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Erin N, Akdeniz Ö. ADAM10 and Neprilysin level decreases in immune cells of mice bearing metastatic breast carcinoma: Possible role in cancer inflammatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111384. [PMID: 38141405 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN ADAM10 and Neprilysin, proteases, play critical role in inflammatory disease, however their role in cancer immune response is not clear. We here evaluated changes in immune response using an experimental model for breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD Highly metastatic breast cancer cells (4T1-derived) were injected orthotopically (mammary-pad of Balb-c mice) to induce tumors. Changes in enzyme level and activity as well as alterations in inflammatory cytokine release in the presence or absence of ADAM10 and NEP activity was determined using specific inhibitors and recombinant proteins. Cytokine response was evaluated using mix leucocyte cultures obtained from control and tumor-bearing mice. ANOVA with Dunnett's posttest was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS ADAM10 and NEP expression was decreased markedly in lymph nodes and spleens of tumor-bearing mice. ADAM10 activity was reduced together with apparent alterations of ADAM10 processing. ADAM10 and NEP activity decreased TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-ɣ secretion. Suppression of these inflammatory cytokines were more prominent in cultures obtained from control mice demonstrating counteracting factors that are exist in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION Loss of ADAM10 and NEP activity in immune cells during breast cancer metastasis might be one of the main factors involved in induction of chronic inflammation by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya 07070, Turkiye.
| | - Özlem Akdeniz
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya 07070, Turkiye
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Fonseca Teixeira A, Wu S, Luwor R, Zhu HJ. A New Era of Integration between Multiomics and Spatio-Temporal Analysis for the Translation of EMT towards Clinical Applications in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2740. [PMID: 38067168 PMCID: PMC10706093 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial to metastasis by increasing cancer cell migration and invasion. At the cellular level, EMT-related morphological and functional changes are well established. At the molecular level, critical signaling pathways able to drive EMT have been described. Yet, the translation of EMT into efficient diagnostic methods and anti-metastatic therapies is still missing. This highlights a gap in our understanding of the precise mechanisms governing EMT. Here, we discuss evidence suggesting that overcoming this limitation requires the integration of multiple omics, a hitherto neglected strategy in the EMT field. More specifically, this work summarizes results that were independently obtained through epigenomics/transcriptomics while comprehensively reviewing the achievements of proteomics in cancer research. Additionally, we prospect gains to be obtained by applying spatio-temporal multiomics in the investigation of EMT-driven metastasis. Along with the development of more sensitive technologies, the integration of currently available omics, and a look at dynamic alterations that regulate EMT at the subcellular level will lead to a deeper understanding of this process. Further, considering the significance of EMT to cancer progression, this integrative strategy may enable the development of new and improved biomarkers and therapeutics capable of increasing the survival and quality of life of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Fonseca Teixeira
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Rodney Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
- Health, Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
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3
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Yan CY, Zhao ML, Wei YN, Zhao XH. Mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer liver metastases: Dilemmas and opportunities. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:212-229. [PMID: 36860815 PMCID: PMC9969274 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females worldwide, and the liver is one of the most common sites of distant metastases in breast cancer patients. Patients with breast cancer liver metastases face limited treatment options, and drug resistance is highly prevalent, leading to a poor prognosis and a short survival. Liver metastases respond extremely poorly to immunotherapy and have shown resistance to treatments such as chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Therefore, to develop and to optimize treatment strategies as well as to explore potential therapeutic approaches, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer liver metastases patients. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the research of drug resistance mechanisms in breast cancer liver metastases and discuss their therapeutic potential for improving patient prognoses and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Yan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Lu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Wei
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-He Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, People’s Republic of China
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Erin N, Akman M, Aliyev E, Tanrıöver G, Korcum AF. Olvanil activates sensory nerve fibers, increases T cell response and decreases metastasis of breast carcinoma. Life Sci 2022; 291:120305. [PMID: 35016880 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivation of sensory neurons expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) enhances breast cancer metastasis. Sensory neurons have profound effects on immune response to a wide range of diseases including cancer. Hence, activation of sensory nerves using feasible approaches such as specific TRPV1 agonists may inhibit breast cancer metastasis through neuroimmune pathways. TRPV1 agonists are considered for the treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases. METHODS We here first determined the effects of four different TRPV1 agonists on proliferation of three different metastatic breast carcinoma cells since TRPV1 is also expressed in cancer cells. Based on the results obtained under in-vitro conditions, brain metastatic breast carcinoma cells (4TBM) implanted orthotopically into the mammary-pad of Balb-c mice followed by olvanil treatment (i.p.). Changes in tumor growth, metastasis and immune response to cancer cells were determined. RESULTS Olvanil dose-dependently activated sensory nerve fibers and markedly suppressed lung and liver metastasis without altering the growth of primary tumors. Olvanil (5 mg/kg) systemically increased T cell count, enhanced intra-tumoral recruitment of CD8+ T cells and increased IFN-γ response to irradiated cancer cells and Con-A. Anti-inflammatory changes such as increased IL-10 and decrease IL-6 as well as S100A8+ cells were observed following olvanil treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that anti-metastatic effects of olvanil is mainly due to activation of neuro-immune pathways since olvanil dose used here is not high enough to directly activate immune cells. Furthermore, olvanil effectively depletes sensory neuropeptides; hence, olvanil is a good non-pungent alternative to capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Muhlis Akman
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Elnur Aliyev
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanrıöver
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aylin F Korcum
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Antalya, Turkey
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Adhikari UK, Sakiz E, Habiba U, Mikhael M, Senesi M, David MA, Guillemin GJ, Ooi L, Karl T, Collins S, Tayebi M. Treatment of microglia with Anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies induces neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08644. [PMID: 35005289 PMCID: PMC8715334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports highlighted the neurotoxic effects caused by some motif-specific anti-PrPC antibodies in vivo and in vitro. In the current study, we investigated the detailed alterations of the proteome with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry following direct application of anti-PrPC antibodies on mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a) and mouse primary neuronal (MPN) cells or by cross-linking microglial PrPC with anti-PrPC antibodies prior to co-culture with the N2a/MPN cells. Here, we identified 4 (3 upregulated and 1 downregulated) and 17 (11 upregulated and 6 downregulated) neuronal apoptosis-related proteins following treatment of the N2a and N11 cell lines respectively when compared with untreated cells. In contrast, we identified 1 (upregulated) and 4 (2 upregulated and 2 downregulated) neuronal apoptosis-related proteins following treatment of MPN cells and N11 when compared with untreated cells. Furthermore, we also identified 3 (2 upregulated and 1 downregulated) and 2 (1 upregulated and 1 downregulated) neuronal apoptosis-related related proteins following treatment of MPN cells and N11 when compared to treatment with an anti-PrP antibody that lacks binding specificity for mouse PrP. The apoptotic effect of the anti-PrP antibodies was confirmed with flow cytometry following labelling of Annexin V-FITC. The toxic effects of the anti-PrP antibodies was more intense when antibody-treated N11 were co-cultured with the N2a and the identified apoptosis proteome was shown to be part of the PrPC-interactome. Our observations provide a new insight into the prominent role played by microglia in causing neurotoxic effects following treatment with anti-PrPC antibodies and might be relevant to explain the antibody mediated toxicity observed in other related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer. Antibody cross-linking neuronal PrPC induces apoptosis. Antibody cross-linking microglial PrPC induces neuronal apoptosis. Different apoptotic pathways were triggered by specific anti-PrP antibody treatments.
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Jan AT, Rahman S, Badierah R, Lee EJ, Mattar EH, Redwan EM, Choi I. Expedition into Exosome Biology: A Perspective of Progress from Discovery to Therapeutic Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1157. [PMID: 33800282 PMCID: PMC7962655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed distinct cellular entities of endocytic origin that shuttle proteins and RNA molecules intercellularly for communication purposes. Their surface is embossed by a huge variety of proteins, some of which are used as diagnostic markers. Exosomes are being explored for potential drug delivery, although their therapeutic utilities are impeded by gaps in knowledge regarding their formation and function under physiological condition and by lack of methods capable of shedding light on intraluminal vesicle release at the target site. Nonetheless, exosomes offer a promising means of developing systems that enable the specific delivery of therapeutics in diseases like cancer. This review summarizes information on donor cell types, cargoes, cargo loading, routes of administration, and the engineering of exosomal surfaces for specific peptides that increase target specificity and as such, therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India;
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Botany, MS College, BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar 842001, India;
| | - Raied Badierah
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Ehab H. Mattar
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
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Fares J, Cordero A, Kanojia D, Lesniak MS. The Network of Cytokines in Brain Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E142. [PMID: 33466236 PMCID: PMC7795138 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most common of all intracranial tumors and a major cause of death in patients with cancer. Cytokines, including chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factors are key regulators in the formation of brain metastases. They regulate the infiltration of different cellular subsets into the tumor microenvironment and affect the therapeutic outcomes in patients. Elucidating the cancer cell-cytokine interactions in the setting of brain metastases is crucial for the development of more accurate diagnostics and efficacious therapies. In this review, we focus on cytokines that are found in the tumor microenvironment of brain metastases and elaborate on their trends of expression, regulation, and roles in cellular recruitment and tumorigenesis. We also explore how cytokines can alter the anti-tumor response in the context of brain metastases and discuss ways through which cytokine networks can be manipulated for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.F.); (A.C.); (D.K.)
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Marvin DL, Heijboer R, ten Dijke P, Ritsma L. TGF-β signaling in liver metastasis. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e160. [PMID: 33252863 PMCID: PMC7701955 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of liver metastases drastically worsens the prognosis of cancer patients. The liver is the second most prevalent metastatic site in cancer patients, but systemic therapeutic opportunities that target liver metastases are still limited. To aid the discovery of novel treatment options for metastatic liver disease, we provide insight into the cellular and molecular steps required for liver colonization. For successful colonization in the liver, adaptation of tumor cells and surrounding stroma is essential. This includes the formation of a pre-metastatic niche, the creation of a fibrotic and immune suppressive environment, angiogenesis, and adaptation of tumor cells. We illustrate that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a central cytokine in all these processes. At last, we devise that future research should focus on TGF-β inhibitory strategies, especially in combination with immunotherapy. This promising systemic treatment strategy has potential to eliminate distant metastases as the efficacy of immunotherapy will be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwke L Marvin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rosan Heijboer
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Laila Ritsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Liu S, Song A, Zhou X, Huo Z, Yao S, Yang B, Liu Y, Wang Y. ceRNA network development and tumour-infiltrating immune cell analysis of metastatic breast cancer to bone. J Bone Oncol 2020; 24:100304. [PMID: 32760644 PMCID: PMC7393400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Advanced breast cancer commonly metastasises to bone; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the affinity for breast cancer cells to bone remains unclear. Thus, we developed nomograms based on a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and analysed tumour-infiltrating immune cells to elucidate the molecular pathways that may predict prognosis in patients with breast cancer. METHODS We obtained the RNA expression profile of 1091 primary breast cancer samples included in The Cancer Genome Atlas database, 58 of which were from patients with bone metastasis. We analysed the differential RNA expression patterns between breast cancer with and without bone metastasis and developed a ceRNA network. Cibersort was employed to differentiate between immune cell types based on tumour transcripts. Nomograms were then established based on the ceRNA network and immune cell analysis. The value of prognostic factors was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and a Cox proportional risk model. RESULTS We found significant differences in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 18 microRNAs (miRNAs), and 20 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) between breast cancer with and without bone metastasis, which were used to construct a ceRNA network. We found that the protein-coding genes GJB3, CAMMV, PTPRZ1, and FBN3 were significantly differentially expressed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. We also observed significant differences in the abundance of plasma cell and follicular helper T cell populations between the two groups. In addition, the proportion of mast cells, gamma delta T cells, and plasma cells differed depending on disease location and stage. Our analysis showed that a high proportion of follicular helper T cells and a low proportion of eosinophils promoted survival and that DLX6-AS1, Wnt6, and GABBR2 expression may be associated with bone metastasis in breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS We developed a bioinformatic tool for exploring the molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer and identified factors that may predict the occurrence of bone metastasis.
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Key Words
- AIC, Akaike information criterion
- AUC, Area under curve
- Bone metastasis
- Breast cancer
- DE, Differentially expressed
- DEmRNA, differentially expressed messenger RNA
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FPKM, fragments per kilobase per million mapped reads
- GO, Gene ontology
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- Immune infiltration
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- Nomogram
- PCC, Pearson correlation coefficient
- Prognosis
- ROC curve, receiver operating characteristic curve
- Runx2, runt related transcription factor 2
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TNM, Tumor, Node, Metastases
- ceRNA network
- ceRNA, competing endogenous RNA
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - An Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Huo
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China.
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Tumor microenvironment and epithelial mesenchymal transition as targets to overcome tumor multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 53:100715. [PMID: 32679188 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that multifactorial drug resistance hinders successful cancer treatment. Tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and multidrug resistance (MDR). TME-induced factors secreted by cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) create an inflammatory microenvironment by recruiting immune cells. CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and inflammatory tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are main immune cell types which further enhance chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation nurtures tumor-initiating/cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), induces both EMT and MDR leading to tumor relapses. Pro-thrombotic microenvironment created by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from TAMs, MDSCs and CAFs is also involved in EMT and MDR. MDSCs are the most common mediators of immunosuppression and are also involved in resistance to targeted therapies, e.g. BRAF inhibitors and oncolytic viruses-based therapies. Expansion of both cancer and stroma cells causes hypoxia by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (e.g. HIF-1α) resulting in drug resistance. TME factors induce the expression of transcriptional EMT factors, MDR and metabolic adaptation of cancer cells. Promoters of several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes contain binding sites for canonical EMT transcription factors, e.g. ZEB, TWIST and SNAIL. Changes in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and autophagy during EMT also promote MDR. Conclusively, EMT signaling simultaneously increases MDR. Owing to the multifactorial nature of MDR, targeting one mechanism seems to be non-sufficient to overcome resistance. Targeting inflammatory processes by immune modulatory compounds such as mTOR inhibitors, demethylating agents, low-dosed histone deacetylase inhibitors may decrease MDR. Targeting EMT and metabolic adaptation by small molecular inhibitors might also reverse MDR. In this review, we summarize evidence for TME components as causative factors of EMT and anticancer drug resistance.
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Nizam E, Köksoy S, Erin N. NK1R antagonist decreases inflammation and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells metastasized to liver but not to brain; phenotype-dependent therapeutic and toxic consequences. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1639-1650. [PMID: 32322911 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substance P a neuro-immune mediator acts on Neurokinin-1 and -2 receptors (NK1R and NK2R). Inhibitors of NK1R are considered to be safe and effective approaches for cancer treatment since Aprepitant, a non-peptide antagonist of NK1R is widely used for chemotherapy-induced emesis and has cytotoxic and antitumor effects in various models for cancer. On the other hand, our previous findings demonstrated that systemic inhibition of NK1R may decrease cytotoxic anti-tumoral immune response. Hence, actual consequences of inhibition of neurokinin receptors under in vivo conditions in a syngeneic model of carcinoma should be determined. The effects of highly potent and selective non-peptide mouse NK1R and NK2R antagonists RP 67580 and GR 159897, respectively, on metastatic breast carcinoma were evaluated. Specifically, 4T1 breast cancer cells metastasized to brain (denoted as 4TBM) and liver (denoted as 4TLM) were used to induce tumors in Balb-c mice. Changes in tumor growth, metastasis and immune response to cancer cells were determined. We here observed differential effects of NK1R antagonist depended on the subset of metastatic cells. Specifically, inhibition of NK1R markedly increased liver metastasis of tumors formed by 4TBM but not 4TLM cells. On the contrary, NK1R antagonist decreased inflammatory response and liver metastasis in 4TLM-injected mice. 4TLM tumors act more aggressively inducing more inflammatory response compared to 4TBM tumors. Hence, differential effects of NK1R antagonist are at least partly due to extend and type of the inflammatory response evoked by specific subset metastatic cells. These findings demonstrate the necessity for understanding the immunological consequences of tumor-microenvironment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Nizam
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, B-blok kat 1 Immunoloji, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sadi Köksoy
- Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Erin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, B-blok kat 1 Immunoloji, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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Okusha Y, Eguchi T, Tran MT, Sogawa C, Yoshida K, Itagaki M, Taha EA, Ono K, Aoyama E, Okamura H, Kozaki KI, Calderwood SK, Takigawa M, Okamoto K. Extracellular Vesicles Enriched with Moonlighting Metalloproteinase Are Highly Transmissive, Pro-Tumorigenic, and Trans-Activates Cellular Communication Network Factor ( CCN2/CTGF): CRISPR against Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040881. [PMID: 32260433 PMCID: PMC7226423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) plays multiple roles in extracellular proteolysis as well as intracellular transcription, prompting a new definition of moonlighting metalloproteinase (MMP), according to a definition of protein moonlighting (or gene sharing), a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Indeed, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, aka cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2)) is transcriptionally induced as well as cleaved by MMP3. Moreover, several members of the MMP family have been found within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). We here investigated the roles of MMP3-rich EVs in tumor progression, molecular transmission, and gene regulation. EVs derived from a rapidly metastatic cancer cell line (LuM1) were enriched in MMP3 and a C-terminal half fragment of CCN2/CTGF. MMP3-rich, LuM1-derived EVs were disseminated to multiple organs through body fluid and were pro-tumorigenic in an allograft mouse model, which prompted us to define LuM1-EVs as oncosomes in the present study. Oncosome-derived MMP3 was transferred into recipient cell nuclei and thereby trans-activated the CCN2/CTGF promoter, and induced CCN2/CTGF production in vitro. TRENDIC and other cis-elements in the CCN2/CTGF promoter were essential for the oncosomal responsivity. The CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of MMP3 showed significant anti-tumor effects such as the inhibition of migration and invasion of tumor cells, and a reduction in CCN2/CTGF promoter activity and fragmentations in vitro. A high expression level of MMP3 or CCN2/CTGF mRNA was prognostic and unfavorable in particular types of cancers including head and neck, lung, pancreatic, cervical, stomach, and urothelial cancers. These data newly demonstrate that oncogenic EVs-derived MMP is a transmissive trans-activator for the cellular communication network gene and promotes tumorigenesis at distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Manh T. Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan;
| | - Mami Itagaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Research program for undergraduate students, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Eman A. Taha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-0914, Japan;
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8525, Japan;
| | - Ken-ichi Kozaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Stuart K. Calderwood
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (E.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (C.S.); (M.I.); (E.A.T.); (K.-i.K.); (K.O.)
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