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Lester SP, Kaur AS, Vegunta S. OUP accepted manuscript. Oncologist 2022; 27:548-554. [PMID: 35536728 PMCID: PMC9256023 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In screening for breast cancer (BC), mammographic breast density (MBD) is a powerful risk factor that increases breast carcinogenesis and synergistically reduces the sensitivity of mammography. It also reduces specificity of lesion identification, leading to recalls, additional testing, and delayed and later-stage diagnoses, which result in increased health care costs. These findings provide the foundation for dense breast notification laws and lead to the increase in patient and provider interest in MBD. However, unlike other risk factors for BC, MBD is dynamic through a woman’s lifetime and is modifiable. Although MBD is known to change as a result of factors such as reproductive history and hormonal status, few conclusions have been reached for lifestyle factors such as alcohol, diet, physical activity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and some commonly used medications. Our review examines the emerging evidence for the association of modifiable factors on MBD and the influence of MBD on BC risk. There are clear associations between alcohol use and menopausal hormone therapy and increased MBD. Physical activity and the Mediterranean diet lower the risk of BC without significant effect on MBD. Although high BMI and smoking are known risk factors for BC, they have been found to decrease MBD. The influence of several other factors, including caffeine intake, nonhormonal medications, and vitamins, on MBD is unclear. We recommend counseling patients on these modifiable risk factors and using this knowledge to help with informed decision making for tailored BC prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Lester
- Corresponding author: Sara P. Lester, MD, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Aparna S Kaur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suneela Vegunta
- Division of Women’s Health Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Abbas A, Witte T, Patterson WL, Fahrmann JF, Guo K, Hur J, Hardman WE, Georgel PT. Epigenetic Reprogramming Mediated by Maternal Diet Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids Protects From Breast Cancer Development in F1 Offspring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682593. [PMID: 34179012 PMCID: PMC8222782 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids (FA) have been associated with lowered risks of developing certain types of cancers. We earlier reported that in transgenic mice prone to develop breast cancer (BCa), a diet supplemented with canola oil, rich in omega-3-rich FA (as opposed to an omega-6-rich diet containing corn oil), reduced the risk of developing BCa, and also significantly reduced the incidence of BCa in F1 offspring. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the cancer protective effect of canola oil in the F1 generation, we designed and performed the present study with the same diets using BALB/c mice to remove any possible effect of the transgene. First, we observed epigenetic changes at the genome-wide scale in F1 offspring of mothers fed diets containing omega-3 FAs, including a significant increase in acetylation of H3K18 histone mark and a decrease in H3K4me2 mark on nucleosomes around transcription start sites. These epigenetic modifications contribute to differential gene expressions associated with various pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in preventing cancer development, including p53 pathway, G2M checkpoint, DNA repair, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. When offspring mice were exposed to 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), the group of mice exposed to a canola oil (with omega 3 FAs)-rich maternal diet showed delayed mortality, increased survival, reduced lateral tumor growth, and smaller tumor size. Remarkably, various genes, including BRCA genes, appear to be epigenetically re-programmed to poise genes to be ready for a rapid transcriptional activation due to the canola oil-rich maternal diet. This ability to respond rapidly due to epigenetic potentiation appeared to contribute to and promote protection against breast cancer after carcinogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.,Cell Differentiation and Development Center, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Theodore Witte
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - William L Patterson
- Cell Differentiation and Development Center, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Johannes F Fahrmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - W Elaine Hardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Philippe T Georgel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.,Cell Differentiation and Development Center, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
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Lope V, Del Pozo MDP, Criado-Navarro I, Pérez-Gómez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, Ruiz E, Castelló A, Lucas P, Sierra Á, Salas-Trejo D, Llobet R, Martínez I, Romieu I, Chajès V, Priego-Capote F, Pollán M. Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Mammographic Density in Premenopausal Women. J Nutr 2020; 150:2419-2428. [PMID: 32584993 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of fatty acids (FAs) on mammographic density (MD) is unclear, and available studies are based on self-reported dietary intake. OBJECTIVES This study assessed the association between specific serum phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and MD in premenopausal women. METHODS The cross-sectional study DDM-Madrid recruited 1392 Spanish premenopausal women, aged 39-50 y, who attended a screening in a breast radiodiagnosis unit of Madrid City Council. Women completed lifestyle questionnaires and FFQs. Percentage MD was estimated using a validated computer tool (DM-Scan), and serum PLFA percentages were measured by GC-MS. Multivariable linear regression models were used to quantify the association of FA tertiles with MD. Models were adjusted for age, education, BMI, waist circumference, parity, oral contraceptive use, previous breast biopsies, and energy intake, and they were corrected for multiple testing. RESULTS Women in the third tertile of SFAs showed significantly higher MD compared with those in the first tertile (βT3vsT1 = 7.53; 95% CI: 5.44, 9.61). Elevated relative concentrations of palmitoleic (βT3vsT1 = 3.12; 95% CI: 0.99, 5.25) and gondoic (βT3vsT1 = 2.67; 95% CI: 0.57, 4.77) MUFAs, as well as high relative concentrations of palmitelaidic (βT3vsT1 = 5.22; 95% CI: 3.15, 7.29) and elaidic (βT3vsT1 = 2.69; 95% CI: 0.59, 4.79) trans FAs, were also associated with higher MD. On the contrary, women with elevated relative concentrations of n-6 (ω-6) linoleic (βT3vsT1 = -5.49; 95% CI; -7.62, -3.35) and arachidonic (βT3vsT1 = -4.68; 95% CI: -6.79, -2.58) PUFAs showed lower MD. Regarding desaturation indices, an elevated palmitoleic to palmitic ratio and a low ratio of oleic to steric and arachidonic to dihomo-γ-linolenic acids were associated with higher MD. CONCLUSIONS Spanish premenopausal women with high relative concentrations of most SFAs and some MUFAs and trans FAs showed an increased MD, whereas those with high relative concentrations of some n-6 PUFAs presented lower density. These results, which should be confirmed in further studies, underscore the importance of analyzing serum FAs individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Lope
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Pilar Del Pozo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Criado-Navarro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Pastor-Barriuso
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Ruiz
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Castelló
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Sierra
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Salas-Trejo
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Valencian Breast Cancer Screening Program, General Directorate of Public Health, Valencia, Spain
- Center for Public Health Research CSISP, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Llobet
- Institute of Computer Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martínez
- Valencian Breast Cancer Screening Program, General Directorate of Public Health, Valencia, Spain
- Center for Public Health Research CSISP, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Huber Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Véronique Chajès
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Feliciano Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Marina Pollán
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
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Krisanits B, Randise JF, Burton CE, Findlay VJ, Turner DP. Pubertal mammary development as a "susceptibility window" for breast cancer disparity. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 146:57-82. [PMID: 32241392 PMCID: PMC10084741 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Factors such as socioeconomic status, age at menarche and childbearing patterns are components that have been shown to influence mammary gland development and establish breast cancer disparity. Pubertal mammary gland development is selected as the focus of this review, as it is identified as a "window of susceptibility" for breast cancer risk and disparity. Here we recognize non-Hispanic White, African American, and Asian American women as the focus of breast cancer disparity, in conjunction with diets associated with changes in breast cancer risk. Diets consisting of high fat, N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as obesity and the Western diet have shown to lead to changes in pubertal mammary gland development in mammalian models, therefore increasing the risk of breast cancer and breast cancer disparity. While limited intervention strategies are offered to adolescents to mitigate development changes and breast cancer risk, the prominent solution to closing the disparity among the selected population is to foster lifestyle changes that avoid the deleterious effects of unhealthy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Krisanits
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jaime F Randise
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Clare E Burton
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - David P Turner
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Postmenopausal osteoporosis and breast cancer: The biochemical links and beneficial effects of functional foods. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:571-582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Association between expression of inflammatory markers in normal breast tissue and mammographic density among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause 2018; 24:524-535. [PMID: 28002200 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory markers may be associated with breast cancer risk. We assessed the association between expression levels of proinflammatory (interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, cyclooxygenase 2, leptin, serum amyloid A1, interleukin 8, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and anti-inflammatory markers (transforming growth factor-β, interleukin 10, and lactoferrin) in normal breast tissue with mammographic density, a strong breast cancer risk indicator, among 163 breast cancer patients. METHODS The expression of inflammatory markers was visually evaluated on immunohistochemistry stained slides. The percent mammographic density (PMD) was estimated by a computer-assisted method in the contralateral cancer-free breast. We used generalized linear models to estimate means of PMD by median expression levels of the inflammatory markers while adjusting for age and waist circumference. RESULTS Higher expression levels (above median) of the proinflammatory marker interleukin 6 were associated with higher PMD among all women (24.1% vs 18.5%, P = 0.007). Similarly, higher expression levels (above median) of the proinflammatory markers (interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and interleukin 8) were associated with higher PMD among premenopausal women (absolute difference in the PMD of 8.8% [P = 0.006], 7.7% [P = 0.022], 6.7% [P = 0.037], and 16.5% [P = 0.032], respectively). Higher expression levels (above median) of the anti-inflammatory marker transforming growth factor-β were associated with lower PMD among all (18.8% vs 24.3%, P = 0.005) and postmenopausal women (14.5% vs 20.7%, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for the hypothesized role of inflammatory markers in breast carcinogenesis through their effects on mammographic density. Inflammatory markers could be targeted in future breast cancer prevention interventions.
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Marventano S, Kolacz P, Castellano S, Galvano F, Buscemi S, Mistretta A, Grosso G. A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:611-22. [PMID: 26307560 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1077790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been considered of great interest for human health due to their potential anti-inflammatory action that may protect from a number of chronic-degenerative diseases with an inflammatory pathogenesis. This review aimed to report the most updated evidence of both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs effect on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression in humans. Attention has been also paid to those studies exploring the effects of the ratio intake. Results from pooled analyses of human studies reported a general positive effect of n-3 PUFAs intake on all outcomes considered. In contrast, the role of n-6 PUFAs on human health needs to be better assessed in order to clearly identify which compound exerts beneficial/harmful effects. Only a limited number of clinical studies considered the n-3:n-6 PUFAs ratio, rather reporting contrasting results. A number of limitations when considering the ratio between these two families of PUFAs have risen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marventano
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Paulina Kolacz
- b Department of Human Nutrition , Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow , Krakow , Poland
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Fabio Galvano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Silvio Buscemi
- d Department of Internal Medicine , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Mistretta
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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