Association of TGFB1 -509 C>T polymorphism with breast cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis involving 23,579 subjects

Transforming growth factor beta 1 polymorphisms and haplotypes associated with breast cancer susceptibility: A case-control study in Tunisian women

Variable association of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis was documented, and the contribution of specific TGFB1 polymorphisms to the progression of BC and associated features remains poorly understood. We investigated the contribution of TGFB1 rs1800469, rs1800470, rs1800471, and rs1800472 variants and 4-locus TGFB1 haplotypes on BC susceptibility, and pathological presentation of BC subtypes. Study subjects comprised 430 female BC cases, and 498 cancer-free control women. BC-associated pathological parameters were also evaluated for correlation with TGFB1 variants. Results obtained showed that the minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs1800471 (+74G>C) was higher seen in BC cases than in control subjects, and was associated with increased risk of BC. Significant differences in rs1800471 and rs1800469 (-509C>T) genotype distribution were noted between BC cases and controls, which persisted after controlling for key covariates. TGFB1 rs1800472 was positively, while rs1800470 was negatively associated with triple negativity, while rs1800470 positively correlated with menarche, but negatively with tumor size and molecular type, and rs1800469 correlated positively with menstrual irregularity, distant metastasis, nodal status, and hormonotherapy. Heterogeneity in LD pattern was noted between the tested TGFB1 variants. Four-locus (rs1800472-rs1800471-rs1800470-rs1800469) Haploview analysis identified haplotype TGCT to be negatively associated, and haplotypes CGTT and CCCC to be positively associated with BC. This association of CGTT and CCCC, but not TGCT, with BC remained significant after controlling for key covariates. In conclusion, TGFB1 alleles and specific genotypes, and 4-locus TGFB1 haplotypes influence BC susceptibility, suggesting dual association imparted by specific SNP, consistent with dual role for TGFB1 in BC pathogenesis.

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) polymorphisms and haplotype structures have dual roles in breast cancer pathogenesis

PURPOSE

Despite the documented dual role of TGFβ1 in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis, the subtype-specific influences of its polymorphisms remain undocumented. The present study investigated the effects of the TGFB1 promoter region (rs1800468 or G-800A and rs1800469 or C-509T) and signal peptide (rs1800470 or C29T and rs1800471 or G74C) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotype structures on the susceptibility and clinicopathological presentation of BC subtypes.

METHODS

TGFB1 genotypes were assessed by PCR-RFLP and haplotype structures were inferred for 323 BC patients and 405 neoplasia-free women, and case-control analyses were performed by logistic regression adjusted by age. Clinicopathological parameters (age at diagnosis, tumor size, histopathological grade, lymph node metastasis, proliferation index and disease stage) were tested for correlation with TGFB1 variants. All statistical analyses were two-tailed with an alpha level of 0.05.

RESULTS

Variants related to increased TGFβ1 production (C-509T SNP and GTCG haplotype) were associated with increased susceptibility to HER2⁺ tumors and correlated with worse prognostic parameters in HER2⁺ and triple-negative (TN) BCs, but correlated negatively to Ki67 in ER/PR⁺HER2^- tumors. Conversely, low TGFβ1 production variants (C29T SNP and GCTG haplotype) were protective against HER2⁺ tumors and correlated negatively with prognostic parameters in HER2⁺ and TN BCs, while indicating higher proliferation rates in ER/PR⁺HER2^- tumors. Furthermore, the GCCG haplotype was associated with decreased susceptibility to ER/PR⁺HER2^- tumors, but correlated positively with Ki67 in this subgroup.

CONCLUSION

The present study indicates that TGFB1 variants have subtype-specific roles in BC and may switch from tumor suppressor to promoter during tumor development, consistent with TGFβ1 dual role in BC pathogenesis.

Effects of four single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA-coding genes on lung cancer risk

No clear consensus has been reached on the four single nucleotide polymorphisms (miR-196a2 gene rs11614913, miR-146a gene rs2910164, miR-149 gene rs2292832, and miR-499 gene rs3746444) in microRNA-coding genes and lung cancer risk. We performed a meta-analysis in an effort to systematically explore the possible association. A computer retrieval of PubMed, Embase, and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science electronic databases was conducted prior to May 2014. References of retrieved articles were also screened. The fixed effects model and the random effects model were applied for dichotomous outcomes to combine the results of the individual studies. Seven studies including 3,705 cases and 4,099 controls were finally included according to the inclusion criteria. Statistical association could be found between rs11614913 polymorphism and lung cancer [C vs. T: P = 0.01, odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.20, P heterogeneity = 0.22, fixed effects model; CC + CT vs. TT: P = 0.01, OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.34, P heterogeneity = 0.32, fixed effects model; CC vs. TT: P = 0.009, OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.06-1.45, P heterogeneity = 0.34, fixed effects model]. Subgroup analysis found this association in the East Asians. As for rs2910164 polymorphism and lung cancer risk, significant association could be found in allele comparison (G vs. C: P = 0.03, OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99, P heterogeneity = 0.15, fixed effects model) and in the dominant genetic model (GG + CG vs. CC: P = 0.03, OR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.76-0.99, P heterogeneity = 0.31, fixed effects model). In the East Asian subgroup, association could also be found. No association was observed on rs2292832 or rs3746444 polymorphism and lung cancer. Our study suggested that the miR-196a2 gene rs11614913 polymorphism and the miR-146a gene rs2910164 polymorphism might associate with lung cancer risk.

XPA gene rs1800975 single nucleotide polymorphism and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis

No clear consensus has been reached on the XPA gene rs1800975 polymorphism and lung cancer risk. We performed a meta-analysis in an effort to systematically explore the possible association. We conducted a computer retrieval of PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Platform, and VIP databases prior to November 2013. References of retrieved articles were also screened. The fixed- and the random-effects model were applied for dichotomous outcomes to combine the results of the individual studies. According to the inclusion criteria, 10 articles (11 studies) were finally included. In overall, statistical association could be found between rs1800975 polymorphism and lung cancer in recessive genetic model [AA vs. (AG + GG): P = 0.02, OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.31, P heterogeneity = 0.14, fixed-effects model]. In the East Asians, significant association was found in allele comparison model (A vs. G: P = 0.03, OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.26, P heterogeneity = 0.39, fixed-effects model), in recessive genetic model [AA vs. (AG + GG): P = 0.005, OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.56, P heterogeneity = 0.58, fixed-effects model] and in the homozygote comparison (AA vs. GG: P = 0.02, OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.04-1.63, P heterogeneity = 0.39, fixed-effects model). No evidence suggested that rs1800975 polymorphism might associate with lung cancer in other ethnicities. Stratification analysis performed by histologic types indicated that AA genotype might represent a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma [AA vs. (AG + GG): P = 0.01, OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.08-1.86, P heterogeneity = 0.27, fixed-effects model; AA vs. GG: P = 0.03, OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.04-1.96, P heterogeneity = 0.21, fixed-effects model]. No association was observed in adenocarcinoma subgroup. Our study suggested that XPA rs1800975 polymorphism might associate with lung cancer risk in overall and in East Asians. This polymorphism might also associate with squamous cell carcinoma.

The relationship between RAGE gene four common polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in northeastern Han Chinese

We aimed to evaluate the association of four common polymorphisms (rs1800625, rs1800624, rs2070600, and rs184003) in receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) gene to evaluate their epistatic influence on breast cancer risk in northeastern Han Chinese. This is a hospital-based case-control study involving 509 histologically-proven breast cancer patients and 504 cancer-free controls. The genotype and allele distributions of rs184003 differed significantly between patients and controls, even after the Bonferroni correction. Individuals carrying the rs184003 T allele exhibited 1.62-fold increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 1.62; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.26–2.08; P < 0.001) after adjusting for confounders. The frequency of haplotype T-T-G-T (alleles in order of rs1800625, rs1800624, rs2070600, and rs184003) was remarkably higher in patients than in controls (Simulated P = 0.001), and this haplotype was significantly associated with a 1.43-fold (95% CI: 1.01–2.01; P = 0.041) increase in adjusted risk of breast cancer. Further analysis indicated that there was synergistic interaction between rs184003 and rs2070600, whereas their joint information gain value was relatively small (0.27%). Taken together, although there was no suggestive evidence for the presence of epistasis in RAGE gene, our findings clearly demonstrate that rs184003 might play a predominant role in the development of breast cancer.

Cytokine and cytokine receptor genes of the adaptive immune response are differentially associated with breast cancer risk in American women of African and European ancestry

Disparities in breast cancer biology are evident between American women of African ancestry (AA) and European ancestry (EA) and may be due, in part, to differences in immune function. To assess the potential role of constitutional host immunity on breast carcinogenesis, we tested associations between breast cancer risk and 47 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 26 cytokine-related genes of the adaptive immune system using 650 EA (n = 335 cases) and 864 AA (n = 458 cases) women from the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS). With additional participant accrual to the WCHS, promising SNPs from the initial analysis were evaluated in a larger sample size (1,307 EAs and 1,365 AAs). Multivariate logistic regression found SNPs in genes important for T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity (IFNGR2 rs1059293, IL15RA rs2296135, LTA rs1041981), Th2 immunity (IL4R rs1801275), and T regulatory cell-mediated immunosuppression (TGFB1 rs1800469) associated with breast cancer risk, mainly among AAs. The combined effect of these five SNPs was highly significant among AAs (P-trend = 0.0005). When stratified by estrogen receptor (ER) status, LTA rs1041981 was associated with ER-positive breast cancers among EAs and marginally among AAs. Only among AA women, IL15 rs10833 and IL15RA rs2296135 were associated with ER-positive tumors, and IL12RB1 rs375947, IL15 rs10833 and TGFB1 rs1800469 were associated with ER-negative tumors. Our study systematically identified genetic variants in the adaptive immune response pathway associated with breast cancer risk, which appears to differ by ancestry groups, menopausal status and ER status.

Associations between genetic variants in the TGF-β signaling pathway and breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women

The TGF-β signaling pathway has a significant role in breast cancer initiation and promotion by regulating various cellular processes. We evaluated whether genetic variation in eight genes (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-βR1, TGF-βR2, TGF-βR3, RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3) is associated with breast cancer risk in women from the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study. A total of 3,524 cases (1,431 non-Hispanic whites (NHW); 2,093 Hispanics/Native Americans(NA)) and 4,209 population-based controls (1,599 NHWs; 2,610 Hispanics/NAs) were included in analyses. Genotypes for 47 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined. Additionally, 104 ancestral informative markers estimated proportion of NA ancestry. Associations with breast cancer risk overall, by menopausal status, NA ancestry, and estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor tumor phenotype were evaluated. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, two SNPs were significantly associated with breast cancer risk: RUNX3 (rs906296 ORCG/GG = 1.15 95 % CI 1.04-1.26) and TGF-β1 (rs4803455 ORCA/AA = 0.89 95 % CI 0.81-0.98). RUNX3 (rs906296) and TGF-βR2 (rs3773644) were associated with risk in pre-menopausal women (p adj = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively) and in those with intermediate to high NA ancestry (p adj = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Self-reported race was strongly correlated with NA ancestry (r = 0.86). There was a significant interaction between NA ancestry and RUNX1 (rs7279383, p adj = 0.04). Four RUNX SNPs were associated with increased risk of ER- tumors. Results provide evidence that genetic variation in TGF-β and RUNX genes are associated with breast cancer risk. This is the first report of significant associations between genetic variants in TGF-β and RUNX genes and breast cancer risk among women of NA ancestry.

Association of TGF-β1 -509C/T polymorphisms with breast cancer risk: evidence from an updated meta-analysis

Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) -509C/T polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. However, the results remain conflicting rather than conclusive. The aim of this study was to comprehensively clarify the association between TGF-β1 -509C/T polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. All relevant studies were searched in the electronic databases. The potential sources of heterogeneity were detected with the chi-square-based Q test. The strength of associations between TGF-β1 -509C/T polymorphisms and breast cancer risk was measured by odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Publication bias was tested by Begg's test and Egger's test. A total of 10 studies including 10,913 cases and 14,187 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, there was no evidence of significant association of TGF-β1 -509C/T polymorphisms with breast cancer risk (TT vs. CC [OR = 0.97, 95 % CI = 0.83-1.14]; CT vs. CC [OR = 1.05, 95 % CI = 0.90-1.22]; TT + CT vs. CC [OR = 0.99, 95 % CI = 0.91-1.08]; T allele vs. C allele [OR = 0.99, 95 % CI = 0.93-1.06]). Similar results were also found in the subgroup analyses by ethnicity and source of control. When stratified by estrogen receptor (ER) status, TT genotype and T allele were associated with a decreased ER-positive breast cancer risk (OR = 0.66, 95 % CI = 0.49-0.90 and OR = 0.85, 95 % CI = 0.75-0.96, respectively). The present meta-analysis results suggest that TGF-β1 -509C/T variants may not contribute to the risk of breast cancer overall. However, T allele may be a potential protective factor for developing ER-positive breast cancer. Well-designed studies with larger sample size were required to verify our findings further.

Transforming growth factor beta-1 C-509T polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 55 case-control studies

AIM

To investigate the association of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) C-509T polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer by means of meta-analysis.

METHODS

An extensive search was performed to identify eligible case-control studies investigating such a link. The strength of the association between TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphism and cancer risk was assessed by pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95%confidence intervals (95%CIs) in fixed or random effects models.

RESULTS

55 published case-control studies with a total number of 21,639 cases and 28,460 controls were included. Overall, there was no association between TGF-β1 C-509T and cancer risk in all genetic comparison models (TT vs. CC: OR=1.01, 95%CI=0.89-1.15; T vs. C: OR=1.01, 95%CI=0.94-1.07). However, a stratified analysis by cancer type indicated -509 T allele was significantly associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) (TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.85, 95%CI=0.76-0.95), especially for Caucasians (TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.83, 95%CI=0.71-0.98) and for population-based studies (TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.68- 0.89).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggested that TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphism might contribute to a decreased risk on colorectal cancer susceptibility, especially for Caucasians.

Genetic variation in transforming growth factor beta 1 and mammographic density in Singapore Chinese women

TGF-β plays a critical role in normal mammary development and morphogenesis. Decreased TGF-β signaling has been associated with increased mammographic density. Percent mammographic density (PMD) adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) is a strong risk factor and predictor of breast cancer risk. PMD is highly heritable, but few genetic determinants have been identified. We investigated the association between genetic variation in TGFB1 and PMD using a cross-sectional study of 2,038 women who were members of the population-based Singapore Chinese Health Study cohort. We assessed PMD using a computer-assisted method. We used linear regression to examine the association between nine tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of TGFB1 and PMD and their interaction with parity, adjusting for age, BMI, and dialect group. We calculated P values adjusted for correlated tests (P(ACT)) to account for multiple testing. The strongest association was observed for rs2241716. Adjusted PMD was higher by 1.5% per minor allele (P(ACT) = 0.04). When stratifying by parity, this association was limited to nulliparous women. For nulliparous women, adjusted PMD was higher by 8.6% per minor allele (P(ACT) = 0.003; P for interaction with parity = 0.002). Three additional TGFB1 tagging SNPs, which were in linkage disequilibrium with rs2241716, were statistically significantly associated with adjusted PMD (P(ACT) < 0.05) for nulliparous women. However, none of these three SNPs showed statistically significant association after adjusting for rs2241716. Our data support that TGFB1 genetic variation may be an important genetic determinant of mammographic density measure that predicts breast cancer risk, particularly in nulliparous women.

Heterozygosity for TGF β1 -509C/T Polymorphism is associated with risk for breast cancer in South Indian population

Transformation growth factor β1 is a multipotent cytokine that mediates the development, differentiation, and neoplasm of the mammary gland. TGF β1 is known to exert both tumor suppressive and progressive effect at different stages of carcinogenesis. Several studies have shown the association of TGF β1 expression with breast cancer markers like estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her2/neu. TGF β1 expression is known to be influenced by -509C/T promoter polymorphism. Hence, the present study is aimed to evaluate the possible role of TGF β1 -509C/T promoter polymorphism in breast cancer and its association with ER, PR, and Her2 status based on case-control study in South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh. Our study revealed a significant increase of CT genotype in breast cancer patients compared to controls (CT vs. CC: χ (2) = 6.054, P = 0.014, OR 2.005, 95 % CI 1.182-3.403). However, there was no correlation between TGF β1 -509C/T polymorphism and other factors like age at onset, ER, PR, Her2 status, etc. Further, CT genotype was found to be associated with increased risk in advanced stages of breast cancer (CC vs. CT: OR 2.315, 95 % CI 1.143-4.688) and a border line significance with postmenopausal women (CT vs. CC: χ (2) = 3.128, P = 0.07, OR 2.095, 95 % CI 0.991-4.428).

Evaluation of functional genetic variants for breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai breast cancer study

In previous studies among 1,144 cases and 1,256 controls recruited in stage 1 of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study (SBCS I; 1996-1998), 18 known or potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 16 genes were found to be associated with breast cancer risk. The authors evaluated these associations among 1,918 cases and 1,819 controls recruited in stage 2 of the SBCS (SBCS II; 2002-2005) using genetic effect models and subgroup analyses predetermined from SBCS I results. Five SNPs (AHR rs2066853, ATM rs1003623, ESR1 rs2234693, GSTP1 rs1695, and SHBG rs6259) showed generally consistent results in SBCS I and SBCS II and statistically significant associations with breast cancer risk in combined analyses, mostly in subgroups defined by age or menopausal status. Further, the relation between breast cancer risk and SHBG rs6259 was found to vary by body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) (P for interaction = 0.003). The strongest reduction in risk associated with SHBG rs6259 was found for lean (body mass index <23) postmenopausal minor allele carriers (odds ratio = 0.6, 95% confidence interval: 0.5, 0.8; P = 4.6 × 10(-4)). This biologically plausible and highly significant finding provides strong evidence for a true association among Asian women. This study also highlights the value of gene-environment interaction analyses in evaluating genetic factors for complex diseases.

Association of functional -509C>T polymorphism in the TGF-β1 gene with infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma risk in a Russian Western Siberian population

BACKGROUND

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in human mammary carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between -509C>T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the TGF-β1 gene and infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma risk in Russian patients of Western Siberian region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood samples collected from 218 women with histologically confirmed infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma and 290 healthy female controls were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods.

RESULTS

The -509TT genotype was significantly associated with a decreased risk for ductal breast carcinoma (OR=0.47, CI: 0.26-0.82, P=0.004). Similarly, the -509T was significantly less in ductal breast cancer patients (34.4%) than in control individuals (41.6%; OR=0.74, CI: 0.57-0.96, P=0.02). With the exception of association between the -509TT genotype and large tumor size (P=0.01), there was no significant association between the studied polymorphism and clinicopathological characteristics.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that polymorphism of TGF-β1 -509C>T gene may modify individual susceptibility to infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma in Russian women of Western Siberian region.