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Langsten KL, Shi L, Wilson AS, Lumia S, Westwood B, Skeen AM, Xie MT, Surratt VE, Turner J, Langefeld CD, Singh R, Cook KL, Kerr BA. A Novel Metastatic Estrogen Receptor-Expressing Breast Cancer Model with Antiestrogen Responsiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5773. [PMID: 38136319 PMCID: PMC10742098 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Most women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) have estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ER+) disease. The current mouse models of ER+ BC often rely on exogenous estrogen to encourage metastasis, which modifies the immune system and the function of some tissues like bone. Other studies use genetically modified or immunocompromised mouse strains, which do not accurately replicate the clinical disease. To create a model of antiestrogen responsive BC with spontaneous metastasis, we developed a mouse model of 4T1.2 triple-negative (TN) breast cancer with virally transduced ER expression that metastasizes spontaneously without exogenous estrogen stimulation and is responsive to antiestrogen drugs. Our mouse model exhibited upregulated ER-responsive genes and multi-organ metastasis without exogenous estrogen administration. Additionally, we developed a second TN BC cell line, E0771/bone, to express ER, and while it expressed ER-responsive genes, it lacked spontaneous metastasis to clinically important tissues. Following antiestrogen treatment (tamoxifen, ICI 182,780, or vehicle control), 4T1.2- and E0771/bone-derived tumor volumes and weights were significantly decreased, exemplifying antiestrogen responsivity in both cell lines. This 4T1.2 tumor model, which expresses the estrogen receptor, metastasizes spontaneously, and responds to antiestrogen treatment, will allow for further investigation into the biology and potential treatment of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall L. Langsten
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Adam S. Wilson
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.S.W.); (B.W.)
| | - Salvatore Lumia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Brian Westwood
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.S.W.); (B.W.)
| | - Alexandra M. Skeen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Maria T. Xie
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Victoria E. Surratt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
| | - JoLyn Turner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Katherine L. Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (A.S.W.); (B.W.)
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Bethany A. Kerr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.L.L.); (L.S.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.); (M.T.X.); (V.E.S.); (J.T.); (R.S.); (K.L.C.)
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Tufail M, Wu C. RANK pathway in cancer: underlying resistance and therapeutic approaches. J Chemother 2023; 35:369-382. [PMID: 36200617 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2129752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the deadliest diseases despite advances in treatment. Metastatic cancers are the leading cause of death for advanced cancer patients. Those with advanced cancer with osteolytic-type bone metastases have a significantly lower quality of life. A novel treatment plan is needed now more than ever for breast cancer patients with bone metastases. There are shreds of evidence that cancer cells in the bloodstream interact with the bone microenvironment and that this interaction is a contributing component to breast cancer progression. Preventing any stage of this cycle can result in anti-metastasis effects. Since RANKL interacts with its receptor RANK and plays an important role in the vicious cycle, it has proven to be a successful therapeutic target in cancer treatment. As a result, we have presented a complete overview of the RANK pathway in cancer and discussed RANK signaling and tumor microenvironment, and potential therapeutic approaches in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tufail
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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3
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The Roadmap of RANKL/RANK Pathway in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081978. [PMID: 34440747 PMCID: PMC8393235 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway was identified in the late 1990s and is the key mediator of bone remodeling. Targeting RANKL with the antibody denosumab is part of the standard of care for bone loss diseases, including bone metastases (BM). Over the last decade, evidence has implicated RANKL/RANK pathway in hormone and HER2-driven breast carcinogenesis and in the acquisition of molecular and phenotypic traits associated with breast cancer (BCa) aggressiveness and poor prognosis. This marked a new era in the research of the therapeutic use of RANKL inhibition in BCa. RANKL/RANK pathway is also an important immune mediator, with anti-RANKL therapy recently linked to improved response to immunotherapy in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This review summarizes and discusses the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the relevance of the RANKL/RANK pathway in cancer biology and therapeutics, focusing on bone metastatic disease, BCa onset and progression, and immune modulation.
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Cheng JN, Frye JB, Whitman SA, Kunihiro AG, Pandey R, Funk JL. A Role for TGFβ Signaling in Preclinical Osteolytic Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Bone Metastases Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4463. [PMID: 33923316 PMCID: PMC8123146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While tumoral Smad-mediated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling drives osteolytic estrogen receptor α-negative (ER-) breast cancer bone metastases (BMETs) in preclinical models, its role in ER+ BMETs, representing the majority of clinical BMETs, has not been documented. Experiments were undertaken to examine Smad-mediated TGFβ signaling in human ER+ cells and bone-tropic behavior following intracardiac inoculation of estrogen (E2)-supplemented female nude mice. While all ER+ tumor cells tested (ZR-75-1, T47D, and MCF-7-derived) expressed TGFβ receptors II and I, only cells with TGFβ-inducible Smad signaling (MCF-7) formed osteolytic BMETs in vivo. Regulated secretion of PTHrP, an osteolytic factor expressed in >90% of clinical BMETs, also tracked with osteolytic potential; TGFβ and E2 each induced PTHrP in bone-tropic or BMET-derived MCF-7 cells, with the combination yielding additive effects, while in cells not forming BMETs, PTHrP was not induced. In vivo treatment with 1D11, a pan-TGFβ neutralizing antibody, significantly decreased osteolytic ER+ BMETs in association with a decrease in bone-resorbing osteoclasts at the tumor-bone interface. Thus, TGFβ may also be a driver of ER+ BMET osteolysis. Moreover, additive pro-osteolytic effects of tumoral E2 and TGFβ signaling could at least partially explain the greater propensity for ER+ tumors to form BMETs, which are primarily osteolytic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Cheng
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Jennifer B. Frye
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (J.B.F.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Susan A. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (J.B.F.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Andrew G. Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Ritu Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (J.B.F.); (S.A.W.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
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5
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Cheng JN, Frye JB, Whitman SA, Kunihiro AG, Brickey JA, Funk JL. Osteolytic effects of tumoral estrogen signaling in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer bone metastasis model. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2021; 7:17. [PMID: 34790880 PMCID: PMC8594878 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2021.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Estrogen receptor α-positive (ER+) subtypes of breast cancer have the greatest predilection for forming osteolytic bone metastases (BMETs). Because tumor-derived factors mediate osteolysis, a possible role for tumoral ERα signaling in driving ER+ BMET osteolysis was queried using an estrogen (E2)-dependent ER+ breast cancer BMET model. METHODS Female athymic Foxn1nu mice were inoculated with human ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells via the left cardiac ventricle post-E2 pellet placement, and age- and dose-dependent E2 effects on osteolytic ER+ BMET progression, as well as direct bone effects of E2, were determined. RESULTS Osteolytic BMETs, which did not form in the absence of E2 supplementation, occurred with the same frequency in young (5-week-old) vs. skeletally mature (16-week-old) E2 (0.72 mg)-treated mice, but were larger in young mice where anabolic bone effects of E2 were greater. However, in mice of a single age and across a range of E2 doses, anabolic E2 bone effects were constant, while osteolytic ER+ BMET lesion incidence and size increased in an E2-dose-dependent fashion. Osteoclasts in ER+ tumor-bearing (but not tumor-naive) mice increased in an E2-dose dependent fashion at the bone-tumor interface, while histologic tumor size and proliferation did not vary with E2 dose. E2-inducible tumoral secretion of the osteolytic factor parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was dose-dependent and mediated by ERα, with significantly greater levels of secretion from ER+ BMET-derived tumor cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that tumoral ERα signaling may contribute to ER+ BMET-associated osteolysis, potentially explaining the greater predilection for ER+ tumors to form clinically-evident osteolytic BMETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Cheng
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Frye
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Susan A. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Andrew G. Kunihiro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Julia A. Brickey
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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6
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Hadaya D, Soundia A, Gkouveris I, Bezouglaia O, Dry SM, Pirih FQ, Aghaloo TL, Tetradis S. Antiresorptive-Type and Discontinuation-Timing Affect ONJ Burden. J Dent Res 2021; 100:746-753. [PMID: 33478337 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520986804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ), a severe side effect of antiresorptive medications, is characterized by exposed, nonhealing bone in the oral cavity. Treatment options for ONJ range from management of symptomology to surgical resection of the affected area. Antiresorptive discontinuation, often termed a "drug holiday," has been used for managing ONJ patients. Antiresorptives can be discontinued prior to oral surgical procedures, such as tooth extraction, to prevent ONJ development or in patients with established ONJ to accelerate healing. Here, our objective was to test these clinical scenarios using the potent bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (ZA), and the denosumab surrogate for rodents, OPG-Fc, in a rat model of ONJ. Animals were pretreated with antiresorptives or saline, after which we induced ONJ using periapical disease and tooth extraction. In our first experimental design, antiresorptives were discontinued 1 wk prior to tooth extraction, and animals were evaluated 4 wk later for clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of ONJ. In the second experiment, ONJ was established and antiresorptives were discontinued for 4 wk. Discontinuation of OPG-Fc, but not ZA, prior to tooth extraction ameliorated subsequent ONJ development. In contrast, discontinuation of either ZA or OPG-Fc in rats with established ONJ did not lead to ONJ resolution. In conclusion, our findings suggest that antiresorptive discontinuation is dependent on both the type of antiresorptive and the timing of discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hadaya
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Soundia
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I Gkouveris
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - O Bezouglaia
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S M Dry
- UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Q Pirih
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T L Aghaloo
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Tetradis
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Deligiorgi MV, Panayiotidis MI, Griniatsos J, Trafalis DT. Harnessing the versatile role of OPG in bone oncology: counterbalancing RANKL and TRAIL signaling and beyond. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:13-30. [PMID: 31578655 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More than 2 decades ago, the discovery of osteoprotegerin (OPG) as inhibitor of the receptor of activator of nuclear factor Kb (RANK) ligand (RANKL) revolutionized our understanding of bone biology and oncology. Besides acting as decoy receptor for RANKL, OPG acts as decoy receptor for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). OPG, RANKL, and TRAIL are ubiquitously expressed, stimulating per se pivotal signaling cascades implicated in cancer. In the context of cancer cell-bone cell interactions, cancer cells skew the OPG/RANKL/RANK (RANKL cognate receptor) balance towards bone destruction and tumor growth through favoring the RANKL/RANK interface, circumventing OPG. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the dual role of OPG in cancer: antitumor and tumor-promoting. OPG potentially conveys an antitumor signal through inhibiting the tumor-promoting RANKL signaling-both the osteoclast-dependent and the osteoclast-independent-and the tumor-promoting TRAIL signaling. On the other hand, the presumed tumor-promoting functions of OPG are: (i) abrogation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis of cancer cells; (ii) abrogation of RANKL-induced antitumor immunity; and (iii) stimulation of oncogenic and prometastatic signaling cascades downstream of the interaction of OPG with diverse proteins. The present review dissects the role of OPG in bone oncology. It presents the available preclinical and clinical data sustaining the dual role of OPG in cancer and focuses on the imbalanced RANKL/RANK/OPG interplay in the landmark "vicious cycle" of skeletal metastatic disease, osteosarcoma, and multiple myeloma. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in exploiting OPG signaling in bone oncology therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Deligiorgi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Room A516, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - John Griniatsos
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Str, Goudi, 115-27, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Skeletal impact of 17β-estradiol in T cell-deficient mice: age-dependent bone effects and osteosarcoma formation. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 37:269-281. [PMID: 31863240 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-10012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen (E2)-dependent ER+ breast cancer, the most common breast cancer subtype, is also the most likely to metastasize to bone and form osteolytic lesions. However, ER+ breast cancer bone metastasis human xenograft models in nude mice are rarely studied due to complexities associated with distinguishing possible tumoral vs. bone microenvironmental effects of E2. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically examined bone effects of E2 in developing young (4-week-old) vs. skeletally mature (15-week-old) female Foxn1nu nude mice supplemented with commercial 60-day slow-release E2 pellets and doses commonly used for ER+ xenograft models. E2 pellets (0.05-0.72 mg) were implanted subcutaneously and longitudinal changes in hind limb bones (vs. age-matched controls) were determined over 6 weeks by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), microCT, radiographic imaging, and histology, concurrent with assessment of serum levels of E2 and bone turnover markers. All E2 doses tested induced significant and identical increases in bone density (BMD) and volume (BV/TV) in 4-week-old mice with high bone turnover, increasing bone mineral content (BMC) while suppressing increases in bone area (BA). E2 supplementation, which caused dose-dependent changes in circulating E2 that were not sustained, also led to more modest increases in BMD and BV/TV in skeletally mature 15-week-old mice. Notably, E2-supplementation induced osteolytic osteosarcomas in a subset of mice independent of age. These results demonstrate that bone effects of E2 supplementation should be accounted for when assessing ER+ human xenograft bone metastases models.
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Navet B, Ando K, Vargas-Franco JW, Brion R, Amiaud J, Mori K, Yagita H, Mueller CG, Verrecchia F, Dumars C, Heymann MF, Heymann D, Lézot F. The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Implications of RANKL/RANK Signaling in Osteosarcoma: From Tumor Initiation to Lung Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110398. [PMID: 30355966 PMCID: PMC6265790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is the most frequent form of malignant pediatric bone tumor. Despite the current therapeutic arsenal, patient life-expectancy remains low if metastases are detected at the time of diagnosis, justifying research into better knowledge at all stages of osteosarcoma ontogenesis and identification of new therapeutic targets. Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB (RANK)expression has been reported in osteosarcoma cells, raising the question of Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB Ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling implications in these tumor cells (intrinsic), in addition to previously reported implications through osteoclast activation in the tumor microenvironment (extrinsic). Methods: Based on in vitro and in vivo experimentations using human and mouse osteosarcoma cell lines, the consequences on the main cellular processes of RANK expression in osteosarcoma cells were analyzed. Results: The results revealed that RANK expression had no impact on cell proliferation and tumor growth, but stimulated cellular differentiation and, in an immune-compromised environment, increased the number of lung metastases. The analysis of RANKL, RANK and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expressions in biopsies of a cohort of patients revealed that while RANK expression in osteosarcoma cells was not significantly different between patients with or without metastases at the time of diagnosis, the OPG/RANK ratio decreased significantly. Conclusion: Altogether, these results are in favor of RANKL-RANK signaling inhibition as an adjuvant for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Navet
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Kosei Ando
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Jorge William Vargas-Franco
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia.
| | - Régis Brion
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôtel Dieu, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Jérome Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Kanji Mori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Franck Verrecchia
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Clotilde Dumars
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôtel Dieu, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
- INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
- INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
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Sarink D, Schock H, Johnson T, Chang-Claude J, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Arveux P, Fournier A, Kvaskoff M, Boeing H, Karakatsani A, Trichopoulou A, La Vecchia C, Masala G, Agnoli C, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, van Gils CH, Peeters PHM, Weiderpass E, Agudo A, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Gil L, Kaw KT, Schmidt JA, Dossus L, His M, Aune D, Riboli E, Kaaks R, Fortner RT. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and risk of death following a breast cancer diagnosis: results from the EPIC cohort. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1010. [PMID: 30348163 PMCID: PMC6196438 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)-signaling is involved in tumor growth and spread in experimental models. Binding of RANK ligand (RANKL) to RANK activates signaling, which is inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG). We have previously shown that circulating soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and OPG are associated with breast cancer risk. Here we extend these findings to provide the first data on pre-diagnosis concentrations of sRANKL and OPG and risk of breast cancer-specific and overall mortality after a breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS Two thousand six pre- and postmenopausal women with incident invasive breast cancer (1620 (81%) with ER+ disease) participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort were followed-up for mortality. Pre-diagnosis concentrations of sRANKL and OPG were quantified in baseline serum samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electrochemiluminescent assay, respectively. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer-specific and overall mortality were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS Especially in women with ER+ disease, higher circulating OPG concentrations were associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific (quintile 5 vs 1 HR 1.77 [CI 1.03, 3.04]; ptrend 0.10) and overall mortality (q5 vs 1 HR 1.39 [CI 0.94, 2.05]; ptrend 0.02). sRANKL and the sRANKL/OPG ratio were not associated with mortality following a breast cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS High pre-diagnosis endogenous concentrations of OPG, the decoy receptor for RANKL, were associated with increased risk of death after a breast cancer diagnosis, especially in those with ER+ disease. These results need to be confirmed in well-characterized patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danja Sarink
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena Schock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Patrick Arveux
- Breast and Gynaecologic Cancer Registry of Côte d’Or, Georges-François Leclerc Comprehensive Cancer Care Centre, Dijon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Agnès Fournier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marina Kvaskoff
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anna Karakatsani
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, Haidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute – ISP, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicine Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, “Civic M.P.Arezzo” Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy
| | - Carla H. van Gils
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra H. M. Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Gil
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kay Tee Kaw
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie A. Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laure Dossus
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde His
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renée T. Fortner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Sousa S, Clézardin P. Bone-Targeted Therapies in Cancer-Induced Bone Disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:227-250. [PMID: 29079995 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone disease is a major source of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Thus, effective bone-targeted therapies are essential to improve disease-free, overall survival and quality of life of cancer patients with bone metastases. Depending of the cancer-type, bone metastases mainly involve the modulation of osteoclast and/or osteoblast activity by tumour cells. To inhibit metastatic bone disease effectively, it is imperative to understand its underlying mechanisms and identify the target cells for therapy. If the aim is to prevent bone metastasis, it is essential to target not only bone metastatic features in the tumour cells, but also tumour-nurturing bone microenvironment properties. The currently available bone-targeted agents mainly affect osteoclasts, inhibiting bone resorption (e.g. bisphosphonates, denosumab). Some agents targeting osteoblasts begin to emerge which target osteoblasts (e.g. romosozumab), activating bone formation. Moreover, certain drugs initially thought to target only osteoclasts are now known to have a dual action (activating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts, e.g. proteasome inhibitors). This review will focus on the evolution of bone-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer-induced bone disease, summarizing preclinical and clinical findings obtained with anti-resorptive and bone anabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sousa
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, 69372, Lyon, France.
- Faculty of Medicine Laennec, University of Lyon-1, 69372, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, 69372, Lyon, France
- Faculty of Medicine Laennec, University of Lyon-1, 69372, Villeurbanne, France
- European Cancer and Bone Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Bone Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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12
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Goswami S, Sharma-Walia N. Osteoprotegerin rich tumor microenvironment: implications in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42777-42791. [PMID: 27072583 PMCID: PMC5173171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble decoy receptor for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). It belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). OPG was initially discovered to contribute to homeostasis of bone turnover due to its capability of binding to receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB). However, apart from bone turnover, OPG plays important and diverse role(s) in many biological functions. Besides having anti-osteoclastic activity, OPG is thought to exert a protective anti-apoptotic action in OPG-expressing tumors by overcoming the physiologic mechanism of tumor surveillance exerted by TRAIL. Along with inhibiting TRAIL induced apoptosis, it can induce proliferation by binding to various cell surface receptors and thus turning on the canonical cell survival and proliferative pathways. OPG also induces angiogenesis, one of the hallmarks of cancer, thus facilitating tumor growth. Recently, the understanding of OPG and its different roles has been augmented substantially. This review is aimed at providing a very informative overview as to how OPG affects cancer progression especially breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Goswami
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Ouyang Z, Guo X, Chen X, Liu B, Zhang Q, Yin Z, Zhai Z, Qu X, Liu X, Peng D, Shen Y, Liu T, Zhang Q. Hypericin targets osteoclast and prevents breast cancer-induced bone metastasis via NFATc1 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1868-1884. [PMID: 29416737 PMCID: PMC5788605 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the most common target organ of metastasis of breast cancers. This produces considerable morbidity due to skeletal-related events, and severely reduces the quality of life. Increased osteoclast activity is implicated in breast cancer outgrowth in the bone microenvironment. Our previous observation of an anti-osteoclastic activity of hypericin, a natural plant compound, led us to investigate whether hypericin could inhibit bone metastasis and osteolysis caused by breast cancer. We find that hypericin inhibited the upregulation of osteoclasts stimulated by breast cancer cells. The activity of hypericin on osteoclasts and breast cancer-mediated osteoclastogenesis was associated with the inhibition of NFATc1 signaling pathway and attenuation of Ca2+ oscillation. Furthermore, hypericin suppresses invasion and migration in breast cancer cells, but has little effect on breast cancer-cell induced RANKL/OPG ratio in osteoblast or the expression of osteoclast-activating factors. Administration of hypericin could reduce tumor burden, osteolysis induced by direct inoculation of MDA-MB-231 cells into the bone marrow cavity of the tibia as well as metastasis of bone and improve survival in an experimental metastasis model by intracardiac injection of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that hypericin may be a potential natural agent for preventing and treating bone destruction in patients with bone metastasis due to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiao Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zanjing Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xuqiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Artificial Joints Engineering and Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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14
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The anti-tumor effect of RANKL inhibition in malignant solid tumors - A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 62:18-28. [PMID: 29154022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At present, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) does not only induce an increase in bone mass and strength, but also has anti-tumor effects. Denosumab, an antibody targeting RANKL, is used to treat osteoporosis and to prevent skeletal related events (SREs) in patients with bone metastases originating from solid tumors. However, expression of RANKL and its receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) is not solely restricted to cells involved in homeostasis of the bone and RANKL-RANK signalling appears to play a substantial role in many other processes in the body like mammary physiology, mammary tumorigenesis and the immune system. In pre-clinical models, RANKL inhibition has been shown to reduce skeletal tumor burden and distant metastases as well as to decrease mammary carcinogenesis. Clinically, RANKL inhibition improves bone-metastasis free survival in patients with prostate cancer and disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer. In addition, RANKL treatment may form a preventative strategy in patients at high risk for malignancies of the breast. Current clinical studies are evaluating the effect of denosumab on survival, the immune system and other biomarkers into a greater extent. To that purpose, a systematic review of the literature was performed and a narrative review synthesized, describing the present pre-clinical and clinical evidence of an anti-tumor effect of RANKL inhibition and the potential role of the immune system as one of the underlying mechanisms.
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15
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Patkar S, Magen A, Sharan R, Hannenhalli S. A network diffusion approach to inferring sample-specific function reveals functional changes associated with breast cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005793. [PMID: 29190299 PMCID: PMC5708603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Guilt-by-association codifies the empirical observation that a gene's function is informed by its neighborhood in a biological network. This would imply that when a gene's network context is altered, for instance in disease condition, so could be the gene's function. Although context-specific changes in biological networks have been explored, the potential changes they may induce on the functional roles of genes are yet to be characterized. Here we analyze, for the first time, the network-induced potential functional changes in breast cancer. Using transcriptomic samples for 1047 breast tumors and 110 healthy breast tissues from TCGA, we derive sample-specific protein interaction networks and assign sample-specific functions to genes via a diffusion strategy. Testing for significant changes in the inferred functions between normal and cancer samples, we find several functions to have significantly gained or lost genes in cancer, not due to differential expression of genes known to perform the function, but rather due to changes in the network topology. Our predicted functional changes are supported by mutational and copy number profiles in breast cancers. Our diffusion-based functional assignment provides a novel characterization of a tumor that is complementary to the standard approach based on functional annotation alone. Importantly, this characterization is effective in predicting patient survival, as well as in predicting several known histopathological subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Patkar
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Assaf Magen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roded Sharan
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Updates on the role of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin pathway in breast cancer risk and treatment. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 29:4-11. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Cai YD, Zhang Q, Zhang YH, Chen L, Huang T. Identification of Genes Associated with Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bone on a Protein–Protein Interaction Network with a Shortest Path Algorithm. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1027-1038. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Cai
- School
of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute
of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- College
of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute
of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
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18
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In Vitro Co-Culture Models of Breast Cancer Metastatic Progression towards Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091405. [PMID: 27571063 PMCID: PMC5037685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced breast cancer frequently metastasizes to bone through a multistep process involving the detachment of cells from the primary tumor, their intravasation into the bloodstream, adhesion to the endothelium and extravasation into the bone, culminating with the establishment of a vicious cycle causing extensive bone lysis. In recent years, the crosstalk between tumor cells and secondary organs microenvironment is gaining much attention, being indicated as a crucial aspect in all metastatic steps. To investigate the complex interrelation between the tumor and the microenvironment, both in vitro and in vivo models have been exploited. In vitro models have some advantages over in vivo, mainly the possibility to thoroughly dissect in controlled conditions and with only human cells the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the metastatic progression. In this article we will review the main results deriving from in vitro co-culture models, describing mechanisms activated in the crosstalk between breast cancer and bone cells which drive the different metastatic steps.
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19
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Murine models of breast cancer bone metastasis. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:804. [PMID: 27867497 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases cause significant morbidity and mortality in late-stage breast cancer patients and are currently considered incurable. Investigators rely on translational models to better understand the pathogenesis of skeletal complications of malignancy in order to identify therapeutic targets that may ultimately prevent and treat solid tumor metastasis to bone. Many experimental models of breast cancer bone metastases are in use today, each with its own caveats. In this methods review, we characterize the bone phenotype of commonly utilized human- and murine-derived breast cell lines that elicit osteoblastic and/or osteolytic destruction of bone in mice and report methods for optimizing tumor-take in murine models of bone metastasis. We then provide protocols for four of the most common xenograft and syngeneic inoculation routes for modeling breast cancer metastasis to the skeleton in mice, including the intra-cardiac, intra-arterial, orthotopic and intra-tibial methods of tumor cell injection. Recommendations for in vivo and ex vivo assessment of tumor progression and bone destruction are provided, followed by discussion of the strengths and limitations of the available tools and translational models that aid investigators in the study of breast cancer metastasis to bone.
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20
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Wang H, Shen W, Hu X, Zhang Y, Zhuo Y, Li T, Mei F, Li X, Xiao L, Chu T. Quetiapine inhibits osteoclastogenesis and prevents human breast cancer-induced bone loss through suppression of the RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 149:705-14. [PMID: 25667102 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss is one of the major complications of advanced cancers such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer. Extensive research has revealed that the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which is considered to be a key factor in osteoclast differentiation, plays an important role in cancer-associated bone resorption. Therefore, agents that can suppress this bone loss have therapeutic potential. In this study, we detected whether quetiapine (QUE), a commonly used atypical antipsychotic drug, can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and prevent human breast cancer-induced bone loss in vivo. RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were used to detect inhibitory effect of QUE on osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Mouse model of breast cancer metastasis to bone was used to test suppressive effect of QUE on breast cancer-induced bone loss in vivo. Our results show that QUE can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation from RAW 264.7 cells and BMMs without signs of cytotoxicity. Moreover, QUE reduced the occurrence of MDA-MB-231 cell-induced osteolytic bone loss by suppressing the differentiation of osteoclasts. Finally, molecular analysis revealed that it is by inhibiting RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways that QUE suppressed the osteoclast differentiation. We demonstrate, for the first time, the novel suppressive effects of QUE on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and human breast cancer-induced bone loss in vivo, suggesting that QUE may be a potential therapeutic drug for osteolysis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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21
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Ottewell PD, Wang N, Brown HK, Fowles CA, Croucher PI, Eaton CL, Holen I. OPG-Fc inhibits ovariectomy-induced growth of disseminated breast cancer cells in bone. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:968-77. [PMID: 25603921 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dormant disseminated tumour cells can be detected in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients several years after resection of the primary tumour. The majority of these patients will remain asymptomatic, however, ∼ 15% will go on to develop overt bone metastases and this condition is currently incurable. The reason why these dormant cells are stimulated to proliferate and form bone tumours in some patients and not others remains to be elucidated. We have recently shown that in an in vivo model, increasing bone turnover by ovariectomy stimulated proliferation of disseminated tumour cells, resulting in formation of bone metastasis. We now show for the first time that osteoclast mediated mechanisms induce growth of tumours from dormant MDA-MB-231 cells disseminated in the bone. We also show that disruption of RANK-RANKL interactions following administration of OPG-Fc inhibits growth of these dormant tumour cells in vivo. Our data support early intervention with anti-resorptive therapy in a low-oestrogen environment to prevent development of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope D Ottewell
- Department of Oncology, Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ning Wang
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K Brown
- Department of Oncology, Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - C Anne Fowles
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Musculoskeletal Medicine Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colby L Eaton
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology, Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Vik A, Brodin EE, Mathiesen EB, Brox J, Jørgensen L, Njølstad I, Brækkan SK, Hansen JB. Serum osteoprotegerin and future risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality in the general population: the Tromsø study. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 30:219-30. [PMID: 25446307 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-014-9975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to investigate the association between serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) and risk of incident cancer and cancer mortality in a general population. OPG was measured in serum collected from 6,279 subjects without prior cancer recruited from a general population. Incident cancer and cancer-related mortality were registered from inclusion in 1994-95 until end of follow-up December 31, 2008. Cox regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted (for age, sex and other confounders) hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (HR 95% CI). There were 948 incident cancers and 387 deaths in the cohort during 71,902 person-years of follow up (median 13.5 years). Subjects with serum OPG in the upper tertile had 79% higher risk of incident gastrointestinal cancer than those in the lowest tertile (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.19-2.67). In women <60 years, serum OPG (per SD 0.81 ng/ml) was associated with reduced risk of incident cancer (all cancers merged; 0.73; 0.57-0.94) and breast cancer (0.51; 0.31-0.83) after adjustment. Subjects in the upper tertile of OPG had higher risk of cancer-related mortality (1.63; 1.16-2.28), particularly mortality from cancer in the gastrointestinal system (2.28; 1.21-4.28) compared to those in the lowest OPG tertile. No significant association was detected between OPG and risk of death from cancer in the respiratory system or death from prostatic cancer. Our findings from a large population based cohort study suggest that serum OPG was associated with increased risk of incident gastrointestinal cancer, inversely associated with breast cancer, and predicts cancer-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Vik
- Hematological Research Group (HERG), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway,
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RANKL inhibition blocks osteolytic lesions and reduces skeletal tumor burden in models of non-small-cell lung cancer bone metastases. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9:345-54. [PMID: 24496001 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone metastasis is a serious complication in patients with lung cancer, occurring in up to 40% of patients. Tumor cell-mediated osteolysis occurs ultimately through induction of RANK ligand (RANKL) within the bone stroma although this hypothesis has not been tested extensively in the setting of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By using two novel NSCLC bone metastasis mouse models, we examined the effects of RANKL inhibition on osteolysis and tumor progression. METHODS We treated mice bearing skeletal NSCLC tumors with osteoprotegerin-Fc (OPG-Fc) to assess whether osteoclast inhibition through RANKL inhibition would affect bone metastases at early or late stages of bone colonization. Progression of skeletal tumor was determined by radiography, longitudinal bioluminescent imaging, and histological analyses. RESULTS OPG-Fc reduced development and progression of radiographically evident osteolytic lesions and also significantly reduced skeletal tumor progression in both NSCLC bone metastasis models. In the H1299 human NSCLC bone metastasis model, OPG-Fc plus docetaxel in combination resulted in significantly greater inhibition of skeletal tumor growth compared with either single agent alone. The observed ability of RANKL inhibition to reduce NSCLC osteolytic bone destruction or skeletal tumor burden was associated with decreases in tumor-associated osteoclasts. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that RANKL is required for the development of tumor-induced osteolytic bone destruction caused by NSCLC cells in vivo. RANKL inhibition also reduced skeletal tumor burden, presumably through the indirect mechanism of blocking tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis and resultant production of growth factors and calcium from the bone microenvironment. RANKL inhibition also provided an additive benefit to docetaxel treatment by augmenting the reduction of tumor burden.
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Dissecting the role of bone marrow stromal cells on bone metastases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:875305. [PMID: 25054153 PMCID: PMC4099112 DOI: 10.1155/2014/875305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-induced bone disease is a dynamic process that involves interactions with many cell types. Once metastatic cancer cells reach the bone, they are in contact with many different cell types that are present in the cell-rich bone marrow. These cells include the immune cells, myeloid cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and mesenchymal stem cells. Each of these cell populations can influence the behavior or gene expression of both the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment. Additionally, the tumor itself can alter the behavior of these bone marrow cells which further alters both the microenvironment and the tumor cells. While many groups focus on studying these interactions, much remains unknown. A better understanding of the interactions between the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment will improve our knowledge on how tumors establish in bone and may lead to improvements in diagnosing and treating bone metastases. This review details our current knowledge on the interactions between tumor cells that reside in bone and their microenvironment.
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RANK expression on breast cancer cells promotes skeletal metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 31:233-45. [PMID: 24272640 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RANK ligand (RANKL), acting through its cognate receptor RANK, is a key factor for bone remodeling and metastasis by regulating the differentiation, survival and activation of osteoclasts. RANKL is also crucial for the development of mouse mammary glands during pregnancy and has been recently linked to the etiology of breast cancer via its direct activity on RANK-expressing normal or transformed breast epithelial cells, leading to increased mitogenesis, enhanced regenerative potential of mammary stem cells, and increased invasion and migration. We demonstrate that higher RANK expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (MDA-231-RANK cells) is sufficient to confer a significantly greater metastatic growth rate in the bone compared with MDA-MB-231 cells which do not express high levels of RANK. Blockade of osteoclastic bone resorption, achieved with treatment by either RANKL inhibition or zoledronic acid, did reduce skeletal tumor progression of MDA-231-RANK cells suggesting that the vicious cycle contributes to metastatic growth. However, RANKL inhibition reduced skeletal growth of MDA-231-RANK tumors to a significantly greater extent than zoledronic acid, indicating that skeletal growth of RANK-positive tumors is also driven by direct RANKL effects. RANKL stimulated the expression of multiple genes associated with cell invasive behavior, including several matrix metalloproteinases and other genes previously defined as part of a bone metastasis gene signature. These data indicate that RANKL provokes breast cancer bone metastases via two distinct, but potentially overlapping mechanisms: stimulation of tumor-associated osteoclastogenesis and stimulation of RANK-expressing tumor cells.
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Yoneda T, Tanaka S, Hata K. Role of RANKL/RANK in primary and secondary breast cancer. World J Orthop 2013; 4:178-185. [PMID: 24147253 PMCID: PMC3801237 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v4.i4.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most preferential metastatic target sites of breast cancer. Bone possesses unique biological microenvironments in which various growth factors are stored and continuously released through osteoclastic bone resorption, providing fertile soil for circulating breast cancer cells. Bone-disseminated breast cancer cells in turn produce osteotropic cytokines which modulate bone environments. Under the influences of breast cancer-produced cytokines, osteoblasts express elevated levels of Ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANKL) and stimulate osteoclastogenesis via binding to the receptor receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and activating its downstream signaling pathways in hematopoietic osteoclast precursors, which causes further osteoclastic bone destruction. Establishment of crosstalk with bone microenvironments (so called vicious cycle) is an essential event for metastatic breast cancer cells to develop bone metastasis. RANKL and RANK play a central role in this crosstalk. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that RANKL and RANK are involved in tumorigenesis and distant metastasis independent of bone microenvironments. Pharmacological disruption of the RANKL/RANK interplay should be an effective therapeutic intervention for primary breast tumors and bone and non-bone metastasis. In this context, denosumab, which is neutralizing monoclonal antibody against RANKL, is a mechanism-based drug for the treatment of bone metastases and would be beneficial for breast cancer patients with bone metastases and potentially visceral organ metastases.
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Faccio R, Capietto AH, Stewart SA, Novack DV. Cellular Players in Breast Cancer Bone Metastases. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-013-9146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gregory LS, Choi W, Burke L, Clements JA. Breast cancer cells induce osteolytic bone lesions in vivo through a reduction in osteoblast activity in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68103. [PMID: 24069136 PMCID: PMC3772030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are severely debilitating and have a significant impact on the quality of life of women with metastatic breast cancer. Treatment options are limited and in order to develop more targeted therapies, improved understanding of the complex mechanisms that lead to bone lesion development are warranted. Interestingly, whilst prostate-derived bone metastases are characterised by mixed or osteoblastic lesions, breast-derived bone metastases are characterised by osteolytic lesions, suggesting unique regulatory patterns. This study aimed to measure the changes in bone formation and bone resorption activity at two time-points (18 and 36 days) during development of the bone lesion following intratibial injection of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the left tibiae of Severely Combined Immuno-Deficient (SCID) mice. The contralateral tibia was used as a control. Tibiae were extracted and processed for undecalcified histomorphometric analysis. We provide evidence that the early bone loss observed following exposure to MDA-MB-231 cells was due to a significant reduction in mineral apposition rate, rather than increased levels of bone resorption. This suggests that osteoblast activity was impaired in the presence of breast cancer cells, contrary to previous reports of osteoclast-dependent bone loss. Furthermore mRNA expression of Dickkopf Homolog 1 (DKK-1) and Noggin were confirmed in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, both of which antagonise osteoblast regulatory pathways. The observed bone loss following injection of cancer cells was due to an overall thinning of the trabecular bone struts rather than perforation of the bone tissue matrix (as measured by trabecular width and trabecular separation, respectively), suggesting an opportunity to reverse the cancer-induced bone changes. These novel insights into the mechanisms through which osteolytic bone lesions develop may be important in the development of new treatment strategies for metastatic breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Gregory
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ; Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anatomy Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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