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Validation of ELISAs for Isoflavones and Enterolactone for Phytoestrogen Intake Assessment in the French Population. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040967. [PMID: 36839324 PMCID: PMC9967075 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are dietary compounds with low estrogenic activity. The two main categories in the French diet are isoflavones from pulses and enterolignans metabolized by the gut flora from various lignans found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and beverages. Isoflavones and lignans have different effects on human physiology and can antagonize each other. Comprehensive lists of phytoestrogen sources were constructed based on measurements and literature data. The 24 h and 48 h dietary recalls were proposed to the volunteers of the ISOLED cohort (NCT03421184). Urine and plasma samples from these volunteers were assayed for genistein, daidzein, equol, and enterolactone. A dietary score was constructed considering the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these compounds. Correlation analyses were applied to fluid concentrations associated with dietary scores. Pearson correlations reached 0.921 (p < 0.001) for urineIF, 0.900 (p < 0.001) for plasmaIF, 0.764 (p < 0.001) for urineENL, and 0.723 (p < 0.001) for plasmaENL. ELISAs associated with careful intake assessments proved to be good tools for phytoestrogens' exposure estimation.
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Haudum C, Lindheim L, Ascani A, Trummer C, Horvath A, Münzker J, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Impact of Short-Term Isoflavone Intervention in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Patients on Microbiota Composition and Metagenomics. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1622. [PMID: 32492805 PMCID: PMC7656308 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5-20% of women of reproductive age worldwide and is associated with disorders of glucose metabolism. Hormone and metabolic signaling may be influenced by phytoestrogens, such as isoflavones. Their endocrine effects may modify symptom penetrance in PCOS. Equol is one of the most active isoflavone metabolites, produced by intestinal bacteria, and acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. METHOD In this interventional study of clinical and biochemical characterization, urine isoflavone levels were measured in PCOS and control women before and three days after a defined isoflavone intervention via soy milk. In this interventional study, bacterial equol production was evaluated using the log(equol: daidzein ratio) and microbiome, metabolic, and predicted metagenome analyses were performed. RESULTS After isoflavone intervention, predicted stool metagenomic pathways, microbial alpha diversity, and glucose homeostasis in PCOS improved resembling the profile of the control group at baseline. In the whole cohort, larger equol production was associated with lower androgen as well as fertility markers. CONCLUSION The dynamics in our metabolic, microbiome, and predicted metagenomic profiles underline the importance of external phytohormones on PCOS characteristics and a potential therapeutic approach or prebiotic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Haudum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.L.); (A.A.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (B.O.-P.)
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Lindheim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.L.); (A.A.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (B.O.-P.)
| | - Angelo Ascani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.L.); (A.A.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (B.O.-P.)
| | - Christian Trummer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.L.); (A.A.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (B.O.-P.)
| | - Angela Horvath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Julia Münzker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.L.); (A.A.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (B.O.-P.)
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Research and Treatment Centre for Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.L.); (A.A.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (B.O.-P.)
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), 8010 Graz, Austria
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Dong H, Xiong F, Zhong Q, Li Y, Liu M, Ling W, Tang X, Chen Y. Urinary equol is associated with bioavailable testosterone but not total testosterone in women. Endocr J 2020; 67:257-266. [PMID: 31748434 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the association between equol and bioavailable testosterone (BT) in adults. In this study, we examined the associations of urinary equol concentrations with serum concentrations of total, bioavailable and free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfide (DHEAS), free androgen index (FAI) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). This cross-sectional study included 1,904 women with a mean age of 59.7 years. Urinary equol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The serum androgenic indices and SHBG were also determined. Overall, urinary equol tended to be inversely associated with bioactive forms of androgenic indices (BT, FT or FAI) but not with total testosterone (TT) or DHEAS. Urinary equol was also positively associated with SHBG. In multi-covariate-adjusted analyses stratified by menopausal status, graded and inverse associations between urinary equol and bioactive forms of androgenic indices (BT, FT and FAI) were observed in postmenopausal women (all p-trends < 0.05), but not in premenopausal women. A significant positive association between urinary equol and SHBG was observed only in postmenopausal women. No significant associations were observed between urinary equol and TT or DHEAS in either group. A path analysis indicated that these associations of equol with androgens in postmenopausal women might be mediated by SHBG. In conclusion, urinary equol exhibited graded and inverse associations with BT or FT, but not TT in women. However, further longitudinal studies of human patients are needed to confirm these results and overcome the limitations of cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Sekikawa A, Ihara M, Lopez O, Kakuta C, Lopresti B, Higashiyama A, Aizenstein H, Chang YF, Mathis C, Miyamoto Y, Kuller L, Cui C. Effect of S-equol and Soy Isoflavones on Heart and Brain. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 15:114-135. [PMID: 30516108 PMCID: PMC6520578 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666181205104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies in Asia show that dietary intake of soy isoflavones had a significant inverse association with coronary heart disease (CHD). A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) of soy isoflavones on atherosclerosis in the US, however, failed to show their benefit. The discrepancy may be due to the much lower prevalence of S-equol producers in Westerners: Only 20-30% of Westerners produce S-equol in contrast to 50-70% in Asians. S-equol is a metabolite of dietary soy isoflavone daidzein by gut microbiome and possesses the most antiatherogenic properties among all isoflavones. Several short-duration RCTs documented that soy isoflavones improves arterial stiffness. Accumulating evidence shows that both atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness are positively associated with cognitive decline/dementia. Therefore, potentially, soy isoflavones, especially S-equol, are protective against cognitive decline/dementia. METHODS/RESULTS This narrative review of clinical and epidemiological studies provides an overview of the health benefits of soy isoflavones and introduces S-equol. Second, we review recent evidence on the association of soy isoflavones and S-equol with CHD, atherosclerosis, and arterial stiffness as well as the association of atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness with cognitive decline/ dementia. Third, we highlight recent studies that report the association of soy isoflavones and S-equol with cognitive decline/dementia. Lastly, we discuss the future directions of clinical and epidemiological research on the relationship of S-equol and CHD and dementia. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from observational studies and short-term RCTs suggests that S-equol is anti-atherogenic and improves arterial stiffness and may prevent CHD and cognitive impairment/ dementia. Well-designed long-term (≥ 2years) RCTs should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Suite 336, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Tel: 412-383-1063; Fax: 412-648-4401;
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Patisaul HB. Endocrine disruption by dietary phyto-oestrogens: impact on dimorphic sexual systems and behaviours. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:130-144. [PMID: 27389644 PMCID: PMC5646220 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of health benefits have been ascribed to soya intake including a lowered risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, breast cancer, and menopausal symptoms. Because it is a hormonally active diet, however, soya can also be endocrine disrupting, suggesting that intake has the potential to cause adverse health effects in certain circumstances, particularly when exposure occurs during development. Consequently, the question of whether or not soya phyto-oestrogens are beneficial or harmful to human health is neither straightforward nor universally applicable to all groups. Possible benefits and risks depend on age, health status, and even the presence or absence of specific gut microflora. As global consumption increases, greater awareness and consideration of the endocrine-disrupting properties of soya by nutrition specialists and other health practitioners is needed. Consumption by infants and small children is of particular concern because their hormone-sensitive organs, including the brain and reproductive system, are still undergoing sexual differentiation and maturation. Thus, their susceptibility to the endocrine-disrupting activities of soya phyto-oestrogens may be especially high. As oestrogen receptor partial agonists with molecular and cellular properties similar to anthropogenic endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A, the soya phyto-oestrogens provide an interesting model for how attitudes about what is 'synthetic' v. what is 'natural,' shapes understanding and perception of what it means for a compound to be endocrine disrupting and/or potentially harmful. This review describes the endocrine-disrupting properties of soya phyto-oestrogens with a focus on neuroendocrine development and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences,Center for Human Health and the Environment,NC State University,Raleigh,NC 27695,USA
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Being overweight or obese is associated with harboring a gut microbial community not capable of metabolizing the soy isoflavone daidzein to O-desmethylangolensin in peri- and post-menopausal women. Maturitas 2017; 99:37-42. [PMID: 28364866 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity can be a considerable health concern for peri- and post-menopausal women. Evidence suggests an association between the gut microbiome and obesity. The study objective was to evaluate the association between being overweight or obese and phenotypic markers of having an overall gut microbial environment not capable of metabolizing the isoflavone daidzein to equol or O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 137 peri- and 218 post-menopausal women, aged 44-55 years, who consumed at least three servings per week of soy (source of daidzein). Equol and ODMA producers and non-producers were identified based on urinary concentrations of daidzein, equol and ODMA in a 24-h urine sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean body mass index (BMI) and odds of obesity. RESULTS Fifty-one women were ODMA non-producers and 226 were equol non-producers. The ODMA non-producer phenotype was positively associated with obesity (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.53, 7.23), and mean BMI was significantly higher in non-producers (28.9kg/m2) than in producers (26.7kg/m2), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, and menopausal status. Positive associations with being obese were observed in both peri-menopausal (OR=3.92, 95% CI: 0.90, 17.0) and post-menopausal (OR=3.00, 95% CI: 1.22, 7.70) women. The equol non-producer phenotype was not associated with obesity (OR=1.13, 95% CI: 0.64, 1.98), and mean BMI was not significantly different between equol producers (27.3kg/m2) and non-producers (26.5kg/m2). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the ODMA non-producer phenotype is associated with obesity in peri- and post-menopausal women. Further work is needed to confirm these observations in additional populations and to evaluate possible mechanisms.
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Adams SV, Barrick B, Christopher EP, Shafer MM, Makar KW, Song X, Lampe JW, Vilchis H, Ulery A, Newcomb PA. Genetic variation in metallothionein and metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 in relation to urinary cadmium, copper, and zinc. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:381-8. [PMID: 26529669 PMCID: PMC4689293 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallothionein (MT) proteins play critical roles in the physiological handling of both essential (Cu and Zn) and toxic (Cd) metals. MT expression is regulated by metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1). Hence, genetic variation in the MT gene family and MTF1 might influence excretion of these metals. METHODS 321 women were recruited in Seattle, WA and Las Cruces, NM and provided demographic information, urine samples for measurement of metal concentrations by mass spectrometry and creatinine, and blood or saliva for extraction of DNA. Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MTF1 gene region and the region of chromosome 16 encoding the MT gene family were selected for genotyping in addition to an ancestry informative marker panel. Linear regression was used to estimate the association of SNPs with urinary Cd, Cu, and Zn, adjusted for age, urinary creatinine, smoking history, study site, and ancestry. RESULTS Minor alleles of rs28366003 and rs10636 near the MT2A gene were associated with lower urinary Cd, Cu, and Zn. Minor alleles of rs8044719 and rs1599823, near MT1A and MT1B, were associated with lower urinary Cd and Zn, respectively. Minor alleles of rs4653329 in MTF1 were associated with lower urinary Cd. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genetic variation in the MT gene region and MTF1 influences urinary Cd, Cu, and Zn excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V Adams
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Brian Barrick
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Box 30003 MSC 3Q, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Emily P Christopher
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, 2601 Agriculture Dr., Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Karen W Makar
- Public Health Science Biomarker Laboratory, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Public Health Science Biomarker Laboratory, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hugo Vilchis
- Border Epidemiology and Environmental Health Center, New Mexico State University, Box 30001 MSC 3BEC, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - April Ulery
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Box 30003 MSC 3Q, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Uchiyama
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute
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Ueno T, Abiru Y, Uchiyama S, Ishimi Y. Distribution of 24-h urinary equol excretion as an indicator of the physiological range in healthy Japanese equol excretors. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Obesity prevalence in relation to gut microbial environments capable of producing equol or O-desmethylangolensin from the isoflavone daidzein. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:526-30. [PMID: 24569543 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Studies have observed associations between the gut microbiome and obesity. O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) and equol are gut bacterial metabolites of daidzein, a compound found in high amounts in soy foods. Approximately 80-95% and 25-60% of individuals harbor gut microbial communities capable of producing ODMA or equol, respectively. Given that other phenotypes of gut bacterial metabolism of dietary compounds have been associated with obesity, we hypothesized that daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes would be associated with obesity. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of ODMA-producer and equol-producer phenotypes in obese, overweight and normal-weight individuals. SUBJECTS/METHODS Adults aged 18-95 years (n=297) provided a first-void urine sample after a 3-day soy challenge, and urinary ODMA and equol concentrations were used to classify individuals as producers or non-producers. Body mass index was calculated from self-reported weight and height. RESULTS There were 60 ODMA non-producers and 173 equol non-producers. Obese individuals were 2.8 times more likely to be ODMA non-producers (odds ratio (OR)=2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 6.2) compared with normal-weight individuals, when adjusted for age, race (white vs non-white), and gender and menopausal status (male, premenopausal female and postmenopausal female). Obesity was not associated with equol-producer phenotype (OR=1.1, 95% CI: 0.5, 2.2). Stronger associations with obesity were observed in the ODMA non-producers who were also equol producers than in the equol non-producers. CONCLUSIONS Results from this analysis suggest that the ODMA-producer phenotype, but not equol-producer phenotype, is associated with obesity in adults. These results support further work to replicate these findings and evaluate the mechanisms of the observed associations.
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Abstract
An expanding body of evidence supports a role for gut microbes in the etiology of cancer. Previously, the focus was on identifying individual bacterial species that directly initiate or promote gastrointestinal malignancies; however, the capacity of gut microbes to influence systemic inflammation and other downstream pathways suggests that the gut microbial community may also affect risk of cancer in tissues outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Functional contributions of the gut microbiota that may influence cancer susceptibility in the broad sense include (1) harvesting otherwise inaccessible nutrients and/or sources of energy from the diet (i.e., fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch); (2) metabolism of xenobiotics, both potentially beneficial or detrimental (i.e., dietary constituents, drugs, carcinogens, etc.); (3) renewal of gut epithelial cells and maintenance of mucosal integrity; and (4) affecting immune system development and activity. Understanding the complex and dynamic interplay between the gut microbiome, host immune system, and dietary exposures may help elucidate mechanisms for carcinogenesis and guide future cancer prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A J Hullar
- Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, M4-B402, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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May DH, Navarro SL, Ruczinski I, Hogan J, Ogata Y, Schwarz Y, Levy L, Holzman T, McIntosh MW, Lampe JW. Metabolomic profiling of urine: response to a randomised, controlled feeding study of select fruits and vegetables, and application to an observational study. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1760-70. [PMID: 23657156 PMCID: PMC3818452 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451300127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic profiles were used to characterise the effects of consuming a high-phytochemical diet compared with a diet devoid of fruits and vegetables (F&V) in a randomised trial and cross-sectional study. In the trial, 8 h fasting urine from healthy men (n 5) and women (n 5) was collected after a 2-week randomised, controlled trial of two diet periods: a diet rich in cruciferous vegetables, citrus and soya (F&V), and a fruit- and vegetable-free (basal) diet. Among the ions found to differentiate the diets, 176 were putatively annotated with compound identifications, with forty-six supported by MS/MS fragment evidence. Metabolites more abundant in the F&V diet included markers of the dietary intervention (e.g. crucifers, citrus and soya), fatty acids and niacin metabolites. Ions more abundant in the basal diet included riboflavin, several acylcarnitines and amino acid metabolites. In the cross-sectional study, we compared the participants based on the tertiles of crucifers, citrus and soya from 3 d food records (n 36) and FFQ (n 57); intake was separately divided into the tertiles of total fruit and vegetable intake for FFQ. As a group, ions individually differential between the experimental diets differentiated the observational study participants. However, only four ions were significant individually, differentiating the third v. first tertile of crucifer, citrus and soya intake based on 3 d food records. One of these ions was putatively annotated: proline betaine, a marker of citrus consumption. There were no ions significantly distinguishing tertiles by FFQ. The metabolomic assessment of controlled dietary interventions provides a more accurate and stronger characterisation of the diet than observational data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon H. May
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Sandi L. Navarro
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics
| | - Jason Hogan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Proteomics Facility
| | - Yuko Ogata
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Proteomics Facility
| | - Yvonne Schwarz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Lisa Levy
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Ted Holzman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Martin W. McIntosh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109
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Atkinson C, Newton KM, Yong M, Stanczyk FZ, Westerlind KC, Li L, Lampe JW. Daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes in relation to bone density and body composition among premenopausal women in the United States. Metabolism 2012; 61:1678-82. [PMID: 22819530 PMCID: PMC3504616 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone density has been suggested as a marker of cumulative hormone exposure. Small studies also suggest that patterns of daidzein metabolism may be related to hormone concentrations. To our knowledge, no studies in premenopausal women have compared bone density by daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes in the absence of a soy intervention. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the relationship between daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes [equol and O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) production] and bone density and body composition in premenopausal women in the United States. MATERIALS/METHODS Two hundred and three women attended a clinic visit during which their bone density and body composition were measured by DXA, and 200 (99 %) provided a urine sample following a 3-day soy challenge. Samples were analyzed for isoflavones to determine daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, there were no differences in hip, spine, femoral neck, or head bone mineral density (BMD) or body composition between producers and non-producers of either equol or ODMA (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS In this population of low-soy consuming premenopausal women, there were no associations between daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes and hip, spine, femoral neck, or head BMD or body composition, suggesting that these phenotypes per se do not influence premenopausal bone density or body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Atkinson
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Mellissa Yong
- Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kim C. Westerlind
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Reding KW, Atkinson C, Westerlind KC, Stanczyk F, Bowles EJA, Yong M, Newton KM, Lampe JW. Fruit intake associated with urinary estrogen metabolites in healthy premenopausal women. OPEN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2. [PMID: 24307982 DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2012.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Urinary concentrations of 2:16-hydroxyestrone (2:16-OHE1) approximate concentrations of 2-OHE1 and 16α -OHE1 in breast tissue. As estrogens are purported to be involved in breast cancer development, the 2:16-OHE1 ratio can provide an indication of estrogen metabolite exposure in the breast. With prior studies observing associations between urinary estrogen metabolites and dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, and fiber ascertained from food questionnaires, we examined associations between dietary factors ascertained through 3-day food records and urinary 2:16-OHE1 in 191 pre-menopausal healthy women. Fruit consumption was positively associated with 2:16-OHE1 after adjustment for total energy, ethnicity, body mass index, parity, smoking history, and serum estradiol (p= 0.003). Fruit consumption was positively associated with 2- OHE1 concentrations (p=0.006), but was not associated with 16α-OHE1 (p=0.92). The Musaceae botanical grouping (comprised primarily of bananas) was positively associated with the 2:16-OHE1 ratio, and Rosaceae (comprised of citrus fruits) and Musaceae botanical groupings were positively associated with 2-OHE1 (but not 16α-OHE1) concentrations, after adjustment for confounders. Our data suggest that dietary fruit intake is associated with urinary 2- OHE1 and the 2:16-OHE1 ratio and that breast tissue exposure to estrogen metabolites may thus be influenced by diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn W Reding
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Frankenfeld CL. O-desmethylangolensin: the importance of equol's lesser known cousin to human health. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:317-24. [PMID: 22332073 PMCID: PMC3125681 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective for this paper was to review human studies of O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) concentrations and of O-DMA producers compared with nonproducers in the context of results from in vitro studies. O-DMA is an intestinal bacterial metabolite of daidzein, an isoflavone compound observed to have phytoestrogenic properties. Not all individuals harbor bacteria capable of metabolizing daidzein to O-DMA, and individuals can be classified as O-DMA producers and nonproducers. O-DMA is less structurally similar to 17β-estradiol than its parent compound, daidzein; thus, it may exhibit different biological actions than daidzein. Evidence from in vitro studies suggests that O-DMA has several cancer-related biological actions. However, results from human metabolic studies and observational studies of disease risk suggest that these actions may not be physiologically relevant in vivo due to the amount and form (primarily glucuronide) of circulating O-DMA. Apart from circulating O-DMA concentrations, the underlying bacteria may have a distinct physiological role. Urinary excretion of O-DMA in humans is a marker of harboring intestinal bacteria capable of C-ring cleavage. Bacterial C-ring cleavage reactions are relevant to other phytochemicals that may exert biological actions in vivo that are stronger than the actions of O-DMA; thus, the role of the phenotype may extend beyond daidzein metabolism. There are a limited number of studies that have evaluated disease risk factors in relation to being an O-DMA producer, with mixed results. Further research evaluating disease risk in relation to the O-DMA-producer phenotype from the perspective of intestinal microbial composition is recommended.
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Yong M, Schwartz SM, Atkinson C, Makar KW, Thomas SS, Stanczyk FZ, Westerlind KC, Newton KM, Holt VL, Leisenring WM, Lampe JW. Associations between polymorphisms in glucuronidation and sulfation enzymes and sex steroid concentrations in premenopausal women in the United States. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 124:10-8. [PMID: 21193038 PMCID: PMC3065887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and sulfation, catalyzed by sulfotransferases (SULT), are pathways through which sex steroids are metabolized to less active compounds. These enzymes are highly polymorphic and genetic variants frequently result in higher or lower activity. The phenotypic effects of these polymorphisms on circulating sex steroids in premenopausal women have not yet been investigated. One hundred and seventy women aged 40-45 years had a blood sample drawn during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle for sex steroid measures and to obtain genomic DNA. Urine was collected for 2-hydroxy (OH) estrone (E(1)) and 16α-OH E(1) measures. Generalized linear regression models were used to assess associations between sex steroids and polymorphisms in the UGT1A and UGT2B families, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1. Women with the UGT1A1(TA7/TA7) genotype had 25% lower mean estradiol (E(2)) concentrations compared to the wildtype (TA6/TA6) (p=0.02). Similar associations were observed between SULT1A1(R213/H213) and E(1) (13% lower mean E(1) concentration vs. wildtype; p-value=0.02) and UGT2B4(E458/E458) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (20% lower mean DHEA vs. wildtype; p-value=0.03). The SULT1E1(A/C) and the UGT1A1(TA7)-UGT1A3(R11) haplotypes were associated with reduced estrogen concentrations. Further study of UGT and SULT polymorphisms and circulating sex steroid measures in larger populations of premenopausal women is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Yong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Charlotte Atkinson
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - Karen W. Makar
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Sushma S. Thomas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Kim C. Westerlind
- AMC Cancer Research Center, 1600 Pierce Street, Lakewood, CO 80214 USA
| | - Katherine M. Newton
- Group Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Victoria L. Holt
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Wendy M. Leisenring
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- University of Washington Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Corresponding author: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Ave, M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109 USA; Phone: 206-667-680; Fax: 206-667-7850;
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Dallal C, Taioli E. Urinary 2/16 estrogen metabolite ratio levels in healthy women: a review of the literature. Mutat Res 2010; 705:154-162. [PMID: 20601100 PMCID: PMC3760212 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This is a summary of the published literature on the urinary 2/16 estrogen metabolite ratio in human populations, and a report the observed range of normal values in healthy women. Original research studies that included the measurement of urinary estrogen metabolites in human subjects were identified through an extensive Medline search; 43 distinct studies were identified, including a total of 6802 healthy women. The range of mean values of the 2/16 ratio measured with the ELISA method varied from 0.98 to 1.74; in studies of pre-menopausal women the range of mean values was 1.5-2.74, in studies of post-menopausal women mean values ranged from 1.15 to 2.25. The heterogeneity across studies was highly significant (p-value Q-test: <0.0001). In multivariable analyses, only race confirmed its role as an independent predictor of 2/16 ratio (F-value: 7.95; p-value: 0.009), after adjustment for age and menopausal status. There appears to be a large body of data on the 2/16 urinary ratio in healthy women. However, summary estimates are difficult to perform due to the high variability of the published study-specific values. The data suggests that race may be a contributor to 2/16 urinary ratio levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher Dallal
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
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Abstract
Gut bacterial modification of soy isoflavones produces metabolites that differ in biological activity from the parent compounds. Hydrolysis of glycosides results in more active compounds. In contrast, further degradation and transformation of aglycones produce more or less active compounds, depending on the substrate metabolized and the product formed. Bacterial metabolism of soy isoflavones varies among individuals. The predominant daidzein metabolites produced by human intestinal bacteria are equol and O-desmethylangolensin. Among humans, 30-50% have the bacteria capable of producing equol and 80-90% harbor O-desmethylangolensin-producing bacteria. Factors that influence the capacity to produce equol and O-desmethylangolensin are not clearly established; however, gut physiology, host genetics, and diet are reported to contribute to interindividual differences in conversion of daidzein to equol. Effects of these phenotypes on human health are poorly characterized. Some studies in high soy-consuming populations reported an inverse association between urinary and serum equol concentrations and breast and prostate cancer risk. Furthermore, several studies of soy supplementation and bone density suggest that soy products may be more effective in maintaining bone density in equol-producing individuals. Factors that contribute to the phenotypes and the relation of these specific phenotypes to human health need to be further elucidated. The extent to which isoflavone metabolism is key to the efficacy of soy foods remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Nutritional Sciences Program, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Yong M, Atkinson C, Newton KM, Aiello Bowles EJ, Stanczyk FZ, Westerlind KC, Holt VL, Schwartz SM, Leisenring WM, Lampe JW. Associations between endogenous sex hormone levels and mammographic and bone densities in premenopausal women. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1039-53. [PMID: 19280356 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammographic breast and bone mineral densities (BMD) have been associated with luteal phase hormone concentrations in premenopausal women. We assessed the associations of breast and bone densities with follicular phase hormones and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in premenopausal women, given that follicular phase hormones have been shown to be positively associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk. METHODS One hundred and ninety-two 40-45-year-old women provided a spot urine and/or blood sample during the follicular phase. Hormone and SHBG concentrations, and bone density were measured and routine mammograms were accessed and digitized to obtain breast density measures. Regression models were fit to assess the associations between hormones and SHBG, and breast and bone densities. RESULTS Positive associations were observed between percent breast density and SHBG (p trend = 0.02), as well as estradiol (p trend = 0.08), after controlling for body mass index (BMI), number of pregnancies, and breast feeding history. In addition, a statistically significant inverse association was observed between total testosterone and head BMD (p trend = 0.01), after controlling for BMI. CONCLUSIONS Associations were observed between breast and bone densities, and serum hormone concentrations during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Yong
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes in relation to mammographic breast density among premenopausal women in the United States. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 116:587-94. [PMID: 18821061 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammographic breast density is an established marker of breast cancer risk, and is hormonally sensitive. Studies suggest that production of the daidzein metabolites equol and O-Desmethylangolensin (ODMA) may be associated with hormones and hormonally mediated factors, but few studies have assessed relationships between the capacity to produce these metabolites and breast density. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between equol- and ODMA-producer phenotypes and breast density in premenopausal women in the United States. DESIGN Two hundred and three women attended a clinic visit and 200 provided a urine sample following a 3 day soy challenge. Samples were analyzed for isoflavones by GC-MS to determine daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes. Percent density on recent (<14 month prior to their clinic visit) mammograms was assessed by one reader using a computer-assisted method. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess relationships between the production of equol and ODMA and breast density. Results 55(27.5%) and 182(91%) women were classed as equol- and ODMA-producers (>87.5 ng/ml urine), respectively. In unadjusted and adjusted analyses, there were no differences in breast density between producers and non-producers of either equol or ODMA (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In this population of low-soy consuming premenopausal women, there were no associations between daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes and breast density, suggesting that these phenotypes per se do not influence premenopausal breast density.
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