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Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis. Clin Transl Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-022-00483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
As atherosclerosis is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality, early detection of atherosclerotic plaques is vital to prevent complications. Imaging plays a significant role in this goal. Molecular imaging and structural imaging detect different phases of atherosclerotic progression. In this review, we explain the relation between these types of imaging with the physiopathology of plaques, along with their advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss in detail the most commonly used positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for atherosclerosis imaging.
Method
A comprehensive search was conducted to extract articles related to imaging of atherosclerosis in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The obtained papers were reviewed regarding precise relation with our topic. Among the search keywords utilized were "atherosclerosis imaging", "atherosclerosis structural imaging", "atherosclerosis CT scan" "positron emission tomography", "PET imaging", "18F-NaF", "18F-FDG", and "atherosclerosis calcification."
Result
Although structural imaging such as computed tomography (CT) offers essential information regarding plaque structure and morphologic features, these modalities can only detect macroscopic alterations that occur later in the disease’s progression, when the changes are frequently irreversible. Molecular imaging modalities like PET, on the other hand, have the advantage of detecting microscopic changes and allow us to treat these plaques before irreversible changes occur. The two most commonly used tracers in PET imaging of atherosclerosis are 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). While there are limitations in the use of 18F-FDG for the detection of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries due to physiological uptake in myocardium and high luminal blood pool activity of 18F-FDG, 18F-NaF PET is less affected and can be utilized to analyze the coronary arteries in addition to the peripheral vasculature.
Conclusion
Molecular imaging with PET/CT has become a useful tool in the early detection of atherosclerosis. 18F-NaF PET/CT shows promise in the early global assessment of atherosclerosis, but further prospective studies are needed to confirm its role in this area.
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Cho YS, Bae JH, Moon SH, Hyun SH, Choi JY, Kim BT, Lee KH. Serum uric acid in asymptomatic adults is weakly associated with carotid artery FDG uptake but not intima-media thickness. J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:1537-1546. [PMID: 30155781 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the association of serum uric acid (UA) with carotid fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake as a marker of inflammatory atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In this cross-sectional retrospective study of 970 otherwise healthy adults, subjects in the greater serum UA quartiles had higher triglyceride (P < .001), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05), and lower estimated GFR (P < .001). Mean and maximum Target-to-background ratios (TBRs) of carotid FDG uptake measured by positron emission tomography were significantly increased across greater serum UA quartiles (1.35 and 1.57 for Q1, 1.38 and 1.60 for Q2, 1.39 and 1.62 for Q3, and 1.39 and 1.61 for Q4; P = .001 and < .001). Carotid intima-media thickness was not different. Serum UA showed weak but significant correlations with estimated GFR (P < .001), and with mean (P < .001) and maximum carotid TBR (P = .004). Serum UA correlated with mean TBR in male (P = .008) and female subjects (P = .011), in high (≥ 70; P = .015) and low estimated GFR (< 70; P = .035), and in normotensive (P = .001) but not in hypertensive subjects. CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum UA in asymptomatic adults is associated with increased carotid FDG uptake, which suggests a potential role of UA in carotid inflammatory atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Bae
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyup Hyun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Tae Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SJ, Paeng JC. Nuclear Molecular Imaging for Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:955-66. [PMID: 26357491 PMCID: PMC4559792 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.5.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease as well as a lipid disorder. Atherosclerotic plaque formed in vessel walls may cause ischemia, and the rupture of vulnerable plaque may result in fatal events, like myocardial infarction or stroke. Because morphological imaging has limitations in diagnosing vulnerable plaque, molecular imaging has been developed, in particular, the use of nuclear imaging probes. Molecular imaging targets various aspects of vulnerable plaque, such as inflammatory cell accumulation, endothelial activation, proteolysis, neoangiogenesis, hypoxia, apoptosis, and calcification. Many preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted with various imaging probes and some of them have exhibited promising results. Despite some limitations in imaging technology, molecular imaging is expected to be used both in the research and clinical fields as imaging instruments become more advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea. ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Moon SH, Cho YS, Noh TS, Choi JY, Kim BT, Lee KH. Carotid FDG Uptake Improves Prediction of Future Cardiovascular Events in Asymptomatic Individuals. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:949-56. [PMID: 26189117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the role of carotid fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake as an independent prognostic indicator and to determine whether its addition improves risk prediction beyond the Framingham risk score (FRS) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). BACKGROUND The prognostic value of carotid FDG uptake independent of and incremental to traditional cardiovascular risk factors and CIMT in asymptomatic individuals has not been evaluated. METHODS We measured carotid FDG uptake and CIMT in 1,089 asymptomatic adults (51.8 ± 6.3 years of age, 94.3% males) who underwent positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging and examined the prognostic value of carotid FDG uptake compared with traditional risk factors and CIMT. RESULTS Cardiocerebrovascular events occurred in 19 participants (1.74%) during an average follow-up of 4.2 years (range 1.0 to 5.5 years). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses revealed that high carotid FDG uptake (hazard ratio: 2.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.17 to 7.62; p = 0.022) and high CIMT (hazard ratio: 2.82; 95% confidence interval: 1.13 to 7.03; p = 0.026) were independent predictors of events. Comparison of predictive power demonstrated that adding carotid FDG uptake, but not CIMT, to the FRS significantly increased the time-dependent area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve from 0.60 to 0.73 (p = 0.04). Furthermore, improvement approaching significance was achieved by adding carotid FDG uptake to the FRS plus CIMT, which increased the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve from 0.65 to 0.75 (p = 0.07). Net reclassification for event prediction was similarly improved by addition of carotid FDG uptake to the FRS (net reclassification index, 40.1%; p = 0.06), as well as the FRS plus CIMT (net reclassification index, 32.9%; p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS High carotid FDG uptake predicts cardiovascular events independent of traditional risk factors and CIMT in asymptomatic adults and may add to risk stratification beyond the FRS and CIMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Soo Noh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Tae Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Molecular imaging of plaques in coronary arteries with PET and SPECT. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2014; 11:259-73. [PMID: 25278976 PMCID: PMC4178519 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease remains a major cause of mortality. Presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary artery is responsible for lumen stenosis which is often used as an indicator for determining the severity of coronary artery disease. However, the degree of coronary lumen stenosis is not often related to compromising myocardial blood flow, as most of the cardiac events that are caused by atherosclerotic plaques are the result of vulnerable plaques which are prone to rupture. Thus, identification of vulnerable plaques in coronary arteries has become increasingly important to assist identify patients with high cardiovascular risks. Molecular imaging with use of positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has fulfilled this goal by providing functional information about plaque activity which enables accurate assessment of plaque stability. This review article provides an overview of diagnostic applications of molecular imaging techniques in the detection of plaques in coronary arteries with PET and SPECT. New radiopharmaceuticals used in the molecular imaging of coronary plaques and diagnostic applications of integrated PET/CT and PET/MRI in coronary plaques are also discussed.
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Pedersen SF, Hag AMF, Klausen TL, Ripa RS, Bodholdt RP, Kjaer A. Positron emission tomography of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque in man--a contemporary review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:413-25. [PMID: 24289282 PMCID: PMC4237171 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world today and is set to become the prevailing disease and major cause of death worldwide by 2020. In the 1950s surgical intervention was introduced to treat symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis – a procedure known as carotid endarterectomy (CEA). By removing the atherosclerotic plaque from the affected carotid artery of these patients, CEA is beneficial by preventing subsequent ipsilateral ischemic stroke. However, it is known that patients with low to intermediate artery stenosis may still experience ischemic events, leading clinicians to consider plaque composition as an important feature of atherosclerosis. Today molecular imaging can be used for characterization, visualization and quantification of cellular and subcellular physiological processes as they take place in vivo; using this technology we can obtain valuable information on atherosclerostic plaque composition. Applying molecular imaging clinically to atherosclerotic disease therefore has the potential to identify atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture. This could prove to be an important tool for the selection of patients for CEA surgery in a health system increasingly focused on individualized treatment. This review focuses on current advances and future developments of in vivo atherosclerosis PET imaging in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune F Pedersen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Noh TS, Moon SH, Cho YS, Hong SP, Lee EJ, Choi JY, Kim BT, Lee KH. Relation of Carotid Artery 18F-FDG Uptake to C-Reactive Protein and Framingham Risk Score in a Large Cohort of Asymptomatic Adults. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:2070-6. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.119602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Verjans JW, Jaffer FA. Biological imaging of atherosclerosis: moving beyond anatomy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:681-94. [PMID: 23733542 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological or molecular imaging is now providing exciting new strategies to study atherosclerosis in both animals and humans. These technologies hold the promise to provide disease-specific, molecular information within the context of a systemic or organ-specific disease beyond traditional anatomical-based imaging. By integration of biological, chemical, and anatomical imaging knowledge into diagnostic strategies, a more comprehensive and predictive picture of atherosclerosis is likely to emerge. As such, biological imaging is well positioned to study different stages of atherosclerosis and its treatment, including the sequence of atheroma initiation, progression, and plaque rupture. In this review, we describe the evolving concepts in atherosclerosis imaging with a focus on coronary artery disease, and we provide an overview of recent exciting translational developments in biological imaging. The illuminated examples and discussions will highlight how biological imaging is providing new clinical approaches to identify high-risk plaques, and to streamline the development process of new atherosclerosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan W Verjans
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches Building, Room 3206, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Cocker MS, Mc Ardle B, Spence JD, Lum C, Hammond RR, Ongaro DC, McDonald MA, deKemp RA, Tardif JC, Beanlands RSB. Imaging atherosclerosis with hybrid [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging: what Leonardo da Vinci could not see. J Nucl Cardiol 2012; 19:1211-25. [PMID: 23073913 PMCID: PMC3510422 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-012-9631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Prodigious efforts and landmark discoveries have led toward significant advances in our understanding of atherosclerosis. Despite significant efforts, atherosclerosis continues globally to be a leading cause of mortality and reduced quality of life. With surges in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, atherosclerosis is expected to have an even more pronounced impact upon the global burden of disease. It is imperative to develop strategies for the early detection of disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging utilizing [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) may provide a non-invasive means of characterizing inflammatory activity within atherosclerotic plaque, thus serving as a surrogate biomarker for detecting vulnerable plaque. The aim of this review is to explore the rationale for performing FDG imaging, provide an overview into the mechanism of action, and summarize findings from the early application of FDG PET imaging in the clinical setting to evaluate vascular disease. Alternative imaging biomarkers and approaches are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra S. Cocker
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - Brian Mc Ardle
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - J. David Spence
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1400 Western Road, London, ON Canada
| | - Cheemun Lum
- Interventional & Diagnostic Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, The Ottawa
Hospital, University of Ottawa, Civic Campus, Diagnostic Imaging, K1Y 4E9 Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Robert R. Hammond
- Departments of Pathology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre and University of Western Ontario, 339 Windermere Road, N6A 5A5 London, ON Canada
| | - Deidre C. Ongaro
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - Matthew A. McDonald
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - Robert A. deKemp
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | | | - Rob S. B. Beanlands
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7 Canada
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Conway RG, Chernet E, De Rosa DC, Benschop RJ, Need AB, Collins EC, Bean JS, Kalbfleisch JM, Rekhter MD. Glucose metabolic trapping in mouse arteries: nonradioactive assay of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation applicable to drug discovery. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50349. [PMID: 23209718 PMCID: PMC3508896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of atherosclerosis in the clinic is based on preferential accumulation of radioactive glucose analog in atherosclerotic plaques. FDG-PET is challenging in mouse models due to limited resolution and high cost. We aimed to quantify accumulation of nonradioactive glucose metabolite, FDG-6-phosphate, in the mouse atherosclerotic plaques as a simple alternative to PET imaging. Methodology/Principal Findings Nonradioactive FDG was injected 30 minutes before euthanasia. Arteries were dissected, and lipids were extracted. The arteries were re-extracted with 50% acetonitrile-50% methanol-0.1% formic acid. A daughter ion of FDG-6-phosphate was quantified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Thus, both traditional (cholesterol) and novel (FDG-6-phosphate) markers were assayed in the same tissue. FDG-6-phosphate was accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions associated with carotid ligation of the Western diet fed ApoE knockout mice (5.9 times increase compare to unligated carotids, p<0.001). Treatment with the liver X receptor agonist T0901317 significantly (2.1 times, p<0.01) reduced FDG-6-phosphate accumulation 2 weeks after surgery. Anti-atherosclerotic effects were independently confirmed by reduction in lesion size, macrophage number, cholesterol ester accumulation, and macrophage proteolytic activity. Conclusions/Significance Mass spectrometry of FDG-6-phosphate in experimental atherosclerosis is consistent with plaque inflammation and provides potential translational link to the clinical studies utilizing FDG-PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Conway
- Cardiometabolic Diseases and Diabetic Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Eyassu Chernet
- Psychiatric Disorders, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David C. De Rosa
- ImmunoModulation, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Benschop
- ImmunoModulation, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anne B. Need
- Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Collins
- Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James S. Bean
- Cardiometabolic Diseases and Diabetic Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - J. Michael Kalbfleisch
- Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Rekhter
- Cardiometabolic Diseases and Diabetic Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Osborn EA, Jaffer FA. The year in molecular imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 3:1181-95. [PMID: 21071007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging aims to enable personalized medicine via imaging-specific molecular and cellular targets that are relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. By providing in vivo readouts of biological detail, molecular imaging complements traditional anatomical imaging modalities to allow: 1) visualization of important disease-modulating molecules and cells in vivo; 2) serial investigations to image evolutionary changes in disease attributes; and 3) evaluation of the in vivo molecular effects of biotherapeutics. The added information garnered by molecular imaging can improve risk assessment and prognosticative studies, this is of particular benefit in the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Osborn
- Cardiology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sheikine Y, Akram K. FDG–PET imaging of atherosclerosis: Do we know what we see? Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:371-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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