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Luker GD, Yang J, Richmond A, Scala S, Festuccia C, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Zimmermann J. At the Bench: Pre-clinical evidence for multiple functions of CXCR4 in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:969-989. [PMID: 33104270 PMCID: PMC8254203 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2bt1018-715rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through chemokine receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) regulates essential processes in normal physiology, including embryogenesis, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and trafficking of immune cells. Tumors co-opt many of these fundamental processes to directly stimulate proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. CXCR4 signaling contributes to critical functions of stromal cells in cancer, including angiogenesis and multiple cell types in the tumor immune environment. Studies in animal models of several different types of cancers consistently demonstrate essential functions of CXCR4 in tumor initiation, local invasion, and metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. Data from animal models support clinical observations showing that integrated effects of CXCR4 on cancer and stromal cells correlate with metastasis and overall poor prognosis in >20 different human malignancies. Small molecules, Abs, and peptidic agents have shown anticancer efficacy in animal models, sparking ongoing efforts at clinical translation for cancer therapy. Investigators also are developing companion CXCR4-targeted imaging agents with potential to stratify patients for CXCR4-targeted therapy and monitor treatment efficacy. Here, pre-clinical studies demonstrating functions of CXCR4 in cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Luker
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinming Yang
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefania Scala
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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Rezaeean H, Kaydani GA, Saki N, Razmjoo S, Labibzadeh M, Yaghooti H. The IFN-Ɣ + 874 A/T polymorphism is associated with malignant breast cancer in a population from the southwest of Iran. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:147. [PMID: 33879226 PMCID: PMC8056653 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common diseases in women globally, with an increasing number of deaths associated with it. Recently the role of polymorphisms in the genes encoding cytokines and immune cells has been demonstrated. This study aimed to evaluate the association of IFN-Ɣ + 874 A/T polymorphism with BC clinical symptoms. Results The study included 88 women with BC and 88 healthy women who had no history of cancer and were matched for age and sex. Allele-specific oligonucleotide-polymerase chain reaction technique was used to investigate the IFN-Ɣ polymorphism. Clinical data were obtained from the patients’ records. Our results showed that the frequencies of genotypes in the BC patients were not significantly different from the control subjects. However, in the patients, the AT genotype was associated with the risk of malignant BC. The age at BC diagnosis was not different in patients with AA and AT genotypes; however, it was significantly earlier in HER2 negative subjects (p = 0.002). Given the higher frequency of AT in malignant BC patients, our results confirm the association of the IFN-Ɣ polymorphism with the disease’s progression to a malignant state. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05543-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rezaeean
- High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sasan Razmjoo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Labibzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yaghooti
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Qiu SQ, van Rooijen J, Nienhuis HH, van der Vegt B, Timmer-Bosscha H, van Leeuwen-Stok E, Walenkamp AME, van Deurzen CHM, de Bock GH, de Vries EGE, Schröder CP. High hepatocyte growth factor expression in primary tumor predicts better overall survival in male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:30. [PMID: 32188473 PMCID: PMC7081628 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is rare in men, but management is focused on tumor characteristics commonly found in female breast cancer. The tumor microenvironment of male breast cancer is less well understood, and insight may improve male breast cancer management. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-MET axis and the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis are prognostic in women with breast cancer. We aimed to investigate these factors in male breast cancer and correlate them with patient survival. METHODS From 841 Dutch males with breast cancer who were enrolled in the EORTC 10085/TBCRC/BIG/NABCG International Male Breast Cancer Program (NCT01101425) and diagnosed between 1990 and 2010, archival primary tumor samples were collected. Tissue microarrays were constructed with 3 cores per sample and used for immunohistochemical analysis of HGF, c-MET, CXCL12, and CXCR4. Overall survival (OS) of the patients without metastases (M0) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The value of the markers regarding OS was determined using univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses, providing hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS Of 720 out of 841 patients, sufficient tissue was available for analysis; 487 out of 720 patients had M0 disease. Patients with high HGF expression and high CXCL12 expression had a superior OS (low vs high expression of both markers, 7.5 vs 13.0 years, hazard ratio [HR] 0.64, 95% CI 0.49-0.84, P = 0.001 [HGF]; 9.1 vs 15.3 years, HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45-0.87, P = 0.005 [CXCL12]). Multivariate analysis identified HGF as an independent predictor for OS (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47-0.88, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HGF and CXCL12 tumor expression appear to identify male breast cancer patients with a relatively good prognosis. Possibly, this could support male breast cancer-specific management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Breast Diseases, Affiliated Shantou Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Johan van Rooijen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Martini Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde H Nienhuis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Timmer-Bosscha
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Geertruida H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Shim B, Jin MS, Moon JH, Park IA, Ryu HS. High Cytoplasmic CXCR4 Expression Predicts Prolonged Survival in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Adjuvant Chemotherapy. J Pathol Transl Med 2018; 52:369-377. [PMID: 30269472 PMCID: PMC6250928 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2018.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine receptor CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand CXC motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12; stromal cell-derived factor-1) are implicated in tumor growth, metastasis, and tumor cell-microenvironment interaction. A number of studies have reported that increased CXCR4 expression is associated with worse prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but its prognostic significance has not been studied in TNBC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS Two hundred eighty-three TNBC patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Tissue microarray was constructed from formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue and immunohistochemistry for CXCR4 and CXCL12 was performed. Expression of each marker was compared with clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome. RESULTS High cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression was associated with younger age (p = .008), higher histologic grade (p = .007) and lower pathologic stage (p = .045), while high CXCL12 expression was related to larger tumor size (p = .045), positive lymph node metastasis (p = .005), and higher pathologic stage (p = .017). The patients with high cytoplasmic CXCR4 experienced lower distant recurrence (p = .006) and better recurrence-free survival (RFS) (log-rank p = .020) after adjuvant chemotherapy. Cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression remained an independent factor of distant recurrence (p = .019) and RFS (p = .038) after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS High cytoplasmic CXCR4 expression was associated with lower distant recurrence and better RFS in TNBC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. This is the first study to correlate high CXCR4 expression to better TNBC prognosis, and the underlying mechanism needs to be elucidated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobae Shim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Jin
- Department of Pathology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ae Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Liu H, Li Z, Deng M, Liu Q, Zhang T, Guo W, Li P, Qiao W. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of CXCL12/SDF1 expression in breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 484:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Marques CS, Santos AR, Gameiro A, Correia J, Ferreira F. CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 display opposite expression profiles in feline mammary metastatic disease, with the exception of HER2-overexpressing tumors. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:741. [PMID: 30012106 PMCID: PMC6048851 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 play crucial roles in breast cancer. Despite the fact that the spontaneous feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is considered a suitable model for breast cancer studies, the importance of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in FMC is completely unknown. Therefore, this work aims to elucidate the role of CXCR4 and its ligand in the progression of FMC and metastatic disease. METHODS CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on primary tumors (PT), regional and distant metastases of female cats with mammary carcinoma and correlated with serum CXCL12 levels, tumor molecular subtypes and clinicopathological features. RESULTS CXCR4 was more expressed in PT than in metastases (p = 0.0067), whereas CXCL12 was highly expressed in metastatic lesions located in liver and lung (p < 0.0001), as reported for human breast cancer. Moreover, cats with CXCR4 positive PT exhibited significantly lower serum CXCL12 levels than cats with CXCR4 negative mammary carcinomas (p = 0.0324). At metastatic lesions, HER2-overexpressing tumors presented higher CXCR4 expression than the other molecular tumor subtypes (p = 0.012) and significant differences in overall (p = 0.0147) and disease-free survival (p = 0.0279) curves between the cats with CXCL12 positive and CXCL12 negative tumors were found. Indeed, CXCL12 negative PT were associated with unfavorable prognosis in cats with HER2-overexpressing tumors. CONCLUSIONS This work exposes part of the complex interaction between CXCR4 and CXCL12 in PT, but also in metastases of a breast cancer model. These findings could uncover novel therapeutic tools to be used in cats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. Marques
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Santos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Gameiro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Khalid S, Hanif R. Association of rs1801157 single nucleotide polymorphism of CXCL12 gene in breast cancer in Pakistan and in-silico expression analysis of CXCL12-CXCR4 associated biological regulatory network. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3822. [PMID: 28929029 PMCID: PMC5602684 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) has important implications in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis. It is selectively expressed on B and T lymphocytes and is involved in hematopoiesis, thymocyte trafficking, stem cell motility, neovascularization, and tumorigenesis. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1801157 of CXCL12 gene has been found to be associated with higher risk of BC. Methods Our study focuses on the genotypic and allelic distribution of SNP (rs1801157; G/A) in Pakistani population as well as its association with the clinico-pathological features. The association between rs1801157 genotypes (G/A) and BC risks was assessed by a multivariate logistic regression (MLR) analysis. Genotyping was performed in both healthy individuals and patients of BC using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Furthermore, in-silico approaches were adapted to investigate the association of CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 with genes/proteins involved in BC signalling. Results Significant differences in allelic and genotypic distribution between BC patients and healthy individuals of genotype (G/G) and (A/G) (p < 0.05) were observed. The frequency of the allele G in the BC group (77%) was significantly higher as compared to control group (61%) (p = 0.01). The association of genotype GG with clinico-pathological features including age, stages of cancer and organ (lung, liver, bones and brain) metastasis (p > 0.05) was assessed. In a MLR analysis, a number of variables including age, weight of an individual, affected lymph nodes, hormonal status (estrogen and progesterone receptor), alcohol consumption and family history associated with the GG genotype (GG:AA, odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% CI [1.06–1.60]) were found to be independent risk factors for BC. Our in-vitro results suggest that genotype GG is possibly increasing the risk of BC in Pakistani cohorts. in-silico analysis finds that CXCL12–CXCR4 is associated with an increased expression of PDZK1, PI3k and Akt which lead the breast tumor towards metastasis. Conclusion Multiple targets such as CXCL12, CXCR4, PDZK1, PI3k and Akt can be inhibited in combined strategies to treat BC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Khalid
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB)/Assistant Professor/Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rumeza Hanif
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB)/Assistant Professor/Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Li YL, Li YF, Li HF, Lv HQ, Sun DZ. Role of SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway in clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170144. [PMID: 28559386 PMCID: PMC5518484 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the role of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/stromal cell-derived factor receptor-4 (CXCR4) signaling pathway to the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). From January 2009 to December 2010, 102 patients with NPC and 80 patients with chronic nasopharyngitis were enrolled for the study. Immunohistochemical staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting were employed to determine the expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins in NPC tissues and chronic nasopharyngitis tissues. Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the associations of the expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins with the clinicopathological features of NPC patients. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the SDF-1α protein expression and CXCR4 protein expression. The mRNA and protein expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 in NPC tissues were significantly higher than those in chronic nasopharyngitis tissues. The expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins showed associations with T staging, N staging, tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, skull base invasion, and cervical lymph node metastasis of NPC patients. Compared with NPC patients showing negative expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins, those with positive expressions of SDF-1α and CXCR4 proteins had a significantly shorter survival time. SDF-1α protein, CXCR4 protein, EBV-IgG status, T staging, N staging, TNM staging, skull base invasion, and cervical lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors for the prognosis of NPC. The findings indicated that SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway might be associated with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ling Li
- Department of ENT, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City 276003, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Fen Li
- Department of ENT, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City 276003, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Feng Li
- Department of Genetic Laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi City 276016, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Qing Lv
- Department of ENT, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City 276003, P.R. China
| | - De-Zhong Sun
- Department of ENT, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City 276003, P.R. China
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A meta-analysis of CXCL12 expression for cancer prognosis. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:124-135. [PMID: 28535157 PMCID: PMC5520200 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: CXCL12 (SDF1) is reported to promote cancer progression in several preclinical models and this is corroborated by the analysis of human tissue specimens. However, the relationship between CXCL12 expression and cancer survival has not been systematically assessed. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the association between CXCL12 expression and cancer survival. Results: Thirty-eight studies inclusive of 5807 patients were included in the analysis of overall, recurrence-free or cancer-specific survival, the majority of which were retrospective. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall and recurrence-free survival in patients with high CXCL12 expression were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.17–1.65, P=0.0002) and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.82–1.53, P=0.48) respectively, but with significant heterogeneity between studies. On subgroup analysis by cancer type, high CXCL12 expression was associated with reduced overall survival in patients with oesophagogastric (HR 2.08; 95% CI: 1.31–3.33, P=0.002), pancreatic (HR 1.54; 95% CI: 1.21–1.97, P=0.0005) and lung cancer (HR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.08–1.75, P=0.01), whereas in breast cancer patients high CXCL12 expression conferred an overall survival advantage (HR 0.5; 95% CI: 0.38–0.66, P<0.00001). Conclusions: Determination of CXCL12 expression has the potential to be of use as a cancer biomarker and adds prognostic information in various cancer types. Prospective or prospective–retrospective analyses of CXCL12 expression in clearly defined cancer cohorts are now required to advance our understanding of the relationship between CXCL12 expression and cancer outcome.
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Expression of the CXCR4 ligand SDF-1/CXCL12 is prognostically important for adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma of the lung. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:463-71. [PMID: 26818832 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is associated with tumor progression and has been reported as a prognostic parameter, although with conflicting data for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study examines a large cohort of clinically and pathologically well-characterized NSCLC patients and includes the activated form of CXCR4 (pCXCR4), which has not been studied in this context so far. SDF-1, CXCR4, and pCXCR4 were assessed immunohistochemically in 371 surgically resected NSCLC using a standardized tissue microarray platform. Extensive clinical and pathological data and a postoperative follow-up period of 17 years enabled detailed correlations. CXCR4 and pCXCR4 were frequently expressed on squamous cell carcinoma. Membranous expression of SDF-1 was a marker of poor prognosis and proved to be an independent prognostic parameter for the entire cohort and for patients with adenocarcinoma (ACA) and large cell carcinoma (LCC). Targeted cancer therapies blocking SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction already exist, and our data suggest that expression of SDF-1, especially on poorer prognosis subgroups of LCC and ACA, indicates patients that might benefit more than others. This should be taken into account when assessing the effectiveness of such targeted approaches for NSCLC patients and could lead to important implications.
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Ono M, Tsuda H, Kobayashi T, Takeshita F, Takahashi RU, Tamura K, Akashi-Tanaka S, Moriya T, Yamasaki T, Kinoshita T, Yamamoto J, Fujiwara Y, Ochiya T. The expression and clinical significance of ribophorin II (RPN2) in human breast cancer. Pathol Int 2015; 65:301-8. [PMID: 25881688 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribophorin II (RPN2), part of the N-oligosaccharyltransferase complex, is highly expressed in breast cancer stem cells and is associated with tumor metastasis through interaction with mutant p53. The clinicopathological implication of RPN2 expression is undetermined. We examined immunohistochemically the expression levels of RPN2 and p53 in primary breast cancer tissues surgically resected from 218 patients. The correlations of RPN2 expression with the intrinsic subtype defined by hormone receptors (HRs) and HER2, clinicopathological parameters, p53 expression, and patients' clinical outcomes were examined. RPN2 was positive in 139 (64%), and the incidence of RPN2 expression was higher in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (HR-/HER2-) (65%) and HER2-enriched (HR-/HER2+) subtype (95%) than in the luminal A-like (HR+/HER2-) subtype (58%) (P = 0.0009). RPN2 expression was also correlated with p53 nuclear accumulation (P = 0.04). The RPN2-positive/p53-positive patient group showed significantly poorer prognosis than the RPN2-negative group for disease-free survival (P = 0.05) and for overall survival (P = 0.02). By multivariate analyses, the combination of RPN2 and p53 was not an independent prognostic factor. RPN2 expression was correlated with clinically aggressive features of breast cancer. These data support the further clinical application of anti-RPN2 therapy and the development of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Takeshita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryou-U Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Tamura
- Breast and Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadako Akashi-Tanaka
- Breast and Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Moriya
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tamio Yamasaki
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kinoshita
- Breast and Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Breast and Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Nienhuis H, Gaykema S, Timmer-Bosscha H, Jalving M, Brouwers A, Lub-de Hooge M, van der Vegt B, Overmoyer B, de Vries E, Schröder C. Targeting breast cancer through its microenvironment: Current status of preclinical and clinical research in finding relevant targets. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 147:63-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kobayashi T, Masutomi K, Tamura K, Moriya T, Yamasaki T, Fujiwara Y, Takahashi S, Yamamoto J, Tsuda H. Nucleostemin expression in invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:215. [PMID: 24650343 PMCID: PMC3994431 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the cancer stem cell hypothesis has become widely accepted. Cancer stem cells are thought to possess the ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiation, similar to normal stem cells. Nucleostemin (NS), initially cloned from rat neural stem cells, binds to various proteins, including p53, in the nucleus and is thought to be a key molecule for stemness. NS is expressed in various types of cancers; therefore, its role in cancer pathogenesis is thought to be important. This study was conducted to clarify the clinicopathological and prognostic impact of NS in invasive breast cancers. METHOD The correlation between NS immunoreactivity and clinicopathological parameters was examined in 220 consecutive surgically resected invasive breast cancer tissue samples by using tissue microarrays. The presence of nuclear NS and p53 immunoreactivity in 10% or more of cancer cells was considered as a positive result. RESULTS Among the 220 patients, 154 were hormone-receptor (HR)-positive, 22 HER2-positive/HR-negative, and 44 HR-negative/HER2-negative. One hundred and forty-two tumors (64.5%) showed NS positivity, and this positivity was significantly correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) (P = 0.050), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (P = 0.021), and p53 (P = 0.031) positivity. The patients with NS-positive tumors showed significantly shorter disease-free survival than those with NS-negative tumors. Furthermore, the patient group with NS- and p53-positive tumors showed significantly poorer prognosis than other patient groups. Multivariate analysis showed that NS status was an independent prognostic indicator. CONCLUSIONS NS may play a significant role in the determination of breast cancer progression in association with p53 alterations. The NS status of patients with luminal and HER2 type breast cancers may be a useful prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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Roy I, Zimmerman NP, Mackinnon AC, Tsai S, Evans DB, Dwinell MB. CXCL12 chemokine expression suppresses human pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90400. [PMID: 24594697 PMCID: PMC3942415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an unsolved health problem with nearly 75% of patients diagnosed with advanced disease and an overall 5-year survival rate near 5%. Despite the strong link between mortality and malignancy, the mechanisms behind pancreatic cancer dissemination and metastasis are poorly understood. Correlative pathological and cell culture analyses suggest the chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays a biological role in pancreatic cancer progression. In vivo roles for the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12 in pancreatic cancer malignancy were investigated. CXCR4 and CXCR7 were consistently expressed in normal and cancerous pancreatic ductal epithelium, established cell lines, and patient-derived primary cancer cells. Relative to healthy exocrine ducts, CXCL12 expression was pathologically repressed in pancreatic cancer tissue specimens and patient-derived cell lines. To test the functional consequences of CXCL12 silencing, pancreatic cancer cell lines stably expressingthe chemokine were engineered. Consistent with a role for CXCL12 as a tumor suppressor, cells producing the chemokine wereincreasingly adherent and migration deficient in vitro and poorly metastatic in vivo, compared to control cells. Further, CXCL12 reintroduction significantly reduced tumor growth in vitro, with significantly smaller tumors in vivo, leading to a pronounced survival advantage in a preclinical model. Together, these data demonstrate a functional tumor suppressive role for the normal expression of CXCL12 in pancreatic ducts, regulating both tumor growth andcellulardissemination to metastatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Noah P. Zimmerman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - A. Craig Mackinnon
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Evans
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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15
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Adams A, van Brussel ASA, Vermeulen JF, Mali WPTM, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Elias SG. The potential of hypoxia markers as target for breast molecular imaging--a systematic review and meta-analysis of human marker expression. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:538. [PMID: 24206539 PMCID: PMC3903452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular imaging of breast cancer is a promising emerging technology, potentially able to improve clinical care. Valid imaging targets for molecular imaging tracer development are membrane-bound hypoxia-related proteins, expressed when tumor growth outpaces neo-angiogenesis. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of such hypoxia marker expression rates in human breast cancer to evaluate their potential as clinically relevant molecular imaging targets. Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for articles describing membrane-bound proteins that are related to hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), the key regulator of the hypoxia response. We extracted expression rates of carbonic anhydrase-IX (CAIX), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4 (CXCR4), or insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in human breast disease, evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We pooled study results using random-effects models and applied meta-regression to identify associations with clinicopathological variables. Results Of 1,705 identified articles, 117 matched our selection criteria, totaling 30,216 immunohistochemistry results. We found substantial between-study variability in expression rates. Invasive cancer showed pooled expression rates of 35% for CAIX (95% confidence interval (CI): 26-46%), 51% for GLUT1 (CI: 40-61%), 46% for CXCR4 (CI: 33-59%), and 46% for IGF1R (CI: 35-70%). Expression rates increased with tumor grade for GLUT1, CAIX, and CXCR4 (all p < 0.001), but decreased for IGF1R (p < 0.001). GLUT1 showed the highest expression rate in grade III cancers with 58% (45-69%). CXCR4 showed the highest expression rate in small T1 tumors with 48% (CI: 28-69%), but associations with size were only significant for CAIX (p < 0.001; positive association) and IGF1R (p = 0.047; negative association). Although based on few studies, CAIX, GLUT1, and CXCR4 showed profound lower expression rates in normal breast tissue and benign breast disease (p < 0.001), and high rates in carcinoma in situ. Invasive lobular carcinoma consistently showed lower expression rates (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results support the potential of hypoxia-related markers as breast cancer molecular imaging targets. Although specificity is promising, combining targets would be necessary for optimal sensitivity. These data could help guide the choice of imaging targets for tracer development depending on the envisioned clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Adams
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Hung CS, Su HY, Liang HH, Lai CW, Chang YC, Ho YS, Wu CH, Ho JD, Wei PL, Chang YJ. High-level expression of CXCR4 in breast cancer is associated with early distant and bone metastases. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1581-8. [PMID: 24101191 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most life-threatening complication in all cancers. The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is expressed at high levels in many breast-cancer tumors and may modulate metastasis. We compared the time-to-metastasis and the sites of metastasis between breast-cancer tumors expressing CXCR4 at high or low levels. We enrolled 191 early breast cancer patients in our study. The expression of CXCR4 was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, and the patients were divided into low-level (CXCR4-) and high-level (CXCR4+) CXCR4 expression groups. Associations between the patients' level of CXCR4 expression and their basic clinical characteristics, time-to-metastasis, and metastatic sites were examined using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. A total of 107 CXCR4+ patients (56 %) were identified. No statistical differences were evident in basic characteristics between the CXCR4+ and CXCR4- groups. The CXCR4+ group had a higher incidence of distant metastasis during the first year (10.3 % versus 1.1 %, P = 0.009) and shorter event-free survival (17.43 months versus 27.5 months, P = 0.026) than those of the CXCR4- group. The CXCR4+ group also had a higher incidence of bone metastasis (P = 0.008) than the CXCR4- group. No significant difference in metastasis sites in other organs was observed between the two groups. A high level of CXCR4 expression in breast cancer is associated with early distant and bone metastases. The CXCR4+ phenotype may be a useful predictor for the prevention of early treatment failure and bone metastasis in breast cancer patients. This retrospective study shows that a high expression of CXCR4 in breast cancer is associated with earlier distant metastasis and bone metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Hung
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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17
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Kobayashi T, Iwaya K, Moriya T, Yamasaki T, Tsuda H, Yamamoto J, Matsubara O. A simple immunohistochemical panel comprising 2 conventional markers, Ki67 and p53, is a powerful tool for predicting patient outcome in luminal-type breast cancer. BMC Clin Pathol 2013; 13:5. [PMID: 23384409 PMCID: PMC3577510 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-13-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Ki67 is widely used in order to distinguish the "A" and "B" subtypes of luminal-type breast cancer. This study aimed to validate the prognostic value of adding p53 to Ki67 for characterizing luminal-type breast cancer. METHODS Immunostaining for Ki67, p53, and the molecular markers HER2, CK5/6, CK14, EGFR, FOXA1, GATA3, and P-cadherin was examined hormone receptor (HR)-positive cancer tissues from 150 patients. The prognostic value of an immunohistochemical panel comprising Ki67 and p53 was compared with that of the single Ki67 labeling index (LI), and uni- and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Division of the patients based on the immunohistochemistry results into favorable- (low Ki67 LI, p53-negative) and unfavorable- (high Ki67 LI and/or p53-positive) phenotype groups yielded distinctly different Kaplan-Meier's curves of both disease-free (P<0.0001) and overall survival (P=0.0007). These differences were much more distinct than those between the corresponding low Ki67 LI vs. high Ki67LI curves. While the prognostic values of the other molecular markers were not significant, combined Ki67-p53 status was an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION These data indicate that an immunohistochemical panel comprising Ki67 and p53 is a practical tool for management of patients with HR-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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18
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Renoir JM, Marsaud V, Lazennec G. Estrogen receptor signaling as a target for novel breast cancer therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:449-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Labovsky V, Vallone VBF, Martinez LM, Otaegui J, Chasseing NA. Expression of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 and their receptors in epithelial metastatic breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:29. [PMID: 22709548 PMCID: PMC3478192 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While breast cancer (BC) is the major cause of death among women worldwide, there is no guarantee of better patient survival because many of these patients develop primarily metastases, despite efforts to detect it in its early stages. Bone metastasis is a common complication that occurs in 65-80 % of patients with disseminated disease, but the molecular basis underlying dormancy, dissemination and establishment of metastasis is not understood. Our objective has been to evaluate simultaneously osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and their receptors (R) in 2 human BC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. METHODS OPG, RANKL, TRAIL and SDF-1 expression and release, in addition to the expression of their receptors has been investigated using immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry and ELISA analyses. RESULTS MCF-7 cells released higher levels of OPG in conditioned media (CM) than MDA-MB-231 cells; 100 % of both types of cell expressed OPG, RANKL, TRAIL and SDF-1. Moreover, 100 % in both lines expressed membrane RANKL and RANK, whereas only 50 % expressed CXCR4. Furthermore, 100 % expressed TRAIL-R1 and R4, 30-50 % TRAIL-R2, and 40-55 % TRAIL-R3. CONCLUSIONS MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells not only released OPG, but expressed RANKL, TRAIL and SDF-1. The majority of the cells also expressed RANK, CXCR4 and TRAIL-R. Since these ligands and their receptors are implicated in the regulation of proliferation, survival, migration and future bone metastasis during breast tumor progression, assessment of these molecules in tumor biopsies of BC patients could be useful in identifying patients with more aggressive tumors that are also at risk of bone metastasis, which may thus improve the available options for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Labovsky
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Hematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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de Oliveira KB, Guembarovski RL, Guembarovski AMFL, da Silva do Amaral Herrera AC, Sobrinho WJ, Ariza CB, Watanabe MAE. CXCL12, CXCR4 and IFNγ genes expression: implications for proinflammatory microenvironment of breast cancer. Clin Exp Med 2012; 13:211-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Felix AS, Stone RA, Chivukula M, Bowser R, Parwani AV, Linkov F, Edwards RP, Weissfeld JL. Survival outcomes in endometrial cancer patients are associated with CXCL12 and estrogen receptor expression. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E114-21. [PMID: 22025313 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CXCL12 is a chemotactic cytokine that has pro-metastatic functions in several malignancies through interactions with its receptor, CXCR4. CXCL12 is an estrogen-regulated gene, and notably, estrogen is a major risk factor for endometrial cancer (EC) development. As few studies examine concurrent CXCL12, CXCR4, and estrogen receptor (ER) expression in EC patients, we examined this pathway in 199 EC patients with data from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Registry. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect CXCR4, CXCL12 and ER protein expression. As CXCR4 expression was positive in all cases, this investigation focused on associations between CXCL12 and ER expression, clinicopathologic factors and survival outcomes using chi-square tests, Kaplan-Meier graphs, and log-rank tests. CXCL12 expression was negative in 63 cases (32%) and positive in 136 cases (68%). Negative CXCL12 expression was borderline significantly associated with metastasis (χ(2) p = 0.07). ER expression was negative in 75 cases (38%) and positive in 124 cases (62%). Positive ER expression was significantly associated with low grade and early stage tumors (χ(2) p < 0.001). CXCL12 and ER were not significantly associated (χ(2) p = 0.11). Positive CXCL12 expression was associated with longer overall survival (OS) (log-rank p = 0.006) and longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) (log-rank p = 0.01) in ER negative patients, but not in ER positive patients. We identified a unique molecular signature associated with better OS and RFS in EC patients. In addition to pathological characteristics of the tumor, expression of CXCL12 and ER may be clinically useful for assigning adjuvant treatment to EC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Felix
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852-7234, USA.
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22
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de Oliveira KB, Guembarovski RL, Oda JMM, Mantovani MS, Carrera CM, Vissoci Reiche EM, Voltarelli JC, da Silva do Amaral Herrera AC, Watanabe MAE. CXCL12 rs1801157 polymorphism and expression in peripheral blood from breast cancer patients. Cytokine 2011; 55:260-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Huang C, Gu H, Wang Y, Wang M. Estrogen-induced SDF-1 production is mediated by estrogen receptor-α in female hearts after acute ischemia and reperfusion. Surgery 2011; 150:197-203. [PMID: 21719062 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender differences exist in myocardial response to acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and estrogen mediates cardioprotection in the female heart after I/R. Accumulating evidence has indicated that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is increased in the ischemic heart and initiates cardioprotective effects. However, it is unknown whether SDF-1 plays a role in gender-specific response to myocardial I/R and in estrogen-induced acute protection. Therefore, we hypothesize that (1) increased SDF-1 production will be observed in female hearts compared with male hearts in response to I/R, which is attributable to the effect of estrogen; and that (2) estrogen receptor (ER)α, not ERβ mediates estrogen-contributed SDF-1 expression in female hearts after I/R. METHODS Heart tissue subjected to I/R injury was assessed for myocardial expression of SDF-1 (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and SDF-1 receptor-CXCR4 (Western blot). Groups were as follows: Rat hearts from adult male, female, ovariectomized female (OVX F), and male and OVX F supplemented with chronic 17β-estradiol (E2), and mouse hearts from adult male and female wild-type, ERα knockout (ERαKO) and ERβKO. RESULTS I/R significantly increased myocardial SDF-1 expression in both genders. Higher levels of SDF-1 existed in female hearts after I/R compared with males. Depletion of endogenous estrogen by ovariectomy reduced cardiac SDF-1 production in females after I/R. E2 supplementation significantly restored SDF-1 expression in OVX F and males compared with their counterparts. Notably, ablation of ERα, not ERβ, markedly decreased SDF-1 production in females after I/R. Unlike SDF-1, cardiac CXCR4 expression was not affected by gender, sex hormone, or ERs in the ischemic heart. CONCLUSION Our study represents the first evidence that female hearts exhibit higher levels of SDF-1 expression compared with males after acute I/R. This increased myocardial SDF-1 production in females is partly owing to effect of estrogen through ERα, but not ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Huang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Estrogen induces stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) production in human endometrial stromal cells: a possible role of endometrial epithelial cell growth. Fertil Steril 2010; 95:444-7. [PMID: 20869048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol enhanced stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) production levels in human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in a time- and dose-dependent manner that could be completely abolished by ICI 182,780 (estrogen receptor antagonist) and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Although SDF-1 was undetectable in the Ishikawa human endometrial epithelial cell line, its receptor (CXCR4) messenger RNA levels in Ishikawa cells were much higher than those in ESCs, and furthermore SDF-1 induced the proliferation of Ishikawa cells; SDF-1 secreted from ESCs may play a role in endometrial epithelial cell growth in the paracrine system.
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