. RESULTS Comparative expression analysis of miR-10b in benign breast lesions (N=16), primary breast cancers (N=21), and metastatic breast carcinomas (N=23) revealed that miR-10b transcription was uniquely up-regulated in metastatic cancers. The expression level of miR-10b positively correlated with tumor size, pathological grading, clinical staging, lymph node metastasis, Her2-positivity and tumor proliferation, but was negatively associated with estrogen receptor-positivity, progesterone receptor-positivity and E-cad mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the existence of a novel E-cadherin-related mechanism by which miR-10b modulates breast cancer metastasis. In addition, miR-10b may be a useful biomarker of advanced progression and metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Cancer Center of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Xiangyang, Xiangyang, China
| | - San-Yuan Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ying Yu
- Cancer Center of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Song Xi
- Cancer Center of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Qing-Song Xi, Cancer Center of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, China, e-mail: or
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47
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The impact of E-cadherin expression on non-small cell lung cancer survival: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9621-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Zhao Z, Ge J, Sun Y, Tian L, Lu J, Liu M, Zhao Y. Is E-cadherin immunoexpression a prognostic factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:761-7. [PMID: 22455948 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We summarized existing evidence about whether the aberrant E-cadherin expression is a prognostic factor for patients with HNSCC. Identifying relevant articles, filtrating studies and extracting data were independently conducted by two reviewers. The quality of eligible studies was assessed according to systematic score criteria. Associations between aberrant E-cadherin expression and overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) were summarized by hazard ratio (HR) estimates. Random or fixed effects models were used to investigate the effect of E-cadherin across the studies. According to the multivariate and univariate analyses, the meta-analysis of the included studies gave a statistically significant pooled HR for OS in HNSCC [the pooled HR=2.533; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.971-3.254]. In addition, the subgroup analyses showed that the pooled HR of each subgroup also exhibited statistical significance according to the subpopulations (Asian and other subpopulations), treatments (surgery and other treatments), locations of primary tumors (oral cavity and other subsites), and data sources of HR (reported and estimated HR). Similar to the results of OS, the analysis of four included trials showed that the aberrant E-cadherin expression could predict low DFS. Meanwhile, a cumulative meta-analysis showed that the pooled HR became statistically significant. However, a meta-regression analysis showed that the OS was not statistically significant with the cutoff values of the included studies. Our study gives an important piece of evidence that aberrant E-cadherin expression was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiGang Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Morrogh M, Andrade VP, Giri D, Sakr RA, Paik W, Qin LX, Arroyo CD, Brogi E, Morrow M, King TA. Cadherin-catenin complex dissociation in lobular neoplasia of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 132:641-52. [PMID: 22080244 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin (E-CD) inactivation with loss of E-CD-mediated cell adhesion is the hallmark of lesions of the lobular phenotype. E-CD is typically absent by immunohistochemistry in both lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and invasive lobular lesions, suggesting it occurs early in the neoplastic process. In laboratory models, downstream post-transcriptional modifiers such as TWIST and SNAIL contribute to the dissociation of the intracellular component of the cadherin-catenin complex (CCC), resulting in tumor progression and invasion. We hypothesized that complete CCC dissociation may play a role in lobular neoplasia progression. Here we explore the relationship between loss of E-CD and dissociation of the CCC in pure LCIS and LCIS associated with invasive cancer. Fresh-frozen tissues were obtained from 36 patients undergoing mastectomy for pure LCIS (n = 11), LCIS with ILC (n = 18) or LCIS with IDC (n = 7). Individual lesions were subject to laser-capture microdissection and gene-expression analysis (Affymetrix HG-U133A 2.0). Immunohistochemistry for ER,PR,HER2, E-CD,N-CD,α-,β-, and phosphoβ-catenin, TWIST, and SNAIL were evaluated in normal, in situ, and invasive components from matched formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples (n = 36). CCC-dissociation was defined as negative membranous E-CD, α- and β-catenin expression. E-CD was negative in all LCIS and ILC lesions, and positive in all normal and IDC lesions. Membranous α and β-catenin expressions decreased with the transition from LCIS to ILC (pure LCIS 82%; LCIS w/ILC 28%; ILC 0%), while TWIST expression increased (pure LCIS low; LCIS w/ILC moderate; ILC high). Gene expression paralleled IHC-staining patterns with a stepwise downregulation of E-CD, α and β-catenins from normal to LCIS to invasive lesions, and increasing expression of TWIST from normal to LCIS to ILC. Loss of E-CD expression is an early event in lobular neoplasia. Decreasing membranous catenin expression in tandem with increasing levels of TWIST across the spectrum of lobular lesions suggests that CCC dissociation is a progressive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Morrogh
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 300 E. 66th St., New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Hong SM, Li A, Olino K, Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Schulick RD, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Hruban RH, Goggins M. Loss of E-cadherin expression and outcome among patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:1237-47. [PMID: 21552209 PMCID: PMC3155013 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Only a minority of patients who undergo surgical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are cured. Since patient outcome is not reliably predicted using pathological factors (tumor stage, differentiation, and resection margin status) alone, markers of tumor behavior are needed. One candidate predictor of pancreatic cancer outcome is E-cadherin status. CDH1 is a tumor suppressor gene encoding an important cell adhesion molecule (E-cadherin). The aim of this study was to determine if, among patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, loss of E-cadherin expression was an independent predictor of poor outcome. We examined patterns of loss of E-cadherin by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays of 329 surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. E-cadherin expression was then correlated with outcome. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling were used to assess the mortality risk. One hundred forty-one pancreatic adenocarcinomas (43%) had partial or complete loss of E-cadherin expression within the analyzed tissue cores. In most instances (134 cases, 41%), this loss was partial. Patients whose pancreatic adenocarcinomas had either complete loss (n=7; median survival, 5.5 months) or partial loss (n=134; 12.7 months) of E-cadherin expression had significantly worse median survival than those with uniformly intact E-cadherin expression (n=188; 18.5 months) by univariate (P=0.002) and multivariate (P=0.006) analyses. In subgroup analysis, patients with poorly differentiated cancers had a worse prognosis if their cancers had partial loss of E-cadherin expression (P=0.02). Among patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, partial loss of tumoral E-cadherin expression is an independent predictor of poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Olino
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher L. Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M. Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard D. Schulick
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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