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Varisli L, Dancik GM, Tolan V, Vlahopoulos S. Critical Roles of SRC-3 in the Development and Progression of Breast Cancer, Rendering It a Prospective Clinical Target. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5242. [PMID: 37958417 PMCID: PMC10648290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in women and is also one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Most breast tumors are hormone-dependent and estrogen signaling plays a critical role in promoting the survival and malignant behaviors of these cells. Estrogen signaling involves ligand-activated cytoplasmic estrogen receptors that translocate to the nucleus with various co-regulators, such as steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) family members, and bind to the promoters of target genes and regulate their expression. SRC-3 is a member of this family that interacts with, and enhances, the transcriptional activity of the ligand activated estrogen receptor. Although SRC-3 has important roles in normal homeostasis and developmental processes, it has been shown to be amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer and to promote malignancy. The malignancy-promoting potential of SRC-3 is diverse and involves both promoting malignant behavior of tumor cells and creating a tumor microenvironment that has an immunosuppressive phenotype. SRC-3 also inhibits the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with effector function and promotes stemness. Furthermore, SRC-3 is also involved in the development of resistance to hormone therapy and immunotherapy during breast cancer treatment. The versatility of SRC-3 in promoting breast cancer malignancy in this way makes it a good target, and methodical targeting of SRC-3 probably will be important for the success of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Varisli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey;
| | - Garrett M. Dancik
- Department of Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT 06226, USA;
| | - Veysel Tolan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey;
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Wang ZZ, Li XH, Wen XL, Wang N, Guo Y, Zhu X, Fu SH, Xiong FF, Bai J, Gao XL, Wang HJ. Integration of multi-omics data reveals a novel hybrid breast cancer subtype and its biomarkers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1130092. [PMID: 37064087 PMCID: PMC10091394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1130092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer hinders proper diagnosis and treatment, and the identification of molecular subtypes may help enhance the understanding of its heterogeneity. Therefore, we proposed a novel integrated multi-omics approach for breast cancer typing, which led to the identification of a hybrid subtype (Mix_Sub subtype) with a poor survival prognosis. This subtype is characterized by lower levels of the inflammatory response, lower tumor malignancy, lower immune cell infiltration, and higher T-cell dysfunction. Moreover, we found that cell-cell communication mediated by NCAM1-FGFR1 ligand-receptor interaction and cellular functional states, such as cell cycle, DNA damage, and DNA repair, were significantly altered and upregulated in patients with this subtype, and that such patients displayed greater sensitivity to targeted therapies. Subsequently, using differential genes among subtypes as biomarkers, we constructed prognostic risk models and subtype classifiers for the Mix_Sub subtype and validated their generalization ability in external datasets obtained from the GEO database, indicating their potential therapeutic and prognostic significance. These biomarkers also showed significant spatially variable expression in malignant tumor cells. Collectively, the identification of the Mix_Sub breast cancer subtype and its biomarkers, based on the driving relationship between omics, has deepened our understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity and facilitated the development of breast cancer precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xu-hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiao-ling Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shu-heng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Fei-fan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-jiu Wang, ; Xiao-ling Gao, ; Jing Bai,
| | - Xiao-ling Gao
- The Medical Laboratory Center, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-jiu Wang, ; Xiao-ling Gao, ; Jing Bai,
| | - Hong-jiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-jiu Wang, ; Xiao-ling Gao, ; Jing Bai,
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3
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Roussot N, Ghiringhelli F, Rébé C. Tumor Immunogenic Cell Death as a Mediator of Intratumor CD8 T-Cell Recruitment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223672. [PMID: 36429101 PMCID: PMC9688834 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of anticancer treatments relies on a long-term response which can be mediated by the immune system. Thus, the concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD) describes the capacity of dying cancer cells, under chemotherapy or physical stress, to express or release danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs are essential to activate dendritic cells (DCs) and to stimulate an antigen presentation to CD8 cytotoxic cells. Then, activated CD8 T cells exert their antitumor effects through cytotoxic molecules, an effect which is transitory due to the establishment of a feedback loop leading to T-cell exhaustion. This phenomenon can be reversed using immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), such as anti-PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4 Abs. However, the blockade of these checkpoints is efficient only if the CD8 T cells are recruited within the tumor. The CD8 T-cell chemoattraction is mediated by chemokines. Hence, an important question is whether the ICD can not only influence the DC activation and resulting CD8 T-cell activation but can also favor the chemokine production at the tumor site, thus triggering their recruitment. This is the aim of this review, in which we will decipher the role of some chemokines (and their specific receptors), shown to be released during ICD, on the CD8 T-cell recruitment and antitumor response. We will also analyze the clinical applications of these chemokines as predictive or prognostic markers or as new targets which should be used to improve patients' response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Roussot
- Cancer Biology Transfer Platform, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
- UFR Sciences de Santé, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Cancer Biology Transfer Platform, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
- UFR Sciences de Santé, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Genetic and Immunology Medical Institute, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Cédric Rébé
- Cancer Biology Transfer Platform, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
- UFR Sciences de Santé, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (C.R.)
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4
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Zhang C, Correia C, Weiskittel TM, Tan SH, Meng-Lin K, Yu GT, Yao J, Yeo KS, Zhu S, Ung CY, Li H. A Knowledge-Based Discovery Approach Couples Artificial Neural Networks With Weight Engineering to Uncover Immune-Related Processes Underpinning Clinical Traits of Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920669. [PMID: 35911770 PMCID: PMC9330471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-related processes are important in underpinning the properties of clinical traits such as prognosis and drug response in cancer. The possibility to extract knowledge learned by artificial neural networks (ANNs) from omics data to explain cancer clinical traits is a very attractive subject for novel discovery. Recent studies using a version of ANNs called autoencoders revealed their capability to store biologically meaningful information indicating that autoencoders can be utilized as knowledge discovery platforms aside from their initial assigned use for dimensionality reduction. Here, we devise an innovative weight engineering approach and ANN platform called artificial neural network encoder (ANNE) using an autoencoder and apply it to a breast cancer dataset to extract knowledge learned by the autoencoder model that explains clinical traits. Intriguingly, the extracted biological knowledge in the form of gene-gene associations from ANNE shows immune-related components such as chemokines, carbonic anhydrase, and iron metabolism that modulate immune-related processes and the tumor microenvironment play important roles in underpinning breast cancer clinical traits. Our work shows that biological "knowledge" learned by an ANN model is indeed encoded as weights throughout its neuronal connections, and it is possible to extract learned knowledge via a novel weight engineering approach to uncover important biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cristina Correia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Taylor M. Weiskittel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shyang Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kevin Meng-Lin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Grace T. Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jingwen Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kok Siong Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Choong Yong Ung
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
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5
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Hozhabri H, Moghaddam MM, Moghaddam MM, Mohammadian A. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to identify potential prognostic biomarkers among CC and CXC chemokines in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10374. [PMID: 35725915 PMCID: PMC9209453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a major human health problem due to its increasing incidence and mortality rate. CC and CXC chemokines are associated with tumorigenesis and the progression of many cancers. Since the prognostic values of CC and CXC families' expression in various types of cancers are becoming increasingly evident, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis elucidating the prognostic values of the CC and CXC families in BC. Therefore, TCGA, UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier plotter, bc-GenExMiner, cBioPortal, STRING, Enrichr, and TIMER were utilized for analysis. We found that high levels of CCL4/5/14/19/21/22 were associated with better OS and RFS, while elevated expression of CCL24 was correlated with shorter OS in BC patients. Also, high levels of CXCL9/13 indicated longer OS, and enhanced expression of CXCL12/14 was linked with better OS and RFS in BC patients. Meanwhile, increased transcription levels of CXCL8 were associated with worse OS and RFS in BC patients. In addition, our results showed that CCL5, CCL8, CCL14, CCL20, CCL27, CXCL4, and CXCL14 were notably correlated with the clinical outcomes of BC patients. Our findings provide a new point of view that may help the clinical application of CC and CXC chemokines as prognostic biomarkers in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hozhabri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Madiheh Mazaheri Moghaddam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Yu X, Li Y, Ding Y, Zhang H, Ding N, Lu M. HuR Promotes Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation by Regulating TIMM44 mRNA Stability. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:447-453. [PMID: 32901414 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human antigen R (HuR) could play an essential role in stabilizing the mRNAs of many tumor-associated genes. Little research is performed to investigate the relevant mechanism mediated by HuR to promote the progress of ovarian cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was retrieved to calculate the correlation between HuR and translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 44 (TIMM44) expression. HuR expression plasmid, TIMM44 expression plasmid, siRNA HuR, and TIMM44 siRNAs were further transfected into A2780 and SKOV3 cells. The 3'UTR of TIMM44 fragment was cloned into the back of Renilla luciferase in the pSicheck2 dual fluorescent reporter to indicate the interaction between HuR and TIMM44. Cell count and MTT assay were performed to assay the proliferation ability of A2780 and SKOV3 cells. High-level HuR expression in 56 ovarian cancer patients recruited in Zibo Central Hospital was positively correlated with metastasis status and poor prognosis revealed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Both HuR and TIMM44 can promote the proliferation of SKOV3 and A2780 cells. A high correlation of HuR and TIMM44 expression was testified in the TCGA data. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that HuR could bind to TIMM44 to maintain the mRNA stability. TIMM44 siRNA administration inhibited the proliferation of SKOV3 cells, which could not be rescued. All of these indicate that the main function of HuR on ovarian cancer proliferation is mediated by TIMM44 through mRNA stability regulation, and HuR/TIMM44 complex can be used as a target to inhibit the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Gynaecology, ZIBO Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- Department of Gynaecology, ZIBO Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Yumei Ding
- Department of Gynaecology, ZIBO Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology, ZIBO Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Gynaecology, ZIBO Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Gynaecology, ZIBO Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China.
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7
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Bronger H, Magdolen V, Goettig P, Dreyer T. Proteolytic chemokine cleavage as a regulator of lymphocytic infiltration in solid tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:417-430. [PMID: 31482487 PMCID: PMC6890590 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, immune-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies against tumor epitopes or immune checkpoint inhibitors have become an integral part of contemporary cancer treatment in many entities. However, a fundamental prerequisite for the success of such therapies is a sufficient trafficking of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into the tumor microenvironment. This infiltration is facilitated by chemokines, a group of about 50 small proteins capable of chemotactically guiding leukocytes. Proteolytic inactivation of chemokines leading to an impaired infiltration of immune effector cells appears to be an efficient immune escape mechanism of solid cancers. The CXCR3 and CX3CR1 chemokine receptor ligands CXCL9-11 and CX3CL1, respectively, are mainly responsible for the tumor-suppressive lymphocytic infiltration into the tumor micromilieu. Their structure explains the biochemical basis of their proteolytic cleavage, while in vivo data from mouse models and patient samples shed light on the corresponding processes in cancer. The emerging roles of proteases, e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4, in chemokine inactivation define new resistance mechanisms against immunotherapies and identify attractive new targets to enhance immune intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bronger
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Dreyer
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
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8
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House IG, Savas P, Lai J, Chen AXY, Oliver AJ, Teo ZL, Todd KL, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Petley EV, Sek K, Mardiana S, Gide TN, Quek C, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Wilmott JS, Loi S, Darcy PK, Beavis PA. Macrophage-Derived CXCL9 and CXCL10 Are Required for Antitumor Immune Responses Following Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:487-504. [PMID: 31636098 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Response rates to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB; anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4) correlate with the extent of tumor immune infiltrate, but the mechanisms underlying the recruitment of T cells following therapy are poorly characterized. A greater understanding of these processes may see the development of therapeutic interventions that enhance T-cell recruitment and, consequently, improved patient outcomes. We therefore investigated the chemokines essential for immune cell recruitment and subsequent therapeutic efficacy of these immunotherapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The chemokines upregulated by dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade were assessed using NanoString-based analysis with results confirmed at the protein level by flow cytometry and cytometric bead array. Blocking/neutralizing antibodies confirmed the requirement for key chemokines/cytokines and immune effector cells. Results were confirmed in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors using single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and paired survival analyses. RESULTS The CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, were significantly upregulated following dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade and both CD8+ T-cell infiltration and therapeutic efficacy were CXCR3 dependent. In both murine models and patients undergoing immunotherapy, macrophages were the predominant source of CXCL9 and their depletion abrogated CD8+ T-cell infiltration and the therapeutic efficacy of dual ICB. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of patient tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) revealed that CXCL9/10/11 was predominantly expressed by macrophages following ICB and we identified a distinct macrophage signature that was associated with positive responses to ICB. CONCLUSIONS These data underline the fundamental importance of macrophage-derived CXCR3 ligands for the therapeutic efficacy of ICB and highlight the potential of manipulating this axis to enhance patient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amanda X Y Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Zhi L Teo
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Todd
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tuba N Gide
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Camelia Quek
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mater Hospital, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- The University of Sydney, Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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9
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Razis E, Kalogeras KT, Kotsantis I, Koliou GA, Manousou K, Wirtz R, Veltrup E, Patsea H, Poulakaki N, Dionysopoulos D, Pervana S, Gogas H, Koutras A, Pentheroudakis G, Christodoulou C, Linardou H, Pavlakis K, Koletsa T, Pectasides D, Zagouri F, Fountzilas G. The Role of CXCL13 and CXCL9 in Early Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2019; 20:e36-e53. [PMID: 31699671 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines, cytokines in the immune microenvironment of tumors, may be associated with patient outcome. We assessed the impact of CXCL13 and CXCL9 on disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS), in an attempt to retrospectively evaluate both T and B cell function in the microenvironment of primary tumors from patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from patients with intermediate/high-risk, early breast cancer, treated with sequential adjuvant epirubicin, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide methotrexate fluorouracil within a randomized trial, were tested for CXCL13 and CXCL9 messenger RNA expression; 557 patients with adequate tissue were eligible for the analysis. RESULTS CXCL13 was correlated with CXCL9 (rho = 0.52; P < .001). High-expressing CXL13 and CXCL9 tumors had higher Ki67 and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte density (P-values < .001). High CXCL9 expression was an unfavorable prognosticator for OS among all patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.73; P = .021), whereas it showed favorable significance for both DFS and OS in patients with triple negative disease (HR, 0.29; P = .027 and HR, 0.32; P = .045). High CXCL13 conferred longer DFS and OS among patients with luminal-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 disease (HR, 0.31; P = .013 and HR, 0.25; P = .005). Patients with low CXCL13 and high CXCL9 expression had shorter DFS and OS compared with those with high expression of both chemokines (HR, 1.63; P = .006 and HR, 1.61; P = .016). CONCLUSIONS Both biomarkers were associated with poor prognosis characteristics and with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte density. High CXCL9 conferred an improved prognosis in the triple negative subtype, whereas high CXCL13 was associated with improved outcome in the luminal-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 subtype. Chemokines can be associated with breast cancer subtype and outcome. These data should be evaluated prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Razis
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantine T Kalogeras
- Translational Research Section, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kotsantis
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kyriaki Manousou
- Section of Biostatistics, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group, Data Office, Athens, Greece
| | - Ralph Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Veltrup
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helen Patsea
- Department of Pathology, IASSO General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Dionysopoulos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula Pervana
- Department of Pathology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kitty Pavlakis
- Pathology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Blazanin N, Cheng T, Carbajal S, DiGiovanni J. Activation of a protumorigenic IFNγ/STAT1/IRF‐1 signaling pathway in keratinocytes following exposure to solar ultraviolet light. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1656-1669. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Blazanin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Tianyi Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Steve Carbajal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical SchoolThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and ToxicologyThe University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
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11
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Myeloid-restricted ablation of Shp2 restrains melanoma growth by amplifying the reciprocal promotion of CXCL9 and IFN-γ production in tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2018; 37:5088-5100. [PMID: 29795405 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is generally considered to be an oncogene owing to its ability in enhancing the malignancy of multiple types of tumor cells; however, its role in modulating tumor immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we reported that myeloid-restricted ablation of Shp2 suppressed melanoma growth. Mechanistically, loss of Shp2 potentiates macrophage production of CXCL9 in response to IFN-γ and tumor cell-derived cytokines, thereby facilitating the tumor infiltration of IFN-γ-producing T cells that could in turn support CXCL9 production within tumor microenvironment. Collectively, our findings highlight a causative role of myeloid Shp2 in dampening T cell-mediated antitumor immunity by restraining the macrophage/CXCL9-T cell/IFN-γ feedback loop. Thus, targeting macrophage Shp2 may help to create a Th1-dominant tumor immune microenvironment.
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12
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Tokunaga R, Zhang W, Naseem M, Puccini A, Berger MD, Soni S, McSkane M, Baba H, Lenz HJ. CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CXCR3 axis for immune activation - A target for novel cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 63:40-47. [PMID: 29207310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are proteins which induce chemotaxis, promote differentiation of immune cells, and cause tissue extravasation. Given these properties, their role in anti-tumor immune response in the cancer environment is of great interest. Although immunotherapy has shown clinical benefit for some cancer patients, other patients do not respond. One of the mechanisms of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors may be chemokine signaling. The CXCL9, -10, -11/CXCR3 axis regulates immune cell migration, differentiation, and activation, leading to tumor suppression (paracrine axis). However, there are some reports that show involvements of this axis in tumor growth and metastasis (autocrine axis). Thus, a better understanding of CXCL9, -10, -11/CXCR3 axis is necessary to develop effective cancer control. In this article, we summarize recent evidence regarding CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CXCR3 axis in the immune system and discuss their potential role in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuma Tokunaga
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Madiha Naseem
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Martin D Berger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Shivani Soni
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Michelle McSkane
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 8608556, Japan
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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13
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Iddawela M, Rueda O, Eremin J, Eremin O, Cowley J, Earl HM, Caldas C. Integrative analysis of copy number and gene expression in breast cancer using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded core biopsy tissue: a feasibility study. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:526. [PMID: 28697743 PMCID: PMC5506605 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An absence of reliable molecular markers has hampered individualised breast cancer treatments, and a major limitation for translational research is the lack of fresh tissue. There are, however, abundant banks of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. This study evaluated two platforms available for the analysis of DNA copy number and gene expression using FFPE samples. METHODS The cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation assay (DASL™) has been developed for gene expression analysis and the Molecular Inversion Probes assay (Oncoscan™), were used for copy number analysis using FFPE tissues. Gene expression and copy number were evaluated in core-biopsy samples from patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). RESULTS Forty-three core-biopsies were evaluated and characteristic copy number changes in breast cancers, gains in 1q, 8q, 11q, 17q and 20q and losses in 6q, 8p, 13q and 16q, were confirmed. Regions that frequently exhibited gains in tumours showing a pathological complete response (pCR) to NAC were 1q (55%), 8q (40%) and 17q (40%), whereas 11q11 (37%) gain was the most frequent change in non-pCR tumours. Gains associated with poor survival were 11q13 (62%), 8q24 (54%) and 20q (47%). Gene expression assessed by DASL correlated with immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis for oestrogen receptor (ER) [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.95], progesterone receptor (PR)(AUC = 0.90) and human epidermal growth factor type-2 receptor (HER-2) (AUC = 0.96). Differential expression analysis between ER+ and ER- cancers identified over-expression of TTF1, LAF-4 and C-MYB (p ≤ 0.05), and between pCR vs non-pCRs, over-expression of CXCL9, AREG, B-MYB and under-expression of ABCG2. CONCLUSION This study was an integrative analysis of copy number and gene expression using FFPE core biopsies and showed that molecular marker data from FFPE tissues were consistent with those in previous studies using fresh-frozen samples. FFPE tissue can provide reliable information and will be a useful tool in molecular marker studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number ISRCTN09184069 and registered retrospectively on 02/06/2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Iddawela
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Oscar Rueda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Jenny Eremin
- Research and Development, Lincoln Breast Unit, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Oleg Eremin
- Research and Development, Lincoln Breast Unit, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jed Cowley
- PathLinks, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK
| | - Helena M. Earl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Bronger H, Karge A, Dreyer T, Zech D, Kraeft S, Avril S, Kiechle M, Schmitt M. Induction of cathepsin B by the CXCR3 chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in human breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4224-4230. [PMID: 28599423 PMCID: PMC5453043 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that has been linked to the progression of breast cancer, for example by activation of other proteases and tumor-promoting cytokines, thereby supporting tumor invasion and metastasis. Previously, it was shown that CTSB cleaves and inactivates C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) chemokines. As CXCR3 ligands have been demonstrated to induce proteases in cancer cells, the present study hypothesized that they may also affect CTSB in breast cancer cells. The results demonstrated that the human breast cancer tumor cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 express the CXCR3 splice variants A and B and CTSB. Upon binding to CXCR3, the two chemokine ligands C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 9 and CXCL10 trigger upregulation of CTSB in these breast cancer cells, whereas the CXCR3-B-specific ligand CXCL4 has no such effect, suggesting the involvement of CXCR3-A in the regulation of CTSB. In early-stage human breast cancer specimens (n=81), overexpression of CXCR3 is associated with statistically significant poorer overall survival, independent of lymph node status, tumor size and nuclear grading (hazard ratio=1.99; 95% confidence interval=1.00–3.97; P=0.050). In conclusion, the data from the current study propose a so far unknown mechanism by which breast cancer cells may exploit tumor-suppressive chemokines to enhance their invasiveness and reduce immune cell infiltration by the degradation of these chemokines. This mechanism may support the established unfavorable prognostic feature of CXCR3 expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bronger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Karge
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Dreyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Zech
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Kraeft
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Avril
- Department of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7288, USA
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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15
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Herrero-Garcia E, O'Bryan JP. Intersectin scaffold proteins and their role in cell signaling and endocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:23-30. [PMID: 27746143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intersectins (ITSNs) are a family of multi-domain proteins involved in regulation of diverse cellular pathways. These scaffold proteins are well known for regulating endocytosis but also play important roles in cell signaling pathways including kinase regulation and Ras activation. ITSNs participate in several human cancers, such as neuroblastomas and glioblastomas, while their downregulation is associated with lung injury. Alterations in ITSN expression have been found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Binding proteins for ITSNs include endocytic regulatory factors, cytoskeleton related proteins (i.e. actin or dynamin), signaling proteins as well as herpes virus proteins. This review will summarize recent studies on ITSNs, highlighting the importance of these scaffold proteins in the aforementioned processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Herrero-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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16
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Ding Q, Lu P, Xia Y, Ding S, Fan Y, Li X, Han P, Liu J, Tian D, Liu M. CXCL9: evidence and contradictions for its role in tumor progression. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3246-3259. [PMID: 27726306 PMCID: PMC5119981 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of low molecular weight peptides. Their major function is the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammation sites, but they also play a key role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In the last few years, accumulated experimental evidence supports that monokine induced by interferon (IFN)‐gamma (CXCL9), a member of CXC chemokine family and known to attract CXCR3‐ (CXCR3‐A and CXCR3‐B) T lymphocytes, is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of physiologic diseases during their initiation and their maintenance. This review for the first time presents the most comprehensive summary for the role of CXCL9 in different types of tumors, and demonstrates its contradictory role of CXCL9 in tumor progression. Altogether, this is a useful resource for researchers investigating therapeutic opportunities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Panpan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Yujia Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Shuping Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Yuhui Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Jingmei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
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17
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CXCL9 and CXCL10 predict survival and are regulated by cyclooxygenase inhibition in advanced serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:553-63. [PMID: 27490802 PMCID: PMC4997538 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with improved survival in several epithelial cancers. The two chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 facilitate chemotactic recruitment of TILs, and their intratumoral accumulation is a conceivable way to improve TIL-dependent immune intervention in cancer. However, the prognostic impact of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is largely unknown. METHODS One hundred and eighty four cases of HGSC were immunohistochemically analyzed for CXCL9, CXCL10. TILs were assessed using CD3, CD56 and FOXP3 staining. Chemokine regulation was investigated using the ovarian cancer cell lines OV-MZ-6 and SKOV-3. RESULTS High expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 was associated with an approximately doubled overall survival (n=70, CXCL9: HR 0.41; P=0.006; CXCL10: HR 0.46; P=0.010) which was confirmed in an independent validation set (n=114; CXCL9: HR 0.60; P=0.019; CXCL10: HR 0.52; P=0.005). Expression of CXCR3 ligands significantly correlated with TILs. In human ovarian cancer cell lines the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolite Prostaglandin E2 was identified as negative regulator of chemokine secretion, whereas COX inhibition by indomethacin significantly upregulated CXCL9 and CXCL10. In contrast, celecoxib, the only COX inhibitor prospectively evaluated for therapy of ovarian cancer, suppressed NF-κB activation and inhibited chemokine release. CONCLUSION Our results support the notion that CXCL9 and CXCL10 exert tumour-suppressive function by TIL recruitment in human ovarian cancer. COX inhibition by indomethacin, not by celecoxib, may be a promising approach to concomitantly improve immunotherapies.
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18
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Roos L, van Dongen J, Bell CG, Burri A, Deloukas P, Boomsma DI, Spector TD, Bell JT. Integrative DNA methylome analysis of pan-cancer biomarkers in cancer discordant monozygotic twin-pairs. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:7. [PMID: 26798410 PMCID: PMC4721070 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A key focus in cancer research is the discovery of biomarkers that accurately diagnose early lesions in non-invasive tissues. Several studies have identified malignancy-associated DNA methylation changes in blood, yet no general cancer biomarker has been identified to date. Here, we explore the potential of blood DNA methylation as a biomarker of pan-cancer (cancer of multiple different origins) in 41 female cancer discordant monozygotic (MZ) twin-pairs sampled before or after diagnosis using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Results We analysed epigenome-wide DNA methylation profiles in 41 cancer discordant MZ twin-pairs with affected individuals diagnosed with tumours at different single primary sites: the breast, cervix, colon, endometrium, thyroid gland, skin (melanoma), ovary, and pancreas. No significant global differences in whole blood DNA methylation profiles were observed. Epigenome-wide analyses identified one novel pan-cancer differentially methylated position at false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of 10 % (cg02444695, P = 1.8 × 10−7) in an intergenic region 70 kb upstream of the SASH1 tumour suppressor gene, and three suggestive signals in COL11A2, AXL, and LINC00340. Replication of the four top-ranked signals in an independent sample of nine cancer-discordant MZ twin-pairs showed a similar direction of association at COL11A2, AXL, and LINC00340, and significantly greater methylation discordance at AXL compared to 480 healthy concordant MZ twin-pairs. The effects at cg02444695 (near SASH1), COL11A2, and LINC00340 were the most promising in biomarker potential because the DNA methylation differences were found to pre-exist in samples obtained prior to diagnosis and were limited to a 5-year period before diagnosis. Gene expression follow-up at the top-ranked signals in 283 healthy individuals showed correlation between blood methylation and gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines at PRL, and in the skin tissue at AXL. A significant enrichment of differential DNA methylation was observed in enhancer regions (P = 0.03). Conclusions We identified DNA methylation signatures in blood associated with pan-cancer, at or near SASH1, COL11A2, AXL, and LINC00340. Three of these signals were present up to 5 years prior to cancer diagnosis, highlighting the potential clinical utility of whole blood DNA methylation analysis in cancer surveillance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0172-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Roos
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher G Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK ; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ; Epigenomic Medicine, Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrea Burri
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Gryaznova T, Kropyvko S, Burdyniuk M, Gubar O, Kryklyva V, Tsyba L, Rynditch A. Intersectin adaptor proteins are associated with actin-regulating protein WIP in invadopodia. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1499-508. [PMID: 25797047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Invasive cancer cells form actin-rich membrane protrusions called invadopodia that degrade extracellular matrix and facilitate cell invasion and metastasis. WIP (WASP-interacting protein) together with N-WASP (neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) are localized in invadopodia and play a crucial role in their formation. Here we show that WIP interacts with endocytic adaptor proteins of the intersectin (ITSN) family, ITSN1 and ITSN2. The interaction is mediated by the SH3 domains of ITSNs and the middle part of the WIP proline-rich motifs. We have also demonstrated that ITSN1, WIP and N-WASP can form a complex in cells. Endogenous ITSN1 and ITSN2 are located in invasive protrusions of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Moreover, data from immunofluorescent analysis revealed co-localization of ITSN1 and WIP at sites of invadopodia formation and in clathrin-coated pits. Together, these findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of invadopodia formation and identify ITSNs as scaffold proteins involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gryaznova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine.
| | - Sergii Kropyvko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Burdyniuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Olga Gubar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Valentyna Kryklyva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Tsyba
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Alla Rynditch
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
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20
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Mammary carcinoma cell derived cyclooxygenase 2 suppresses tumor immune surveillance by enhancing intratumoral immune checkpoint activity. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R75. [PMID: 24004819 PMCID: PMC3979159 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic inhibition of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 decreases the risk of breast cancer and its recurrence. However, the biology of COX-2 in the multicellular tumor microenvironment is poorly defined. METHODS Mammary tumor onset and multiplicity were examined in ErbB2 transgenic mice that were deficient in mammary epithelial cell COX-2 (COX-2(MEC)KO) compared to wild type (WT) mice. Tumors were analyzed, by real time PCR, immune-staining and flow cytometry, for proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and immune microenvironment. Lentiviral shRNA delivery was used to knock down (KD) COX-2 in ErbB2-transformed mouse breast cancer cells (COX-2KD), and growth as orthotopic tumors was examined in syngenic recipient mice, with or without depletion of CD8+ immune cells. RESULTS Mammary tumor onset was delayed, and multiplicity halved, in COX-2(MEC)KO mice compared to WT. COX-2(MEC)KO tumors showed decreased expression of Ki67, a proliferation marker, as well as reduced VEGFA, its receptor VEGFR2, endothelial NOS and the vascular endothelial marker CD31, indicating reduced tumor vascularization. COX-2(MEC)KO tumors contained more CD4+ T helper (Th) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic immune cells (CTL) consistent with increased immune surveillance. The ratio of Th markers Tbet (Th1) to GATA3 (Th2) was higher, and levels of Retnla, a M2 macrophage marker, lower, in COX-2(MEC)KO tumor infiltrating leukocytes compared to WT, suggesting a prevalence of pro-immune Th1 over immune suppressive Th2 lymphocytes, and reduced macrophage polarization to the immune suppressive M2 phenotype. Enhanced immune surveillance in COX-2(MEC)KO tumors was coincident with increased intratumoral CXCL9, a T cell chemoattractant, and decreased expression of T lymphocyte co-inhibitory receptors CTLA4 and PD-1, as well as PD-L1, the ligand for PD-1. PD-L1 was also decreased in IFNγ-treated COX-2KD mouse mammary cancer cells in vitro and, compared to control cells, growth of COX-2KD cells as orthotopic tumors in immune competent mice was markedly suppressed. However, robust growth of COX-2KD tumor cells was evident when recipients were depleted of CD8+ cells. CONCLUSIONS The data strongly support that, in addition to its angiogenic function, tumor cell COX-2 suppresses intratumoral cytotoxic CD8+ immune cell function, possibly through upregulation of immune checkpoints, thereby contributing to tumor immune escape. COX-2 inhibition may be clinically useful to augment breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Fehlker M, Huska MR, Jöns T, Andrade-Navarro MA, Kemmner W. Concerted down-regulation of immune-system related genes predicts metastasis in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:64. [PMID: 24495478 PMCID: PMC3922093 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed at the identification of prognostic gene expression markers in early primary colorectal carcinomas without metastasis at the time point of surgery by analyzing genome-wide gene expression profiles using oligonucleotide microarrays. Methods Cryo-conserved tumor specimens from 45 patients with early colorectal cancers were examined, with the majority of them being UICC stage II or earlier and with a follow-up time of 41–115 months. Gene expression profiling was performed using Whole Human Genome 4x44K Oligonucleotide Microarrays. Validation of microarray data was performed on five of the genes in a smaller cohort. Results Using a novel algorithm based on the recursive application of support vector machines (SVMs), we selected a signature of 44 probes that discriminated between patients developing later metastasis and patients with a good prognosis. Interestingly, almost half of the genes was related to the patients’ immune response and showed reduced expression in the metastatic cases. Conclusions Whereas up to now gene signatures containing genes with various biological functions have been described for prediction of metastasis in CRC, in this study metastasis could be well predicted by a set of gene expression markers consisting exclusively of genes related to the MHC class II complex involved in immune response. Thus, our data emphasize that the proper function of a comprehensive network of immune response genes is of vital importance for the survival of colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Kemmner
- Translational Oncology, Experimental Clinical Research Center, Charite Campus Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Predescu DN, Bardita C, Tandon R, Predescu SA. Intersectin-1s: an important regulator of cellular and molecular pathways in lung injury. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:478-98. [PMID: 24618535 PMCID: PMC4070809 DOI: 10.1086/674439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe syndromes resulting from the diffuse damage of the pulmonary parenchyma. ALI and ARDS are induced by a plethora of local or systemic insults, leading to the activation of multiple pathways responsible for injury, resolution, and repair or scarring of the lungs. Despite the large efforts aimed at exploring the roles of different pathways in humans and animal models and the great strides made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, the only viable treatment options are still dependent on ventilator and cardiovascular support. Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for initiation and resolution or advancement toward lung scarring in ALI/ARDS animal models led to a better understanding of the disease's complexity and helped in elucidating the links between ALI and systemic multiorgan failure. Although animal models of ALI/ARDS have pointed out a variety of new ideas for study, there are still limited data regarding the initiating factors, the critical steps in the progression of the disease, and the central mechanisms dictating its resolution or progression to lung scarring. Recent studies link deficiency of intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s), a prosurvival protein of lung endothelial cells, to endothelial barrier dysfunction and pulmonary edema as well as to the repair/recovery from ALI. This review discusses the effects of ITSN-1s deficiency on pulmonary endothelium and its significance in the pathology of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan N Predescu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Adaptor proteins intersectin 1 and 2 bind similar proline-rich ligands but are differentially recognized by SH2 domain-containing proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70546. [PMID: 23936226 PMCID: PMC3723668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scaffolding proteins of the intersectin (ITSN) family, ITSN1 and ITSN2, are crucial for the initiation stage of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These proteins are closely related but have implications in distinct pathologies. To determine how these proteins could be separated in certain cell pathways we performed a comparative study of ITSNs. Methodology/Principal Findings We have shown that endogenous ITSN1 and ITSN2 colocalize and form a complex in cells. A structural comparison of five SH3 domains, which mediated most ITSNs protein-protein interactions, demonstrated a similarity of their ligand-binding sites. We showed that the SH3 domains of ITSN2 bound well-established interactors of ITSN1 as well as newly identified ITSNs protein partners. A search for a novel interacting interface revealed multiple tyrosines that could be phosphorylated in ITSN2. Phosphorylation of ITSN2 isoforms but not ITSN1 short isoform was observed in various cell lines. EGF stimulation of HeLa cells enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of ITSN2 isoforms and enabled their recognition by the SH2 domains of the Fyn, Fgr and Abl1 kinases, the regulatory subunit of PI3K, the adaptor proteins Grb2 and Crk, and phospholipase C gamma. The SH2 domains mentioned were unable to bind ITSN1 short isoform. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that during evolution of vertebrates ITSN2 acquired a novel protein-interaction interface that allows its specific recognition by the SH2 domains of signaling proteins. We propose that these data could be important to understand the functional diversity of paralogous ITSN proteins.
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Tang SSK, Gui GPH. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent breast cancer. Biomark Med 2013; 6:567-85. [PMID: 23075236 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of mammography for breast cancer screening, breast cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. The identification of biomarkers that identify cancers when they are small, localized and most treatable is an important aim of current breast cancer research. Biomarkers need to be sensitive, specific, reproducible and easily collected from patients from readily accessible tissue or body fluids. While conventional biomarker research has focused on soluble proteins, cell markers, proteomics and DNA methylation, much progress has also been made in the field of immunobiomarkers and multiparameter gene arrays. Currently, no one biomarker has demonstrated sufficient sensitivity and reproducibility for independent clinical and commercial use. This review summarizes the current state of breast cancer biomarker research and anticipated future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S K Tang
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
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Ursini-Siegel J. Can pharmacological receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors sensitize poor outcome breast tumors to immune-based therapies? Front Oncol 2013; 3:23. [PMID: 23408142 PMCID: PMC3570790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) drive breast cancer progression, particularly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and basal tumors, the two worst prognosis subtypes. Tumor cells recruit host stromal components, including immune cells, which strongly influence disease progression. This has been studied in human breast cancer and translated to murine models of breast cancer. Stromal immune components including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells, destroy cancer cells through a process termed immune surveillance. Unfortunately, clinically detectable tumors escape these immune protective effects through their ability to limit the infiltration, activation, and/or survival of CTLs in breast tumors. The immunosuppressed state of established tumors limits the success rate of immune-based therapies, and possibly other therapeutic modalities that depend on host immunity. Published studies demonstrate that RTKs facilitate breast cancer progression, in part, by establishing immune suppression. This raises the intriguing possibility that pharmacological RTK inhibitors may be exploited to sensitize breast cancer patients to immune-based therapies.
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Fluhr H, Seitz T, Zygmunt M. Heparins modulate the IFN-γ-induced production of chemokines in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 137:109-18. [PMID: 23160925 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparins seem to improve survival in patients with advanced malignancies independently of their anticoagulatory function. As the treatment options in advanced and metastatic breast cancer are still very limited, heparins might be an interesting addition to the existing systemic therapies. The interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 play an essential role in the regulation of the immune milieu in malignant tumours, thereby being interesting targets for an immunological intervention. We therefore wanted to test whether heparins have an impact on the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 as well as the IFN-γ signalling in human breast cancer cells in vitro. The well-established cell lines BT-474, MCF-7, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 were incubated with IFN-γ, unfractionated heparin (UFH), different low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) and the heparin-related polyanions danaparoid and dextran sulphate. The production of CXCL9 and CXCL10 was measured by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 was detected by an in-cell western assay and the amount of cellular bound IFN-γ was analysed by a high sensitivity ELISA. We observed that IFN-γ induced CXCL9 and CXCL10 production in MCF-7, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells but not in BT-474. UFH dose dependently inhibited the effect of IFN-γ on the secretion and expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10. LMWHs and heparin-related compounds differentially modulated IFN-γ-effects-the results depended on their molecular size and charge, but were independent of their anticoagulatory properties. As a reason for these heparin effects, we could show that the IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 was modulated by heparins, caused by an interaction with the cellular binding of IFN-γ. In conclusion, these results support the significance of the immunomodulatory properties of heparins independently of their classical anticoagulatory function. Heparin-derived sulphated polysaccharides with distinct molecular properties might thus be interesting candidates for new therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Fluhr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Sauerbruchstr., 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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Gene expression profiling to dissect the complexity of cancer biology: Pitfalls and promise. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:250-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Daidone MG, Foekens JA, Harbeck N, Martens J, Brunner N, Thomssen C, Hall JA, Salgado R, Dittmer J, Geurts-Moespot A, Duffy MJ, Sweep FC, Schmitt M. Identification, validation and clinical implementation of cancer biomarkers: Translational strategies of the EORTC PathoBiology Group. EJC Suppl 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(12)70021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bronger H, Kraeft S, Schwarz-Boeger U, Cerny C, Stöckel A, Avril S, Kiechle M, Schmitt M. Modulation of CXCR3 ligand secretion by prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase inhibitors in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R30. [PMID: 22333315 PMCID: PMC3496148 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In murine breast cancer models, the two interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) inducible chemokines and CXC-chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) receptor ligands, monokine induced by γ-interferon (CXCL9) and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (CXCL10) impair tumor growth and metastasis formation through recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells and tumor-suppressive T lymphocytes. In human breast cancer, CXCL9 mRNA overexpression correlates with the number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and predicts response to different chemotherapeutic regimens. Raising the intratumoral CXCR3 ligand concentration is therefore a possible way to enhance immune intervention in breast cancer. Little is known, however, about expression levels and regulation of these chemokines in human breast cancer. Since the inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) has been shown to reduce tumor growth and incidence of metastases in a lymphocytic and IFN-γ dependent manner, we argued that COX isoenzymes are a pharmacologic target to increase intratumoral CXCR3 ligand concentration in human breast cancer. Methods CXCL9 was visualized in breast cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry, expression levels of CXCL9 and cyclooxygenases were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. For regulation studies, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast 231 (MDA-MB 231) breast cancer cells were stimulated with IFN-γ with or without prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or COX inhibitors (indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), celecoxib). CXCR3 ligand release from cells was measured by ELISA. Results Within the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells are the major source of CXCL9. PGE2 impairs IFN-γ mediated CXCL9 and CXCL10 release from MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cells, and inhibition of endogenous cyclooxygenases by indomethacin or ASA correspondingly increases this secretion. Otherwise, high concentrations of the Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) specific antagonist celecoxib have opposite effects and impair CXCL9 and CXCL10 release. In human breast cancer tissue specimens there is an inverse correlation between COX-2 overexpression and CXCL9 concentration, suggesting that the observed in vitro effects are of importance in vivo as well. Conclusions Suppressing endogenous PGE2 synthesis by cyclooxygenase inhibition increases CXCL9 and CXCL10 release from breast cancer cells and is therefore a pharmacologic candidate to enhance intratumoral immune infiltration. Yet, to this end the unselective COX inhibitors ASA and indomethacin seem preferable to celecoxib that at higher concentrations reduces CXCR3 ligand release most probably due to COX independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bronger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str, 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Intersectin multidomain adaptor proteins: Regulation of functional diversity. Gene 2011; 473:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Barros Filho M, Katayama M, Brentani H, Abreu A, Barbosa E, Oliveira C, Góes J, Brentani M, Folgueira M. Gene trio signatures as molecular markers to predict response to doxorubicin cyclophosphamide neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancerpatients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:1225-31. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Napieralski R, Brünner N, Mengele K, Schmitt M. Emerging biomarkers in breast cancer care. Biomark Med 2010; 4:505-22. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, decision-making for breast cancer treatment in the clinical setting is mainly based on clinical data, histomorphological features of the tumor tissue and a few cancer biomarkers such as steroid hormone receptor status (estrogen and progesterone receptors) and oncoprotein HER2 status. Although various therapeutic options were introduced into the clinic in recent decades, with the objective of improving surgery, radiotherapy, biochemotherapy and chemotherapy, varying response of individual patients to certain types of therapy and therapy resistance is still a challenge in breast cancer care. Therefore, since breast cancer treatment should be based on individual features of the patient and her tumor, tailored therapy should be an option by integrating cancer biomarkers to define patients at risk and to reliably predict their course of the disease and/or response to cancer therapy. Recently, candidate-marker approaches and genome-wide transcriptomic and epigenetic screening of different breast cancer tissues and bodily fluids resulted in new promising biomarker panels, allowing breast cancer prognosis, prediction of therapy response and monitoring of therapy efficacy. These biomarkers are now subject of validation in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Napieralski
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany
| | - Nils Brünner
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karin Mengele
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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Bertucci F, Borie N, Roche H, Bachelot T, Le Doussal JM, Macgrogan G, Debono S, Martinec A, Treilleux I, Finetti P, Esterni B, Extra JM, Geneve J, Hermitte F, Chabannon C, Jacquemier J, Martin AL, Longy M, Maraninchi D, Fert V, Birnbaum D, Viens P. Gene expression profile predicts outcome after anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:363-73. [PMID: 20585850 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of early beast cancer is heterogeneous. Today, no histoclinical or biological factor predictive for clinical outcome after adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy (CT) has been validated and introduced in routine use. Using DNA microarrays, we searched for a gene expression signature associated with metastatic relapse after adjuvant anthracycline-based CT without taxane. We profiled a multicentric series of 595 breast cancers including 498 treated with such adjuvant CT. The identification of the prognostic signature was done using a metagene-based supervised approach in a learning set of 323 patients. The signature was then tested on an independent validation set comprising 175 similarly treated patients, 128 of them from the PACS01 prospective clinical trial. We identified a 3-metagene predictor of metastatic relapse in the learning set, and confirmed its independent prognostic impact in the validation set. In multivariate analysis, the predictor outperformed the individual current prognostic factors, as well as the Nottingham Prognostic Index-based classifier, both in the learning and the validation sets, and added independent prognostic information. Among the patients treated with adjuvant anthracycline-based CT, with a median follow-up of 68 months, the 5-year metastasis-free survival was 82% in the "good-prognosis" group and 56% in the "poor-prognosis" group. Our predictor refines the prediction of metastasis-free survival after adjuvant anthracycline-based CT and might help tailoring adjuvant CT regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bertucci
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR891 Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France.
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